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1.

Introduction
AI has been claimed to offer transformational potential across sectors and industries, ranging from supply chain management (Chi et al.,
2020, Collins et al., 1998, Nissen and Sengupta, 2006, Rodriguez-Aguilar et al., 1998) to medicine (Ali et al., 2018, Cepolina and Muscolo,
2014, Mettler et al., 2017, Wang et al., 2015) to automobiles (Lugano, 2017). Studies have reported that AI provides opportunities to reinvent
business models (Duan, Edwards, & Dwivedi, 2019), change the future of work (Schwartz et al., 2019), performance improvements (Wilson &
Daugherty, 2018), and even enhance human capabilities (Dwivedi, et al., 2021).

The heightened interest in AI to transform economies (Majchrzak et al., 2016, Ransbotham et al., 2016, Watson, 2017) is reflected in the scale
of global spending, which the International Data Corporation (IDC) predicts that global spending on AI will reach nearly $98 billion in 2023, more
than twice the $37.5 billion that was spent in 2019. Yet, there is no consensus on what defines AI or what distinguishes it from other digital
technologies (Bhatnagar et al., 2018, Monett and Lewis, 2018, Nilsson, 2009).

There are a few reasons attributed to this upswing in AI interest in recent years (von Krogh, 2018). The past few decades have seen tremendous
advancements in some of the underlying AI methods such as current and convential neural networks, many of which have been made open-
source and thus available to everyone. AI requires extensive and sophisticated computation, so the decreasing cost in computer hardware and
dedicated AI chip designs is making it much more feasible and thus attractive to organisations. The expansion of cloud-based services related
to AI has also made it much more attainable for organisations would otherwise be hesitant. Additionally, while research is still in the early
stages, preliminary studies may be showing that the advent of COVID has also increased interest in AI, as people get used to the reduced
human element in all levels of society and the increased use of automation (Coombs, 2020, Sipior, 2020).

The aim of this research is to understand the various characteristics of AI studied within the context of
IS
.A
systematic literature review
is important as it can be used to provide a valuable baseline to aid in further research efforts (
Kitchenham et al., 2011
,
Petersen et al., 2015
). The aims of this
systematic review
are to:
1.

identify the reported business value and contributions of AI

2.

examine the practical implications on the use of AI

3.

identify the opportunities for future AI research in IS.

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