1. What is compounding?

[2]
2. List any 3 reasons for compounding [3]
3. List any 5 apparatus used for compounding either in a pharmacy or hospital setting [5]
4. Explain any 3 errors that one can encounter during compounding and ways to overcome
those errors
5. Explain what parallax error is and how it can be overcome [2]
6. List any 5 PPE that one can put on when compounding
7. Explain how the following compounding techniques work:
 Comminution [2]
 Trituration [2]
 Blending [2]
8. What is a dosage form? [2]
9. Explain any 3 reasons why medicines come in different dosage forms [3]

10. A pharmaceutical excipient is:

(a) The active ingredient
(b) An ingredient required by the Food and Drug Administration
(c) An ingredient that enhances the size, stability, palatability or release of a drug
(d) An ingredient that prevents drug elimination
11. Syrup dosage forms must be:
(a) Sterile
(b) Resistant to microbial growth
(c) Sterile and resistant to microbial growth
(d) Prepared as powders for reconstitution just prior to use

12. Liberation from a dosage form refers to:

(a) Movement of the drug across the epithelial barriers it encounters and into the
blood stream
(b) The application of a dosage form to an absorptive site
(c) Movement of the drug from interaction with elements of the dosage form to
interaction with molecules of biological fluid
(d) Termination of drug activity
13. Oxytocin is a peptide drug containing nine amino acids. Because oxytocin increases
trust and bonding behaviors and reduces fear, there is interest in using the drug to
treat children with autism. Which of the following formulation approaches would
be useful to prevent oxytocin's destruction by gastrointestinal peptidases?

(a) Preparation as an oral suspension

(b) Preparation as an extended release tablet
(c) Preparation as a buffered solution
(d) Preparation as a buccal tablet

14. The correct ranking of routes of administration in terms of fastest speed of onset to
slowest speed of onset of action is:
(a) Sublingual, oral, intravenous, transdermal
(b) Transdermal oral, sublingual, intravenous
(c) Intravenous, sublingual, oral, transdermal
(d) Intravenous, oral, sublingual, transdermal

15. A physiological opportunity presented by the intravenous route is:

(a) No drug metabolism
(b) Rapid absorption
(c) Predictable drug effects
(d) Sustained drug effects

16. A patient on a total parenteral nutrition solution that is 1500 mosmol has
developed inflammation of the median cubital vein. This hazard of intravenous
therapy is called:
(a) Hemolysis
(b) Phlebitis
(c) Extravasation
(d) Air embolism

17. Convert the following:

i. 2.3g to mg (1)
ii. 7894mg to g (1)

iii. 3.2ng to mg (1)

18. Convert the following:

i. 6.7 liters to ml (1)

ii. 3643ml to liters (1)

iii. 5.5 microliters to liters (1)

19. A liquid medicine is supplied in a concentration of 20 mg/5 mL. A

patient requires 40 mg orally three times daily for 5 days, then 20 mg
three times daily for 5 days, then 20 mg twice daily for 5 days and then
20 mg once daily for 5 days. Which of the following is the volume of
liquid medicine that you will need to dispense?
A 600 mL
B 200 mL
C 300 mL
D 60 mL
E 30 mL

20. You are required to make 350 g of a paste that contains 15% w/w zinc
oxide. Which of the following is the amount of zinc oxide required?
A 5.25 g
B 52.50 g
C 35.00 g
D 3.50 g
E 15.00 g

21. A 1 in 10 000 solution of potassium permanganate contains which of

the following concentrations?
A 50.0 mg potassium permanganate in 500 mL solution
B 1.0 mg potassium permanganate in 100 mL solution
C 5.0 mg potassium permanganate in 500 mL solution
D 1.0 mg potassium permanganate in 1000 mL solution
E 3.0 mg potassium permanganate in 300 mL solution

22. Which of the following volumes of an adrenaline 1 in 100 solution

would be given by intramuscular injection to a 2-year-old child for
treatment of anaphylaxis if the dose were 120 micrograms stat?
A 12.00 mL
B 120.00 mL
C 0.12 mL
D 24.0 mL
E 0.24 mL

1. a You dispense 50 mL of 1.5% w/v ibuprofen suspension with the following

SIG: 2 tsp QD

How many milligrams of ibuprofen are in each dose? [5]

b. A prescription is written for a 300mg dose of an oral solution. The pharmacy stocks a 250mg /5mL
stock bottle. How much of the stock solution should be taken per dose? [5]

c. How many milliliters of 1:500 w/v solution is needed to make 3 L of a 1:2000 w/v solution? [5]

d. If 200 mL of an 8% w/v potassium chloride solution is diluted to 1500 mL, what is the new percent
strength of the diluted solution? [5]

b. A prescription is written for a 300mg dose of an oral solution. The pharmacy stocks a 250mg /5mL
stock bottle. How much of the stock solution should be taken per dose? [5]

c. How many milliliters of 1:500 w/v solution is needed to make 3 L of a 1:2000 w/v solution? [5]

d. If 200 mL of an 8% w/v potassium chloride solution is diluted to 1500 mL, what is the new percent
strength of the diluted solution? [5]

2.a. List 5 examples of pharmaceutical products where a mixing process is involved during production of
those products. [5]

b. Explain how the following compounding techniques work:

 Comminution [2]

 Trituration [2]
  Blending [2]

c. Explain what parallax error is and how it can be overcome [2]

d. Give 3 reasons for the importance of Mixing when making pharmaceutical preparations [3]

e. List any 4 reasons for compounding [4]

3. You receive a prescription requesting you to prepare 50ml of methyl salicylate compound liniment
APF with the following ingredients

Ingredient Formula Quantity

Methyl salicylate 25ml
Menthol 4g
Eucalyptus oil 10ml
Arachis oil To 100ml

On a formula sheet, indicate the quantities to be used, calculating factor and formula quantity required
to fill the prescription [6]

b. Methyl salicylate compound liniment APF is to be applied on a patient by rubbing to the affected area
until heat is produced externally. It has a shelf life of 2 years and to be stored in an amber fluttered
bottle with a child resistant closure (CRC) in a cool dry place.

Date of manufacture: 02 May 2021

Expiry date: 02 May 2023

Batch number: 023F

Fill in this information on a clear sample label [10]

c. State any 4 types of balances used in a pharmacy [4]

4. Explain in detail the following errors in measurement:

a. Gross errors [5]

b. Systematic errors [10]

c. Random errors [5]

5.a. Define the following terms

i. Accuracy [2]

ii. Precision [2]

iii. Preservative [2]

iv. Binder [2]

v. Glidant [2]

b. Differentiate between the following:

i. Suspension and solution [4]

ii. Supporsitory and pessary [3]

iii. Enema and douche [3]

6. Below is a typical formulation for a cosmeceutical. Study it and answer the questions that follow

Ingredient Ingredient use % Input

Stearic acid ? 5

Water vehicle qs

Cetyl alcohol ? 2

Glycerin ? 3

Poly propylene glycol ? 2

Glycerol mono stearate ? 2

Carbopol ? 0.07

Triethanolamine ? 0.6

Yellow number 5 ? 0.0034

Propyl paraben ? 0.2

Petroleum jelly ? 2

Liquid paraffin ? 1

Fragrance ? 0.05

Lanolin Emollient 0.5

Hydrocortisone ? 0.5

Castor oil ? 2

Vitamin E ? 0.5
a. List the functions of each excipient above [15]

b. For what reason is the preservation of this formulation compromised? [2]

c. Suggest a suitable packaging for this formulation [3]

1. Describe the FIFO and FEFO principles of stock management [5]

2. Differentiate between the following:

i.) solutions and suspensions [4]

ii.) lotion and liniment [4]

3. State any 2 quality control tests that can be considered for the following dosage forms:

i. ointments [2]

ii. capsules [2]

iii. parenteral preparations [2]

iv. solutions [2]