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Class 12 - Physics
Sample Paper - 02 (2024-25)

Maximum Marks: 70
Time Allowed: : 3 hours

General Instructions:

1. There are 33 questions in all. All questions are compulsory.

2. This question paper has five sections: Section A, Section B, Section C, Section D and Section E.
3. All the sections are compulsory.
4. Section A contains sixteen questions, twelve MCQ and four Assertion Reasoning based of 1 mark each, Section B contains
five questions of two marks each, Section C contains seven questions of three marks each, Section D contains two case
study based questions of four marks each and Section E contains three long answer questions of five marks each.
5. There is no overall choice. However, an internal choice has been provided in one question in Section B, one question in
Section C, one question in each CBQ in Section D and all three questions in Section E. You have to attempt only one of the
choices in such questions.
6. Use of calculators is not allowed.

Section A

1. In the case of metals, the valence and conduction bands

a) do not overlap, energy gap = 0

b) do not overlap, energy gap is large
c) do not overlap, energy gap is small
d) overlap, energy gap = 0

2. A 5oC rise in temperature is observed in a conductor by passing a current. If the current is doubled, the rise in
temperature of the conductor will be nearly

a) 25oC
b) 40oC
c) 10o C
d) 20oC

3. A converging lens is used to form an image on a screen. When the upper half of the lens is covered by an opaque screen,
then

a) no image will be formed

b) complete image will be formed
c) intensity of the image will increase
d) half the image will disappear

4. Magnetic field at far axial point due to solenoid as well as bar magnet varies

a) directly as R cubed, where R = axial distance to the magnet/solenoid

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b) inversely as R square, where R = axial distance to the magnet/solenoid
c) inversely as cube of R, where R = axial distance from the magnet/solenoid
d) directly as R squared, where R = axial distance to the magnet/solenoid

5. Two identical parallel-plate capacitors are connected in parallel and joined to a 6-V battery. The battery is then
disconnected and the two capacitors are joined in series, as shown. The potential difference between the mints A and B is

a) 24 V
b) 3 V
c) 6 V
d) 12V

6. An ammeter has resistance R0 and range I. What resistance should be connected in parallel to it with increase the range
to nI?

Ro
a) 2
n
Ro
b) n
Ro
c) n−1
Ro
d) n+1

7. A straight line conductor of length 0.4 m is moved with a speed of 7 ms-1 perpendiculars to the magnetic field of
intensity 0.9 Wbm-2. The induced emf across the conductor is

a) 5.24 V
b) 25.2 V
c) 2.52 V
d) 1.26 V

8. A bar magnet of pole strength (m) and magnetic moment (M) is cut perpendicular to its axis in two equal halves. The
new pole strength (m') and magnetic moment (M') of each part are respectively:

a) 2m and M

b) m and M

c) m

2
and 2M
d) m and M

9. Two waves are said to be coherent, if they have:

a) same frequency but different amplitude

b) different frequency, phase and amplitude
c) same phase and different amplitude
d) same frequency, phase and amplitude

10. The torque acting on electric dipole of the dipole moment p ⃗ placed in a uniform electric field E⃗ is

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a) p ⃗ ⋅ E⃗
b) p ⃗ × (E⃗ × p )⃗
⃗
E ⋅p ⃗
c) 2
p

d) p ⃗ × E⃗

11. In the circuit shown in the given Fig., if the diode forward voltage drop is 0.3 V, the voltage difference between A and B
is

a) 1.3 V
b) 2.3 V
c) 0
d) 0.5 V

12. If several thin lenses of focal length f1, f2, f3, … are in contact, the effective focal length is

a) 1
=
1
+
1
+
1
+ …
f f1 f2 f3

b) 1
=
1
−
1
−
1
+ …
f f1 f2 f3

c)
1 1 1 1
= + − + …
f f f f
1 2 3

d) 1

f
=
1

f
−
1

f
+
1

f
+ …
1 2 3

13. Assertion (A): When ultraviolet light is incident on a photocell, its stopping potential is V0 and the maximum kinetic
energy of the photoelectrons is Kmax. When the ultraviolet light is replaced by X-rays, both V0 and Kmax. increase.
Reason (R): Photoelectrons are emitted with speeds ranging from zero to a maximum value because of the range of
frequencies present in the incident light.

a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
c) A is true but R is false.
d) A is false but R is true.

14. Assertion (A): Two protons placed at different distances, between the plates of a parallel plate capacitor experience the
same force.
Reason (R): The electric field between the plates of the capacitor is constant.

a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
c) A is true but R is false.
d) A is false but R is true.

15. Assertion (A): Diffraction is common in sound but not common in light waves.
Reason (R): The wavelength of light is more than the wavelength of sound.

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a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
c) A is true but R is false.
d) A is false but R is true.

16. Assertion (A): When capacitive reactance is smaller than the inductive reactance in LCR current, e.m.f. leads the
current.
Reason (R): The phase angle is the angle between the alternating e.m.f. and alternating current of the circuit.

a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
c) A is true but R is false.
d) A is false but R is true.
Section B

17. A regular hexagon of side 10 cm has a charge 5μC at each of its vertices. Calculate the potential at the centre of the
hexagon.

18. Give two points to distinguish between a paramagnetic and diamagnetic substance.

19. Why can't we take one slab of p-type semiconductor and physically join it to another slab of n-type semiconductor to get
a p-n junction?

20. A 12.5 eV electron beam is used to bombard gaseous hydrogen at room temperature. What series of wavelengths will be
emitted?

21. Using Biot-Savart's law, derive the expression for the magnitude of the magnetic field at the centre of a circular loop of
radius r carrying a steady current I. Draw the field lines due to the current loop.

OR

An element Δl ⃗ = Δx^i is placed at the origin and carries a large current I = 10 A (Fig.). What is the magnetic field on
the y-axis at a distance of 0.5 m? Δx = 1 cm.

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Section C

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22. Two cells of emf E1, E2 and internal resistances r1 and r2 respectively are connected in parallel as shown in the figure.

Deduce the expressions for

i. the equivalent emf of the combination.

ii. the equivalent resistance of the combination.

23. Draw a circuit diagram of a full-wave rectifier. Explain its working principle. Draw the input/output, wave-forms
indicating clearly the functions of the two diodes used.

24. Radiation of frequency 1015 Hz is incident on three photo-sensitive surfaces A, B and C.

Following observations are recorded:
Surface A: No photo-emission occurs.
Surface B: Photo-emission occurs but the photoelectrons have zero kinetic energy.
Surface C: Photo-emission occurs and photoelectrons have some K.E.
Based on Einstein's photo-electric equation, explain the three observations.

25. a. Plot a graph showing the variation of potential energy of a pair of nucleons as a function of their separation. Also
indicate the regions where the force is (i) attractive and (ii) repulsive.
b. Write two characteristic properties of nuclear force.

26. The ground state energy of hydrogen atom is -13.6eV

i. What is the potential energy of an electron in the 3rd excited state?

ii. If the electron jumps to the ground state from the 3rd excited state, calculate the wavelength of the photon emitted.

27. In a single slit diffraction experiment, when a tiny circular obstacle is placed in the path of light from a distant source, a
bright spot is seen at the centre of the shadow of the obstacle. Explain why? State two points of difference between the
interference pattern obtained in Young's double slit experiment and the diffraction pattern due to a single slit?

28. A rectangular coil P is moved from a point A to another point B with uniform velocity 'v' through a region of a uniform
magnetic field acting normally inwards as shown in the figure. Show graphically (i) the variation of magnetic flux
associated with the coil with time, (ii) the variation of induced emf across points X and Y of the coil with time.

Explain the nature of variation in magnetic flux as represented by the graph in the first case.

OR

A magnetic field B is confined to a region r ≤ a and points out of the paper (the z-axis), r = 0 being the centre of the
circular region. A charged ring (charge = Q) of radius b, b > a and mass m lies in the x-y plane with its centre at the

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origin. The ring is free to rotate and is at rest. The magnetic field is brought to zero in time Δt. Find the angular velocity
ω of the ring after the field vanishes.

Section D
29. Read the text carefully and answer the questions:
In an electromagnetic wave both the electric and magnetic fields are perpendicular to the direction of propagation, that is
why electromagnetic waves are transverse in nature. Electromagnetic waves carry energy as they travel through space
and this energy is shared equally by the electric and magnetic fields. Energy density of an electromagnetic waves is the
energy in unit volume of the space through which the wave travels.

i. The electromagnetic waves propagated perpendicular to both E⃗ and B⃗ . The electromagnetic waves travel in the
direction of

a) E⃗ ⋅ B⃗
b) B⃗ ⋅ E⃗
c) E⃗ × B⃗
d) B⃗ × E⃗

ii. Fundamental particle in an electromagnetic wave is

a) photon
b) phonon
c) electron
d) proton

iii. Electromagnetic waves are transverse in nature is evident by

a) diffraction
b) interference
c) polarisation
d) reflection

OR

The electric and magnetic fields of an electromagnetic waves are

a) in opposite phase and parallel to each other

b) in phase and parallel to each other.
c) in phase and perpendicular to each other
d) in opposite phase and perpendicular to each other

iv. For a wave propagating in a medium, Name the property that is independent of the others.

a) frequency
b) wavelength
c) velocity
d) all these depend on each other
30. Read the text carefully and answer the questions:
Net electric flux through a cube is the sum of fluxes through its six faces. Consider a cube as shown in figure, having
sides of length L = 10.0 cm. The electric field is uniform, has a magnitude E = 4.00 × 103NC-1 and is parallel to the xy

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plane at an angle of 37o measured from the +x -axis towards the +y -axis.

i. Electric flux passing through surface S6 is

a) -24 Nm2 C-1

b) 32 Nm2 C-1
c) -32 Nm2 C-1
d) 24 Nm2 C-1

ii. Electric flux passing through surface S1 is

a) -32 Nm2 C-1

b) -24 Nm2 C-1
c) 32 Nm2 C-1
d) 24 Nm2 C-1

iii. The surfaces that have zero flux are

a) S2 and S4
b) S3 and S6
c) S1 and S2
d) S1 and S3

iv. The total net electric flux through all faces of the cube is

a) 24 Nm2 C-1
b) 8 Nm2 C-1
c) -8 Nm2 C-1
d) zero

OR

The dimensional formula of surface integral ∮ E⃗ ⋅ dS ⃗ of an electric field is

a) [M-1 L3 T-3 A]
b) [M L2 T-2 A-1]
c) [M L3 T-3 A-1]
d) [M L-3 T-3 A-1]
Section E

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31. A compound microscope consists of an objective lens of focal length 2.0 cm and an eyepiece of focal length 6.25 cm
separated by a distance of 15 cm. How far from the objective should an object be placed in order to obtain the final
image at

a. the least distance of distinct vision (25 cm), and

b. at infinity?

What is the magnifying power of the microscope in each case?

OR

i. In a double slit experiment using the light of wavelength 600 nm, the angular width of the fringe formed on a distant
screen is 0.1°. Find the spacing between the two slits.

ii. Light of wavelength 500 A propagating in air gets partly reflected from the surface of water. How will the
wavelengths and frequencies of the reflected and refracted light be affected?
32. a. Derive an expression for the potential energy of an electric dipole in a uniform electric field. Explain conditions for
stable and unstable equilibrium.
b. Is the electrostatic potential necessarily zero at a point where the electric field is zero? Give an example to support
your answer.

OR

Four charges are arranged at the corners of a square ABCD of side d, as shown in fig.

a. Find the work required to put together this arrangement.

b. A charge q0 is brought to the center E of the square, the four charges being held fixed at its corners. How much extra
work is needed to do this?
33. a. Derive an expression for the impedance of a series L-C-R circuit connected to an AC supply of variable frequency.
b. Explain briefly how the phenomenon of resonance in the circuit can be used in the tuning mechanism of a radio or a
TV set?

OR

i. An alternating voltage V = Vm sin ωt applied to a series L-C-R circuit derives a current given by
I = Im sin(ωt + ϕ). Deduce an expression for the average power dissipated over a cycle.
ii. For circuit used for transporting electric power, a low power factor implies large power loss in transmission. Explain.
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Class 12 - Physics
Sample Paper - 02 (2024-25)

Solution

Section A
1. (d) overlap, energy gap = 0
Explanation:

In the case of conductors, energy gap is absent or in other words conduction band, and valence band overlaps each other.

2. (d) 20oC
Explanation:

20oC

3. (b) complete image will be formed

Explanation:

Image formed will be complete when upper half of lens is blocked. Intensity of the image will decrease as the incident
rays from upper half are cut off.

4. (c) inversely as cube of R, where R = axial distance from the magnet/solenoid

Explanation:

Magnetic field at far off axial point due to a bar magnet as well as solenoid is given by
→
μ
o

4π
2m

3
, where m is magnetic moment and R is distance of axial point.
R

5. (a) 24 V
Explanation:

Here, in Fig,
Cp = C1 + C2 = C + C = 2C
∴ q1 = q2 = CpV = 2CV
When combined in series, Cs =
C

q
V= = = 4V
2CV
∴
C
Cs
2

= 4 × 6 = 24 volt
Ro
6. (c) n−1

Explanation:

If the shunt resistance be S, then I R 0 = (nI − I ) S

R0
Therefore, S =
n−1

7. (c) 2.52 V
Explanation:

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ε = Blv

= 0.9 × 0.4 × 7 V

= 2.52 V

8. (b) m and M

Explanation:

M = m(2l)
M' = ml
M' = M

So, pole strength will be m and M

2
.

9. (d) same frequency, phase and amplitude

Explanation:

same frequency, phase and amplitude

10. (d) p ⃗ × E⃗
Explanation:

Torque on a dipole,
⃗
τ ⃗ = p⃗ × E

11. (b) 2.3 V

Explanation:

Let potential across A and B is V, so by Kirchhoff’s loop law

VAB = (5000 × 0.2 × 10-3) +0.3 + 5000 × 0.2 × 10-3
VAB = 1V + 0.3V + 1V
VAB = 2.3 V

12. (a) 1
=
1
+
1
+
1
+ …
f f1 f2 f3

Explanation:

1 1 1 1
= + + + …
f f1 f2 f3

13. (c) A is true but R is false.

Explanation:

We know that
eV0​=Kmax​=hv−ϕ
where ϕ is the work function.
Hence, as v increases (note that the frequency of X-rays is greater than that of U.V. rays), both V0​and Kmax​ increase.
So, A is true but R is false.

14. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Explanation:

Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

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15. (c) A is true but R is false.
Explanation:

For diffraction of a wave, the size of an obstacle or aperture should be comparable to the size of As wavelength of the
wave. As the wavelength of light is of the order of 10-6 m and obstacle or aperture of the size are rare, therefore,
diffraction is not common in light waves. On the contrary, the wavelength of sound is of the order of 1 m and
obstacle/aperture of this size are readily available, therefore, diffraction is common in sound.

16. (b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
Explanation:

XL −XC ωL−1/ωC
The phase angle for the LCR circuit is given by tan ϕ = R
=
R

Where XL, XC are inductive reactance and capacitive reactance respectively when XL > XC then tan ϕ is positive i.e. ϕ
p
is positive (between 0 and 2
). Hence emf leads the current.

Section B

17. Given, q = 5 × 10
−6
C , r = 10 cm = 0.1 m

Potential at the centre of the hexagon is given by

1 q q q q q q
V = [ + + + + + ]
4πε0 r r r r r r

1 q
= 6× ( )
4πε0 r

9 −6
6×9×10 ×5×10 6
V = = 2.7 × 10 V
0.1

18. Paramagnetic Substance Diamagnetic Substance

A diamagnetic substance is feebly repelled by a

A paramagnetic substance is feebly attracted by magnet.
magnet.
For a paramagnetic substance, the intensity of magnetization (I = For a diamagnetic substance, the intensity of
M/V = magnetic moment/volume) has a small positive value. i.e. I = magnetization has a small negative value. i.e. I =
+ve - ve
Example - Aluminium, Chromium etc Example - Antimony, Bismuth etc

19. A p-n junction cannot be obtained by physically joining the slabs of p-type and n-type semiconductors. The reason is that
the surfaces of the two slabs may appear flat to the naked eye, but infact the size of irregularities on their surfaces is very
large as compared to the interatomic spacing. When two such slabs are put together, a continuous contact at atomic level
is not achieved. Due to this, there will be discontinuity at the junction of the two slabs and as a result, the charge carriers
cannot flow from one slab to the other.

20. Given energy of electron beam

E = 12.5eV = 12.5 × 10
−19
J . Also, the energy of the gaseous hydrogen in its ground state at room temperature is −13.6

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eV. When gaseous hydrogen is bombarded with an electron beam, the energy of the gaseous hydrogen becomes = −13.6
+ 12.5 eV i.e., −1.1 eV.
Thus, the electrons of hydrogen will be raised to the third orbit, because this energy is approximately equal to the energy
of gaseous hydrogen(-1.5eV).
Now, the following transitions are possible
n = 3 to n = 2 then n = 2 to n = 1 or n = 3 to n = 1
Therefore, three spectral lines will be obtained. These are
1

λ
= 1.097 × 10
7
(
1
2
−
1
2
) or λ = 6.56 × 10
−7
m or 656 nm. This line lies in the Balmer series
2 3

or λ or 122 nm. This line lies in the Lyman series.

1 7 1 1 7
= 1.097 × 10 ( − ) = 1.22 × 10 m
2 2
λ 1 2

1
= 1.097 × 10
7
(
1

2
−
1

2
) or λ = 1.03 × 10 m
7
or 103 nm. This line lies in the Lyman series.
λ 1 3

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21. direction of dB is perpendicular to the plane containing, dl and r and is given by right hand screw rule. As the angle
between Idl and r is 90° the magnitude of the magnetic induction dB is given by,
μ0
⃗ I δI sin α
d Bx =
2
4π r

The component of d dB along the axis,

−−→
μ0 I dl
dBc = sin α
2
4πr
1/2
But sin α = and r
R 2 2
= (R + x )
r
μ I dl μ IR
⃗ 0 R 0
∴ d Bx = ⋅ = dl
4πr
2 r 4πr
3

μ IR
0
= dl
3/2
2 2
4π( R +x )

Total field B⃗
μ IR
0
= ∮ dl
3/2
2 2
4π( R +x )

μ IR
0
= ∮ dl
3/2
2 2
4π( R +x )

But, ∮ dl ∮ dl = length of the loop = 2 πR

μ IR
Therefore, B =
0
(2πR)
3/2
2 2
2π( R +x )

2
μ IR
⃗ 0
^
⇒ B = Bx i = i
3/2
2 2
2( R +x )

If the coil contain N turns then

2
μ NI R
B =
0

3/2
tesla.
2 2
2( R +x )

OR

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μ0
we know that, |dB| =
I dl sin θ

2
4π r

dl = Δ x = 1cm = 10-2 m, I = 10 A, r = 0.5 m, μ 0 /4π = 10

−7 T m

θ = 90°; sin θ = 1
−7 −2
10 ×10×10 −8
|dB| = = 4 × 10 T
−2
25×10

The direction of the field is in the +z-direction. This is so since,

^ ^ ^ ^ ^
dl × r = Δx i × y j = yΔx( i × j ) = yΔxk

We remind you of the following cyclic property of cross-products,

^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^
i × j = k; j × k = i ; k × i = j

Note that the field is small in magnitude.

Section C

22. Let us assume that I1 = current through E1 and I2 = current through E 2

according to Kirchhoffs first rule, I = I1 + I2

Now, let V = potential difference across the parallel combination . Then
E1 −V
V = E1 − I1 r1 or I1 =
r1
, and similarly
E2 −V
I2 =
r2

Thus, substituting for I1 and I2, we have

E1 −V E2 −V
I = +
r1 r2

E1 E2
or I
1 1
= ( + ) − V ( + )
r1 r2 r1 r2

E1 r2 +E2 r1 r1 r2
V = (
r1 +r2
) − I (
r1 +r2
) ...(i)
Comparing the above equation with, V = Eeq - Ireq we get

E1 r2 +E2 r1
i. E eq
=
r1 +r2

This is equivalent emf of the combination.

r1 r2
ii. r eq =
r1 +r2

This is equivalent resistance of the combination

23. A rectifier which rectifies both halves of each a.c. input cycle is called a full wave rectifier. To make use of both the
halves of input cycle, two junction diodes are used.
The circuit diagram of full-wave rectifier is shown below:

Principle: It also works on the principle that a junction diode offers low resistance during forward bias and high
resistance, when reverse biased. Here, two junction diodes are connected in such a manner that if one diode gets forward
biased during the first half cycle of a.c. input, the other gets reverse biased but when the next opposite half cycle comes,
the first diode gets reverse biased and the second forward biased. Thus, output is obtained during both the half cycles of
the a.c. input.

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The input and output waveforms have been given below:

24. From the observations made (parts A and B) on the basis of Einstein's photoelectric equation, we draw the following
conclusions:

1. For surface A, the threshold frequency is more than 1015 Hz, hence no photo-emission is possible.
2. For surface B, the threshold frequency is equal to the frequency of given radiation. Thus, photoemission takes place
but kinetic energy of photo-electrons is zero.
3. For surface C, the threshold frequency is less than 1015 Hz. So photo-emission occurs and photoelectrons have some
kinetic energy.

25. a.

(i) Separation greater than r0 - Attractive force

(ii) Separation less than r0 - Repulsive force
b. Nuclear force is independent of charge.
Short ranged force

26. The energy of an electron in nth orbit is given by

13.6
En = − eV
2
n

i. For 3 rd excite state, n = 4

13.6 13.6
∴ E4 = − = − = −0.85eV
2
4 16

ii. Required energy to jump electron to the ground state from the 3 rd excited state
E = E4 - E1

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13.6 13.6
= − − (− )
2 2
4 1

= - 0.85 + 13.6 = 12.75 eV

∴ Wavelength of the photon emitted as
hc hc
λ = (As, E = )
E λ

−34 8
6.63×10 ×3×10
⇒ λ =
−19
12.75×1.6×10
−7
19.878×10 −7
= = 0.974 × 10
20.4
o

= 974A

27. When a tiny circular obstacle is placed in the path of light from a distant source, a bright spot is seen at the center of the
shadow of the obstacle. This is because light waves are diffracted from the edge of the circular obstacle, which interferes
constructively at the center of the shadow. This constructive interference produces a bright spot.

Difference between Interference and Diffraction:

i. Interference occurs due to the superposition of two distinct waves coming from two coherent sources of light. The
diffraction occurs as a result of the secondary wavelets coming from different parts of the same wavefront.
ii. In the pattern of interference, all the bright fringes have the same intensity. In a diffraction pattern, all the bright
fringes are not of the same intensity.

28. The graphs given in the figure show the variation of flux ϕ with time t and induced emf ε with time t, respectively.

Explanation of variation of magnetic time. Magnetic flux is proportional to the coil linked with flux. Initially, the coil
lies magnetic field, flux through it is zero. As the field at time t1 the flux begins to increase. with time. Between times t2
and t3, in the magnetic field, so flux remains: After this the flux decreases linearly with reduces to zero at time t4, when
the coil co the magnetic field.

OR

By the relation between electric field and potential we get,

The induced emf = Electric field E × (2πb) (Because V = E × d) ..... (i)
If E is the electric field generated around the charged ring of radius b, then as e By Faraday's law:
dϕ dB
|ε| = = A
dt dt
2

|ε| =
Bπa
...... (ii)
Δt

From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we have

2
Bπa
2πbE = ε =
Δt

As we know the electric force experienced by the charged ring, Fe = QE

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his force try to rotate the coil, and the torque is given by
Torque = b × Force
2
Bπa
τ = QEb = Q [ ]b
2πbΔt
2
Ba
⇒ τ = Q
2Δt

If ΔL is the change in angular momentum of the charged ring then,

2
Ba
ΔL = Torque × Δt = Q
2

since, initial angular momentum = 0

And Torque ×Δt = Change in angular momentum
2
QBa
Final angular momentum = mb ω =
2

Where, mb2 = I (moment of inertia of ring)

2
QBa
ω =
2
2mb

On rearranging the term, we have the required expression of angular speed.

Section D
29. i. (c) ⃗
E × B
⃗

Explanation:

Electromagnetic waves propagate in the direction of E

​ ⃗ × B⃗ .

ii. (a) photon

Explanation:

Photon is the fundamental particle in an electromagnetic wave.

iii. (c) polarisation

Explanation:

Polarisation establishes the wave nature of electromagnetic waves.

OR

(c) in phase and perpendicular to each other

Explanation:

The electric and magnetic fields of an electromagnetic wave are in phase and perpendicular to each other.

iv. (a) frequency

Explanation:

Frequency ν remains unchanged when a wave propagates from one medium to another. Both wavelength and
velocity get changed.

30. i. (c) -32 Nm2 C-1

Explanation:

Electric flux, ϕ = ⃗ ⃗
E ⋅ A = EA cos θ

where A⃗ = ^
An

For electric flux passing through S6, n

^ S6
^
= −i (Back)

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∴ ϕS
6
= -(4 × 103 NC-1)(0.1 m)2 cos 37o
= -32 N m2 C-1

ii. (b) -24 Nm2 C-1

Explanation:

For electric flux passing through S1, n

^ S1
^
= −j (Left)

∴ ϕS
1
= -(4 × 103 NC-1)(0.1 m)2 cos 90o = 0
= -24 Nm2 C-1

iii. (a) S2 and S4

Explanation:

Here, n
^ S2
^
= +k (Top)
∴ ϕS
2
= -(4 × 103 NC-1)(0.1 m)2 cos 90o = 0
^S
n
3
^
= +j (Right)
^S
n
4
^
= −k (Bottom)
∴ ϕS
4
= -(4 × 103 NC-1)(0.1 m)2 cos 90o = 0
And, n
^
S5
^
= +i (Front)
∴ ϕS
5
= +(4 × 103 NC-1)(0.1 m)2 cos 37o
= 32 N m2 C-1
S2 and S4 surface have zero flux.

iv. (d) zero

Explanation:

As the field is uniform, the total flux through the cube must be zero, i.e., any flux entering the cube must leave
it.

OR

(c) [M L3 T-3 A-1]

Explanation:

Surface integral ∮ E⃗ ⋅ dS ⃗ is the net electric flux over a closed surface S.

∴ [ϕE ] = [M L3 T-3 A-1]

Section E

31. Given that,

Focal length of the objective lens, f1 = 2.0 cm
Focal length of the eyepiece, f2 = 6.25 cm
Distance between the objective lens and the eyepiece, d = 15 cm

a. Given that, Least distance of distinct vision, d' = 25 cm

Image distance for the eyepiece, v2 = -25 cm
Object distance for the eyepiece = u2

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According to the lens formula,
1 1 1
− =
v2 u2 f
2

1 1 1
= −
u2 v2 f
2

1 1 −1−4 −5
= − = =
−25 6.25 25 25

∴ u2 = -5cm
Image distance for the objective lens, v1 = d + u2 = 15 - 5 = 10 cm
Object distance for the objective lens = u1
According to the lens formula,
1 1 1
− =
v1 u1 f1

1 1 1 1 1 1−5 −4
= − = − = =
u1 v1 f 10 2 10 10
1

∴ u1 = -2.5 cm
Magnitude of the object distance, |u 1| = 2.5cm

The magnifying power of a compound microscope is:

′
v1 d 10 25
m = (1 + ) = (1 + ) = 4(1 + 4) = 20
|u1 | f 2.5 6.25
2

b. The final image is formed at infinity.

Therefore, image distance for the eyepiece, v2 = ∞
Object distance for the eyepiece = u2
According to the lens formula, we have the relation,
1 1 1
− =
v2 u2 f2

1 1 1
− =
∞ u2 6.25

∴ u2 = -6.25 cm
Image distance for the objective lens, v1 = d + u2 = 15 - 6.25 = 8.75 cm
Object distance for the objective lens = u1
According to the lens formula,
1 1 1
− =
v1 u1 f1

1 1 1 1 1 2−8.75
= − = − =
u1 v1 f 8.75 2.0 17.5
1

17.5
∴ u1 = − = −2.59cm
6.75

Magnitude of the object distance, |u | = 2.59 cm 1

The magnifying power of a compound microscope is,

′
v1 d 8.75 25
m = ( ) = × = 13.51
|u1 | |u2 | 2.59 6.25

Thus, the magnifying power of the microscope is 13.51

OR

Angular width is given by

λ λ
θ = or d =
d θ

i. According to the question, λ = 600nm = 6 × 10

−7
m

0.1π π
θ = rad = rad
180 1800
λ
d =
θ
−7
6×10 ×1800 −4
∴ d = = 3.44 × 10 m
π

ii. The frequency of a light depends on its source only.

So, the frequencies of reflected and refracted light will be same as that of incident light.

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Reflected light is in the same medium (air).
o

So its wavelength remains same as 500A .

We know that ν
c
=
λ
8
3×10
=
−10
5000×10

18
= 6 × 10 Hz

This is the required frequency of both refracted and reflected light.

We know that,
speed of light in air
μ =
speed of light in water
8
4 3×10
=
3 v

8
v = 2.25 × 10 m/s

speed of light in water = 2.25 × 10 8

m/s

Wavelength of refracted light is given by λ ′

=
v

ν
= 0.375 × 10
−6
m

So, wavelength of refracted wave will be decreased.

32. a.

Since torque acting on dipole

⃗
τ ⃗ = p⃗ × E

τ ⃗ = pE sin θ ⋅ n
^

work done dω = τ. dθ

= pE sin θdθ

θ2 θ2

w = ∫ dw pE ∫ sin θdθ

θ1 θ1

θ2
w = pE[− cos θ]
θ1

= pE [cos θ1 − cos θ2 ]

if θ1 = 0, θ2 = θ

w = pE (1 - cosθ )
Conditions-
For stable equilibrium - When electric dipole is parallel to electric field.
For unstable equilibrium - Anti Parallel to electric field.
b. No.
Inside equipotential surface

OR

a. Since the work done depends on the final arrangement of the charges, and not on how they are put together, we
calculate work needed for one way of putting the charges at A, B, C and D. Suppose, first the charge +q is brought to
A, and then the charges –q, +q, and -q are brought to B, C, and D, respectively. The total work needed can be
calculated in steps:

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i. Work needed to bring charge +q to A when no charge is present elsewhere: this is zero.
ii. Work needed to bring –q to B when +q is at A. This is given by (charge at B) × (electrostatic potential at B due
to charge +q at A)
2
q q
= −q × ( 4πε0 d
) =− 4πε0 d

iii. Work needed to bring charge +q to C when +q is at A and -q is at B. This is given by (charge at C) × (potential at
C due to charges at A and B
+q −q
= +q ( + )
4πε0 d√2 4πε0 d
2
−q
=
1
(1 − )
4πε0 d √2

iv. Work needed to bring -q to D when +q at A, -q at B, and +q at C. This is given by (charge at D) × (potential at D
due to charges at A, B, and C)
+q −q q
= −q ( + + )
4πε0 d 4πε0 d√2 4πε0 d
2
−q
=
1
(2 − )
4πε0 d √2

Add the work done in steps (i), (ii), (iii), and (iv). The total work required is
2
−q
=
1 1
{(0) + (1) + (1 − ) + (2 − )}
4πε0 d √2 √2
2
−q –
= 4πε0 d
(4 − √2)

The work done depends only on the arrangement of the charges, and not how they are assembled. By definition,
this is the total electrostatic energy of the charges.
b. The extra work necessary to bring a charge q0 to point E when the four charges are at A, B, C, and D is q0 ×
(electrostatic potential at E due to the charges at A, B, C, and D). The electrostatic potential at E is clearly zero since
potential due to A and C is cancelled by that due to B and D. Hence, no work is required to bring any charge to point
E. Also, it can be said that the work done over a closed surface is zero. (charges are opposite in corners so work done
during one cycle cancel out by another cycle) hence work done is zero.
33. a. Suppose a resistance R, inductance L and capacitance C are connected to series and an alternating voltage V =
V = V0 sinwt is applied across it.

Since L, C and R are connected in series, current flowing through them is the same. The voltage across R is VR,
inductance across L is VL and across capacitance is VC.

The voltage VR and current i are in the same phase, the voltage VL will lead the current by angle 90o while the

voltage VC will lag behind the current by 90o.

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Thus, VR and (VC - VL) are mutually perpendicular and the phase difference between them is 90o. As seen in the fig,
we can say that, as the applied voltage across the circuit is V, the resultant of VR and VC - VL) will also be V.
So,
2 2 2
V = V + ( Vc − VL )
R
−−−−−−−−−−−−−
V = √V 2 2
⇒ + ( Vc − VL )
R

But, VR = Ri, Vc = Xci and VL = XLi

where, Xc = ωC
1
and XL = ωL
−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−

So, V = √(Ri) ,
2 2
+ ( Xc i − XL i)

Therefore, impendance of the circuit is given by,

−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
2
Z= = √(R)
V 2
+ ( Xc − XL )
i
−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
2

Z= √R2 + (
1

ωC
− ωL)

This is the impedance of the LCR series circuit.

b. A radio or a TV set has an LC circuit capacitor of variable capacitance C. The circuit remains connected with an
aerial coil through the phenomenon of mutual inductance. Suppose a radio or TV station has transmitted a program at
frequency f, then waves produce an alternating voltage of frequency in area, due to which an emf of the same
frequency is induced in LC circuit. When capacitor C is in circuit is varied then for a particular value of capacitance,
C, f = , the resonance occurs and maximum current flows in the circuit; so the radio or TV gets tuned.
1

2π√LC

OR

i. Let at any instant, the current and voltage in an L-C-R series AC circuit is given by
V = Vm sin ωt and
I = Im sin(ωt + ϕ)

where Vm and Im are the peak values of the ac voltage and ac current respectively.
The instantaneous power is given by
P = V I = Im sin(ωt + ϕ) Vm sin ωt
Vm Im
⇒ P = [2 sin ωt sin(ωt + ϕ)]
2
Vm Im
∴ P = V I = [cos ϕ − cos(2ωt + ϕ)] … (i)
2

[∵ 2 sin A sin B = cos(A − B) − cos(A + B)]

Work done for a very small time interval dt is given by

dW = P dt

⇒ dW = V I dt

∴ Total work done over a complete cycle i.e. from 0 to T is given by,
T
W = ∫ V I dt
0
T
∫ V I dt
But P av
=
W

T
=
0

1 T
⇒ Pav = ∫ V I dt
T 0

1 T Vm Im
= ∫ [cos ϕ − cos(2ωt + ϕ)]dt
T 0 2

Vm Im T T
= [∫ cosϕdt − ∫ cos(2ωt + ϕ)dt]
2T 0 0

Vm Im
T
= [cos ϕ(t) ] − 0 (By trigonometry)
2T 0
Vm Im Vm Im
= cos ϕ × T = cos ϕ
2T 2
Vm Im
= × cos ϕ
√2 √2

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⇒ Pav = Vrms Irms cos ϕ

This is the required expression.

ii. Power factor, cosϕ =

R

where, R = resistance and Z = impedance of the circuit.

Low power factor (cos ϕ ) implies lower ohmic resistance which implies larger power loss in power system
(transmission line), because in power system power, P ∝ 1

R
.
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