Internet Technologies &Web page authoring

By Muhaise Hussein PhD

Email.
[email protected]
Phone No: +256-772877424
Introduction to the Internet
and world wide Web
 Interne
• t
The internet is a massive “network of networks,”. Therefore
The
internet is a collection of local, regional, national, and
international computer networks that are linked together to
exchange data and distribute processing tasks.
• The computer you are sitting at (as long as it’s connected to the
internet) can communicate with the computer across the next
building, down the block, or around the world so long as the
computer on the other end is connected to the internet as well.
Information that travels over the internet does so via a variety of
 Interne
t
languages known as protocols.
 Interne
•
t
It is the largest network in the world that connects hundreds of
thousands of individual networks all over the world.
• The popular term for the Internet is the “information highway”.
• Rather than moving through geographical space, it moves your ideas
and information t h r o u g h c y b e r s p a c e . -The s p a c e o f
e l e c t r o n i c movement of ideas and information.
• Data over the internet is transmitted in form of packets by means of
packet switching using the standard Internet Protocol (IP)
• Packet – a unit of information carriage
• Packet switching – process of moving packets from one node
(computer device) to another.
 Internet
• Every computer that is connected to the internet is part of a
certain network.

• At work or school, y o u may be part of a local area

network (LAN), but you still connect to the internet using an
ISP that you company or school has contracted with.

• When you connect to your ISP, you become part of their

network. The ISP may then connect to a larger network and
become part of their network, therefore the internet is simply
a network of networks
 Internet
• For instance, the computer network in the lab is connected to
the overall network of this institution, which connects to the
ISP network, which connects to networks in the rest of
Uganda, East Africa, and the World.

• The Internet's design also mandates that all hosts (computers)

connected through the network are equal, or peers. This facet
of the design permits the "no single point of failure" goal
since there are no easily-targeted "master" servers required
to keep traffic moving.
 Internet infrastructure

• Most large Tele-communications companies have their own

dedicated backbones connecting various regions. In each region, the
company has a point of presence (POP).

• The POP is a place for local users to access the company’s network,
often through a local phone number or dedicated line.

• Amazingly there is no overall controlling network. Instead, there are

several high level networks connecting to each other through
network access points or NAPs.
 Growth of the Internet
• In 1969, only 4 computers made up the then
ARPANet; by 1971, the Internet had grown to 15
computers (the first e-mail message was sent in
1972); in 1973 the number was 37; skipping ahead to
January 2002, the estimate ballooned to 147 million
computers; by January 2004, 233 million; and by July
of 2006, 439 million. And now the numbers have
escalated to un imaginable heights.
 The uses of the Internet
• People use the internet to apply for jobs,
• Research
• For study purpose /Education (online study)
• For business Transactions /e-commerce (i.e. buy or sell
products, and much more).
• Communication (e.g. through Sending e-mail messages etc).
• Send (upload) or receive (down load) files between
computers.
• Participate in discussion groups, such as mailing lists and
newsgroups.
• Surfing the web.
• Marketing
• Entertainment (e.g watch movies, listen to music, play games
 How to access the internet

• Many schools and businesses have direct access to the

Internet using special high-speed communication lines and
equipment.
• Students and employees can access through the
organization’s local area networks (LAN) or through their
own personal computers.
• Another way to access the Internet is through Internet
Service Provider (ISP).
 Internet service provider

• A commercial organization with permanent connection

to the Internet that sells temporary connections to
subscribers.
• Examples:
• Mtn
• Airtel
• Utl etc
 Internet address
• Every host /machine/ computer on the Internet has a unique
identifying number, called an IP address. its made up of four
numbers commonly known as octets in networking language.
E.g.. 192.56.215.131, each number is between 0 and 255.
• The main and most common IP addressing system in use on the
Internet uses a four-part number.
• Each part of the address is a number ranging from 0 to 255, and
each part is separated from the previous part by period. For
example, 106.29.242.17
• IP stands for internet protocol, which is the language or
standard that computers use to communicate over the internet.
• A protocol is a pre-defined way that someone who wants to use
a service talk with that service. “The someo ne” could be a
person, but more often it’s a computer program like a web
browser.
 Network
• A computer network is a system in which two or multiple computers are
connected to each other to share information and resources.
• Shared resources, also known as network resources are Elements of
hardware, software or data that can be shared or accessed in
a network. Successful shared resource access allows users to operate as
if the shared resource were on their own computer. The most
frequently used shared network environment objects or
resources are files, multimedia and hardware resources like printers,
fax machines and scanners.
• Characteristics of a Computer Network
• Share resources from one computer to another.
• Create files and store them in one computer, access those files from the
other computer(s) connected over the network.
• Connect a printer, scanner, or a fax machine to one computer within
the network and let other computers of the network use the machines
available over the network.
 Internet address & DNS
• In 1983, the University of Wisconsin created the Domain
Name System (DNS), which maps text names to IP addresses
automatically. This way you only need to remember
www.kiu.ac.ug. For example instead of www.kiu.ac.ug IP
address
• When you use the web or send an e-mail message, you use a
domain name to do it. for example, the Uniform Resource
Locator (URL) “http://www.kiu.ac.ug ” contains the domain
name kiu.ac.ug. So does this email address:
[email protected]
 Domain Name Addressing
• Most web browsers do not use the IP address to locate
Web sites and individual pages.
• They use domain name addressing.
• A domain name is a unique name associated with a specific
IP address by a program that runs on an Internet host
computer. (i.e. an address to a given website on internet)
• This program, which coordinates the IP addresses and
domain names for all computers attached to it, is called
DNS (Domain Name System ) software.
• The host computer that runs this software is called a
domain name server.
 Domain Name Addressing
• Domain names follow hierarchical model that you can follow
from top to bottom if you read the name from the right to the
left.
• For example, the domain name www.gsc.kiu.ac.ug is the
computer connected to the Internet at the Graduate School of
computing (gsc), which is an academic unit of the University
of KIU, which is an academic institution (ac) in Uganda (ug)
• No other computer on the Internet can have the same domain
name.
 Top Level Domain Names
• There are only a few top level domains, and these are
controlled by one of the Internet self-regulating authorities
(ICANN [www.icann.org]).
• .com: companies or commercial ventures
• .net: ISPs or other companies that work with the Internet
• .org: non-profit organizations and institutions
• .mil: military
• .edu: Education institutions
• .gov: government
• ICANN specified some new TLDs that haven't really caught
on much yet: .info, .biz, .pro, .museum, .aero, etc.
 Top Level Domain Names
• TLDs are also assigned to countries:
• Ug (Uganda)
• Ke (Kenya)
• Rw (Rwanda)
• fr (France)
• au (Australia)
• .ca: Canada
• .us: United States
• .uk: United Kingdom
• .tv: the tiny South Pacific island nation of Tuvalu which
bases most of its economy on the sale of domains using
this TLD
 Uniform Resource Locator
• The IP address and the domain name each identify a particular
computer on the Internet.
• However, they do not indicate where a Web page’s HTML
document resides on that computer.
• To identify a Web pages exact location, Web browsers rely on
Uniform Resource Locator (URL).
• URL is a four-part addressing scheme that tells the Web
browser:
 What transfer protocol to use for transporting the file
 The domain name of the computer on which the file resides
 The pathname of the folder or directory on the computer on
which the file resides
 The name of the file
 URL continued
• Each d o c u m e n t /resource o n the WWW needs to have
an identifier in order to be accessed by others.
• A Uniform Resource Locator (URL) is an address which provides
means of obtaining the resource by describing its network
“location”.
• Every time you use a domain name you use the internet’s DNS
servers to translate the human readable domain name into
machine-readable IP-address.
• Top-level domain names, also called first-level domain names
include; .COM, .ORG, .NET, .EDU.
• With in every top-level domain there is a huge list of second-
level domains. E.g. in .COM first-level domain there is: yahoo,
Google, Microsoft, etc.
 Uniform resource Locator

• Humans being humans, prefer not to have to remember IP

addresses like "17.112.152.32". Instead, we'd rather
• use a little piece of text like “http://www.apple.com", which is
called a Uniform Resource Locator, or URL both 17.112.152.32 and
www.apple.com refer to the same Internet host: Apple
Computer's webserver. You can Try just entering 17.112.152.32
into a browser and see where you end up. URL's are used for more
than just websites; they're also used for e-mail addresses, FTP
servers, network newsgroups, or any other service running on a
computer connected to the Internet.
 url
• When we type in a URL, an application-layer service called the
Domain Name Service (DNS) translates the human-friendly URL
into the computer-friendly IP address for us. DNS performs this
translation by consulting the databases maintained by the
Domain Name Registrars. DNS is responsible for translating
www.apple.com into "17.112.152.32" whenever we type that into
a browser address bar. DNS is the "phone book" of the Internet:
• It looks up a name, and find its number.
 Url Parts
• A URL is made up of many parts. For example;
http://www.apple.com/ipod/red/index.html
• http: is the application-layer protocol. In this case HTTP, the protocol used
by the World Wide Web. If you omit the protocol when typing a URL into a
browser address box, the browser assumes you meant "http://". (Technically,
the whole string "http://" is called the scheme.)
• www.apple.com is the Fully Qualified Domain Name (FQDN). Commonly
refered to as Domain Name. In turn, the FQDN is made up of pieces as well
(from right to left, or most general to most specific):
• com is the Top Level Domain (TLD), in this case meaning "company" or
"commercial".
• apple is the specific company name, chosen by Apple Computer.
• www is the name of the webserver hosting Apple Computer's website.
 Structure of a Uniform Resource Locators

protocol pathname
http://www.kiu.ac.ug / academics /index.htm

Domain name filename

http => Hypertext Transfer Protocol

U can use explanation for previous

slide for this url structure.
 Questions
• What is the Internet?
• How does one get connected to the internet?
• What is an Internet Service Provider (ISP)?
• Differentiate between a packet and packet switching?
• With example explain internet address?
• What do you understand by the acronyms POP and NAP?
• With examples explain ISP?
• With example differentiate internet and network.
• What is a network resource?
• Explain with example the acronym URL?
• What is a domain name?
• What are top level domains?
• Differentiate between domain server and Domain name system software.
 Internet & www
• Many people use the terms internet and World Wide Web
interchangeably, but in fact the two terms are not synonymous. The
internet and the web are two separate but related things. The
World Wide Web is a way of accessing information over the
medium of the internet. The web uses the HTTP protocol (hypertext
transfer protocol), which is only one of the many “languages”
spoken over the internet, to transmit data. Email, instant
messaging, and uploading and downloading files are all things that
you do on the internet but aren’t part of the HTTP protocol. The
web utilizes special software called browsers to access web
documents (more commonly known as web pages) that are linked
to each other via hyperlinks. Web pages contain some or all of the
following: text, images, audio, and video.
 The world wide web
• The World Wide Web (commonly shortened to the Web) is a
system of interlinked, hypertext documents accessed via the
Internet.
• It is created to share files/documents and overcome the barrier of
different file formats
• Each screen of text and graphics on the web is called a web page.
• A collection of linked Web pages that have a common theme or
focus is called a Web site.
• Web pages are hypertext documents because they have links (also
called hyperlinks) to other documents or pages.
• Hypertext refers to text on a computer that will lead the user to
other related information on demand.
 World wide web
• hypertext documents are created using a special kind of
document formatting or “markup” language called Hypertext
Markup Language (HTML).
• HTML is sent or received over the network using Hypertext
Transfer Protocol (HTTP).
• A browser is a software program which interprets the HTML
documents and displays it on the user’s screen. e.g. mozila
firefox, internet explorer, Google crome etc.
• A home page: is the first page you see when entering a site. Or
The main page that all of the pages on a particular Web site are
organized around and link back to.
• A web server: is a computer that uses web server software to
transmit Web Pages over the internet
 How to access the Web
• Once you have your Internet connection, then you need
special software called a browser to access the Web.
• Web browsers are used to connect you to remote
computers, open and transfer files, display text and images.
• Web browsers are specialized programs.
• Examples of Web browser: Mozila Firefox, Google crome,
opera, Internet Explorer, edge etc.
 Client/Server Structure of the Web
• Web is a collection of files that reside on computers, called Web
servers, that are located all over the world and are connected to
each other through the Internet.
• When you use your Internet connection to become part of the
Web, your computer becomes a Web client in a worldwide
client/server network.
• For a computer to become a web client it should have a specialized
program called A Web browser. which therefore is the
software that you run on your computer to make it work as a web
client.
 How to find information on the Web
• A search engine. Is a website that provides a variety of
tools to help you find information over internet.
• Examples:
 Yahoo  www.yahoo.com
 Excite  www.excite.com
 Lycos  www.lycos.com
 AltaVista  www.alta-vista.com
 MSN Web Search  www.search.msn.com
 Google WebSearch www.google.com
 How to find information on the Web
• You can find information by two basic means.
• Search by Topic and Search by keywords.
• Some search services offer both methods,
others only one.
• Yahoo offers both.
 Search by Topic
You can navigate through topic lists
 Search by keywords
You can navigate by entering a keyword
or phase into a search text box.
With Google you search by keyword.
 Hypertext Markup Language
• The public files on the web servers are ordinary text files,
much like the files used by word-processing software.
• To allow Web browser software to read them, the
text must be formatted according to a generally accepted
standard.
• The standard used on the web is Hypertext markup
language (HTML).
 Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)
• HTML uses codes, or tags, to tell the Web browser
software how to display the text contained in the
document.
• For example, a Web browser reading the following line of
text:
<B> A Review of the Book<I>Wind Instruments of
the 18th Century</I></B>
• recognizes the <B> and </B> tags as instructions to display
the entire line of text in bold and the <I> and </I> tags as
instructions to display the text enclosed by those tags in
italics.
 HTTP
• The transfer protocol is the set of rules that the
computers use to move files from one
computer to another on the Internet.
• The most common transfer protocol used on
the Internet is the Hypertext Transfer
Protocol (HTTP).
• Two other protocols that you can use on the
Internet are the File Transfer Protocol (FTP) and
the Telnet Protocol
 E-mail overview
• Electronic mail (e-mail) are electronic messages sent through a
computer network or over the web.
An e-mail account provides the rights to a storage area, or
mailbox, supplied bay an email provider.
• An e-mail message is a document that is composed on a
computer and remains in an electronic form so that it can be
transmitted to another computer. Every message includes a
message header and the body of the message.
• Basic e-mail activities consists of writing, reading, replying, and
forwarding messages.
• Messages can be printed, kept for later reference, or deleted.
 E-mail overview
• Forwarded message and Attachment
• After you receive an e-mail message, you can use the
forward feature to pass it on to other people.

• An e-mail attachment is a file that can be sent along

with the e-mail message. The file can be a document,
graphic, or audio file.
 Internet Resources
• Downloading is the process of transferring files from the
internet to your computer.
• Uploading is the process of transferring files from your
computer to the internet or to a remote computer.
• E-commerce The process of buying, selling, and exchanging of
goods, services and information via computer networks,
primarily the internet. i.e. commercial transactions executed
electronically. EC may occur between a business and a
customer, between businesses, customers, government and
other parties, or a company and its employees.
 Questions
1. Differentiate internet and www
2. Explain the terms; hyperlink, hypertext, website,
webpage, home page and web browser.
3. What do you understand by the term web server?
4. With examples, explain the term search engine?
5. Explain the difference between the terms; download and
upload, HTML and HTTP.
6. What is email?
7. What are newsgroups?
Best of Luck
!!!