Unit 2 HTML

HTML
HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language, which is the most widely used language on Web to
develop web pages. HTML was created by Berners-Lee in late 1991 but "HTML 2.0" was the first
standard HTML specification which was published in 1995. HTML 4.01 was a major version of HTML
and it was published in late 1999. Though HTML 4.01 version is widely used but currently we are
having HTML-5 version which is an extension to HTML 4.01, and this version was published in 2012.
Why to Learn HTML?

Originally, HTML was developed with the intent of defining the structure of documents like headings,
paragraphs, lists, and so forth to facilitate the sharing of scientific information between researchers.
Now, HTML is being widely used to format web pages with the help of different tags available in
HTML language.
HTML is a MUST for students and working professionals to become a great Software Engineer
specially when they are working in Web Development Domain. I will list down some of the key
advantages of learning HTML:
 Create Web site - You can create a website or customize an existing web template if you know
HTML well.
 Become a web designer - If you want to start a carrer as a professional web designer, HTML
and CSS designing is a must skill.
 Understand web - If you want to optimize your website, to boost its speed and performance, it
is good to know HTML to yield best results.
 Learn other languages - Once you understands the basic of HTML then other related
technologies like javascript, php, or angular are become easier to understand.
Hello World using HTML.
Just to give you a little excitement about HTML, I'm going to give you a small conventional HTML
Hello World program, You can try it using Demo link.
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>This is document title</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>This is a heading</h1>
<p>Hello World!</p>
</body>
</html>
Applications of HTML
As mentioned before, HTML is one of the most widely used language over the web. I'm going to list
few of them here:
 Web pages development - HTML is used to create pages which are rendered over the web.
Almost every page of web is having html tags in it to render its details in browser.
 Internet Navigation - HTML provides tags which are used to navigate from one page to
another and is heavily used in internet navigation.
 Responsive UI - HTML pages now-a-days works well on all platform, mobile, tabs, desktop or
laptops owing to responsive design strategy.

 Offline support HTML pages once loaded can be made available offline on the machine
without any need of internet.
 Game development- HTML5 has native support for rich experience and is now useful in
gaming developent arena as well.
Audience
This HTML tutorial is designed for the aspiring Web Designers and Developers with a need to
understand the HTML in enough detail along with its simple overview, and practical examples. This
tutorial will give you enough ingredients to start with HTML from where you can take yourself at higher
level of expertise.
Prerequisites
Before proceeding with this tutorial you should have a basic working knowledge with Windows or
Linux operating system, additionally you must be familiar with −
 Experience with any text editor like notepad, notepad++, or Edit plus etc.
 How to create directories and files on your computer.
 How to navigate through different directories.
 How to type content in a file and save them on a computer.
 Understanding about images in different formats like JPEG, PNG format.
HTML - Overview
HTML stands for Hypertext Markup Language, and it is the most widely used language to write Web
Pages.
 Hypertext refers to the way in which Web pages (HTML documents) are linked together. Thus,
the link available on a webpage is called Hypertext.
 As its name suggests, HTML is a Markup Language which means you use HTML to simply
"mark-up" a text document with tags that tell a Web browser how to structure it to display.
Originally, HTML was developed with the intent of defining the structure of documents like headings,
paragraphs, lists, and so forth to facilitate the sharing of scientific information between researchers.
Now, HTML is being widely used to format web pages with the help of different tags available in
HTML language.
Basic HTML Document

In its simplest form, following is an example of an HTML document –
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
</head>
<body>
<h1>This is a heading</h1>
<p>Document content goes here.....</p>
</body>
</html>
HTML Tags
As told earlier, HTML is a markup language and makes use of various tags to format the content. These tags are
enclosed within angle braces <Tag Name>. Except few tags, most of the tags have their corresponding closing
tags. For example, <html> has its closing tag </html> and <body> tag has its closing tag </body> tag etc.
Above example of HTML document uses the following tags −
Sr.N Tag & Description

o
1 <!DOCTYPE...>
This tag defines the document type and HTML version.
2 <html>
This tag encloses the complete HTML document and mainly comprises of document
header which is represented by <head>...</head> and document body which is
represented by <body>...</body> tags.
3 <head>
This tag represents the document's header which can keep other HTML tags like <title>,
<link> etc.
4 <title>
The <title> tag is used inside the <head> tag to mention the document title.
5 <body>
This tag represents the document's body which keeps other HTML tags like <h1>,
<div>, <p> etc.
6 <h1>
This tag represents the heading.
7 <p>
This tag represents a paragraph.
To learn HTML, you will need to study various tags and understand how they behave, while formatting a textual
document. Learning HTML is simple as users have to learn the usage of different tags in order to format the text
or images to make a beautiful webpage.
World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) recommends to use lowercase tags starting from HTML 4.
HTML Document Structure

A typical HTML document will have the following structure −
<html>
<head>
Document header related tags
</head>
<body>
Document body related tags
</body>
</html>
We will study all the header and body tags in subsequent chapters, but for now let's see what is document
declaration tag.
The <!DOCTYPE> Declaration

The <!DOCTYPE> declaration tag is used by the web browser to understand the version of the HTML used in
the document. Current version of HTML is 5 and it makes use of the following declaration −
<!DOCTYPE html>
There are many other declaration types which can be used in HTML document depending on what version of
HTML is being used. We will see more details on this while discussing <!DOCTYPE...> tag along with other
HTML tags.
HTML - Basic Tags

Heading Tags
Any document starts with a heading. You can use different sizes for your headings. HTML also has
six levels of headings, which use the elements <h1>, <h2>, <h3>, <h4>, <h5>, and <h6>. While
displaying any heading, browser adds one line before and one line after that heading.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Heading Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>This is heading 1</h1>
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result −
Paragraph Tag
The <p> tag offers a way to structure your text into different paragraphs. Each paragraph of text
should go in between an opening <p> and a closing </p> tag as shown below in the example −
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Paragraph Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>Here is a first paragraph of text.</p>
<p>Here is a second paragraph of text.</p>
<p>Here is a third paragraph of text.</p>
</body>
</html>
Line Break Tag

Whenever you use the <br /> element, anything following it starts from the next line. This tag is an
example of an empty element, where you do not need opening and closing tags, as there is nothing
to go in between them.
The <br /> tag has a space between the characters br and the forward slash. If you omit this space,
older browsers will have trouble rendering the line break, while if you miss the forward slash character
and just use <br> it is not valid in XHTML.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Line Break Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>Hello<br />
You delivered your assignment ontime.<br />
Thanks<br />
Mahnaz</p>
</body>
</html>
Centering Content
You can use <center> tag to put any content in the center of the page or any table cell.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Centring Content Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>This text is not in the center.</p>
<center>
<p>This text is in the center.</p>
</center>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result −

Horizontal Lines
Horizontal lines are used to visually break-up sections of a document. The <hr> tag creates a line
from the current position in the document to the right margin and breaks the line accordingly.
For example, you may want to give a line between two paragraphs as in the given example below −
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Horizontal Line Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>This is paragraph one and should be on top</p>
<hr />
<p>This is paragraph two and should be at bottom</p>
</body>
</html>

Again <hr /> tag is an example of the empty element, where you do not need opening and closing
tags, as there is nothing to go in between them.
The <hr /> element has a space between the characters hr and the forward slash. If you omit this
space, older browsers will have trouble rendering the horizontal line, while if you miss the forward
slash character and just use <hr> it is not valid in XHTML
Preserve Formatting
Sometimes, you want your text to follow the exact format of how it is written in the HTML document. In
these cases, you can use the preformatted tag <pre>.
Any text between the opening <pre> tag and the closing </pre> tag will preserve the formatting of the
source document.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Preserve Formatting Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<pre>
function testFunction( strText ){
alert (strText)
}
</pre>
</body>
</html>

Try using the same code without keeping it inside <pre>...</pre> tags
Nonbreaking Spaces
Suppose you want to use the phrase "12 Angry Men." Here, you would not want a browser to split the
"12, Angry" and "Men" across two lines −
An example of this technique appears in the movie "12 Angry Men."
In cases, where you do not want the client browser to break text, you should use a nonbreaking space
entity instead of a normal space. For example, when coding the "12 Angry Men" in a
paragraph, you should use something similar to the following code −
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Nonbreaking Spaces Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>An example of this technique appears in the movie "12 Angry Men."</p>
</body>
</html>
HTML - Elements
An HTML element is defined by a starting tag. If the element contains other content, it ends with a
closing tag, where the element name is preceded by a forward slash as shown below with few tags −
Start Tag Content End Tag
<p> This is paragraph content. </p>
<h1> This is heading content. </h1>
<div> This is division content. </div>
<br />
So here <p>....</p> is an HTML element, <h1>...</h1> is another HTML element. There are some
HTML elements which don't need to be closed, such as <img.../>, <hr /> and <br /> elements. These
are known as void elements.
HTML documents consists of a tree of these elements and they specify how HTML documents should
be built, and what kind of content should be placed in what part of an HTML document.
HTML Tag vs. Element

An HTML element is defined by a starting tag. If the element contains other content, it ends with
a closing tag.
For example, <p> is starting tag of a paragraph and </p> is closing tag of the same paragraph
but <p>This is paragraph</p> is a paragraph element.
Nested HTML Elements
It is very much allowed to keep one HTML element inside another HTML element −
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Nested Elements Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>This is <i>italic</i> heading</h1>
<p>This is <u>underlined</u> paragraph</p>
</body>
</html>
This will display the following result −
HTML - Attributes
HTML tags and their usage like heading tags <h1>, <h2>, paragraph tag <p> and other tags. We
used them so far in their simplest form, but most of the HTML tags can also have attributes, which are
extra bits of information.
An attribute is used to define the characteristics of an HTML element and is placed inside the
element's opening tag. All attributes are made up of two parts − a name and a value
 The name is the property you want to set. For example, the paragraph <p> element in the
example carries an attribute whose name is align, which you can use to indicate the alignment
of paragraph on the page.
 The value is what you want the value of the property to be set and always put within
quotations. The below example shows three possible values of align attribute: left,
center and right.
Attribute names and attribute values are case-insensitive. However, the World Wide Web Consortium
(W3C) recommends lowercase attributes/attribute values in their HTML 4 recommendation.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Align Attribute Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p align = "left">This is left aligned</p>
<p align = "center">This is center aligned</p>
<p align = "right">This is right aligned</p>
</body>
</html>
This will display the following result −
Core Attributes
The four core attributes that can be used on the majority of HTML elements (although not all) are −
 Id
 Title
 Class
 Style
The Id Attribute
The id attribute of an HTML tag can be used to uniquely identify any element within an HTML page.
There are two primary reasons that you might want to use an id attribute on an element −
 If an element carries an id attribute as a unique identifier, it is possible to identify just that
element and its content.
 If you have two elements of the same name within a Web page (or style sheet), you can use
the id attribute to distinguish between elements that have the same name.
We will discuss style sheet in separate tutorial. For now, let's use the id attribute to distinguish
between two paragraph elements as shown below.
Example
<p id = "html">This para explains what is HTML</p>
<p id = "css">This para explains what is Cascading Style Sheet</p>
The title Attribute
The title attribute gives a suggested title for the element. They syntax for the title attribute is similar
as explained for id attribute −
The behavior of this attribute will depend upon the element that carries it, although it is often displayed
as a tooltip when cursor comes over the element or while the element is loading.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>The title Attribute Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<h3 title = "Hello HTML!">Titled Heading Tag Example</h3>
</body>
</html>

Now try to bring your cursor over "Titled Heading Tag Example" and you will see that whatever title
you used in your code is coming out as a tooltip of the cursor.
The class Attribute

The class attribute is used to associate an element with a style sheet, and specifies the class of
element. You will learn more about the use of the class attribute when you will learn Cascading Style
Sheet (CSS). So for now you can avoid it.
The value of the attribute may also be a space-separated list of class names. For example −
class = "className1 className2 className3"
The style Attribute
The style attribute allows you to specify Cascading Style Sheet (CSS) rules within the element.
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>The style Attribute</title>
</head>
<body>
<p style = "font-family:arial; color:#FF0000;">Some text...</p>
</body>
</html>

At this point of time, we are not learning CSS, so just let's proceed without bothering much about
CSS. Here, you need to understand what are HTML attributes and how they can be used while
formatting content.
Internationalization Attributes
There are three internationalization attributes, which are available for most (although not all) XHTML
elements.
 dir
 lang
 xml:lang
The dir Attribute
The dir attribute allows you to indicate to the browser about the direction in which the text should flow.
The dir attribute can take one of two values, as you can see in the table that follows −
Value Meaning
ltr Left to right (the default value)
rtl Right to left (for languages such as Hebrew or Arabic that are read right to left)
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html dir = "rtl">
<head>
<title>Display Directions</title>
</head>
<body>
This is how IE 5 renders right-to-left directed text.
</body>
</html>

When dir attribute is used within the <html> tag, it determines how text will be presented within the
entire document. When used within another tag, it controls the text's direction for just the content of
that tag.
The lang Attribute
The lang attribute allows you to indicate the main language used in a document, but this attribute was
kept in HTML only for backwards compatibility with earlier versions of HTML. This attribute has been
replaced by the xml:lang attribute in new XHTML documents.
The values of the lang attribute are ISO-639 standard two-character language codes. Check HTML
Language Codes: ISO 639 for a complete list of language codes.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang = "en">
<head>
<title>English Language Page</title>
</head>
<body>
This page is using English Language
</body>
</html>
The xml:lang Attribute

The xml:lang attribute is the XHTML replacement for the lang attribute. The value of
the xml:lang attribute should be an ISO-639 country code as mentioned in previous section.
Generic Attributes
Here's a table of some other attributes that are readily usable with many of the HTML tags.
Attribute Options Function
align right, left, center Horizontally aligns tags
valign top, middle, bottom Vertically aligns tags within an HTML element.
bgcolor numeric, hexidecimal, RGB Places a background color behind an element

values
background URL Places a background image behind an element
id User Defined Names an element for use with Cascading

Style Sheets.
class User Defined Classifies an element for use with Cascading

Style Sheets.
width Numeric Value Specifies the width of tables, images, or table

cells.
height Numeric Value Specifies the height of tables, images, or table
cells.
title User Defined "Pop-up" title of the elements.
HTML - Formatting
Bold Text
Anything that appears within <b>...</b> element, is displayed in bold as shown below −
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Bold Text Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>The following word uses a <b>bold</b> typeface.</p>
</body>
</html>
Italic Text
Anything that appears within <i>...</i> element is displayed in italicized as shown below −
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Italic Text Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>The following word uses an <i>italicized</i> typeface.</p>
</body>
</html>
Underlined Text
Anything that appears within <u>...</u> element, is displayed with underline as shown below −
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Underlined Text Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>The following word uses an <u>underlined</u> typeface.</p>
</body>
</html>
Strike Text
Anything that appears within <strike>...</strike> element is displayed with strikethrough, which is a
thin line through the text as shown below −
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Strike Text Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>The following word uses a <strike>strikethrough</strike> typeface.</p>
</body>
</html>
Monospaced Font
The content of a <tt>...</tt> element is written in monospaced font. Most of the fonts are known as
variable-width fonts because different letters are of different widths (for example, the letter 'm' is wider
than the letter 'i'). In a monospaced font, however, each letter has the same width.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Monospaced Font Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>The following word uses a <tt>monospaced</tt> typeface.</p>
</body>
</html>
Superscript Text
The content of a <sup>...</sup> element is written in superscript; the font size used is the same size
as the characters surrounding it but is displayed half a character's height above the other characters.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Superscript Text Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>The following word uses a <sup>superscript</sup> typeface.</p>
</body>
</html>
Subscript Text
The content of a <sub>...</sub> element is written in subscript; the font size used is the same as the
characters surrounding it, but is displayed half a character's height beneath the other characters.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Subscript Text Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>The following word uses a <sub>subscript</sub> typeface.</p>
</body>
</html>
Inserted Text
Anything that appears within <ins>...</ins> element is displayed as inserted text.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Inserted Text Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>I want to drink <del>cola</del> <ins>wine</ins></p>
</body>
</html>
Deleted Text
Anything that appears within <del>...</del> element, is displayed as deleted text.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Deleted Text Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>I want to drink <del>cola</del> <ins>wine</ins></p>
</body>
</html>
Larger Text
The content of the <big>...</big> element is displayed one font size larger than the rest of the text
surrounding it as shown below −
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Larger Text Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>The following word uses a <big>big</big> typeface.</p>
</body>
</html>
Smaller Text
The content of the <small>...</small> element is displayed one font size smaller than the rest of the
text surrounding it as shown below −
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Smaller Text Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>The following word uses a <small>small</small> typeface.</p>
</body>
</html>
Grouping Content
The <div> and <span> elements allow you to group together several elements to create sections or
subsections of a page.
For example, you might want to put all of the footnotes on a page within a <div> element to indicate
that all of the elements within that <div> element relate to the footnotes. You might then attach a style
to this <div> element so that they appear using a special set of style rules.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Div Tag Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<div id = "menu" align = "middle" >
<a href = "/index.htm">HOME</a> |
<a href = "/about/contact_us.htm">CONTACT</a> |
<a href = "/about/index.htm">ABOUT</a>
</div>
<div id = "content" align = "left" >

<h5>Content Articles</h5>
<p>Actual content goes here.....</p>
</div>
</body>
</html>

The <span> element, on the other hand, can be used to group inline elements only. So, if you have a
part of a sentence or paragraph which you want to group together, you could use the <span> element
as follows.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Span Tag Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>This is the example of <span style = "color:green">span tag</span>
and the <span style = "color:red">div tag</span> alongwith CSS</p>
</body>
</html>

These tags are commonly used with CSS to allow you to attach a style to a section of a page.
HTML - Phrase Tags

The phrase tags have been desicolgned for specific purposes, though they are displayed in a similar
way as other basic tags like <b>, <i>, <pre>, and <tt>, you have seen in previous chapter. This
chapter will take you through all the important phrase tags, so let's start seeing them one by one.
Emphasized Text
Anything that appears within <em>...</em> element is displayed as emphasized text.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Emphasized Text Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>The following word uses an <em>emphasized</em> typeface.</p>
</body>
</html>
Marked Text
Anything that appears with-in <mark>...</mark> element, is displayed as marked with yellow ink.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Marked Text Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>The following word has been <mark>marked</mark> with yellow</p>
</body>
</html>
Strong Text
Anything that appears within <strong>...</strong> element is displayed as important text.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Strong Text Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>The following word uses a <strong>strong</strong> typeface.</p>
</body>
</html>
Text Abbreviation
You can abbreviate a text by putting it inside opening <abbr> and closing </abbr> tags. If present, the
title attribute must contain this full description and nothing else.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Text Abbreviation</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>My best friend's name is <abbr title = "Abhishek">Abhy</abbr>.</p>
</body>
</html>
Acronym Element
The <acronym> element allows you to indicate that the text between <acronym> and </acronym>
tags is an acronym.
At present, the major browsers do not change the appearance of the content of the <acronym>
element.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Acronym Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>This chapter covers marking up text in <acronym>XHTML</acronym>.</p>
</body>
</html>
Text Direction
The <bdo>...</bdo> element stands for Bi-Directional Override and it is used to override the current
text direction.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Text Direction Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>This text will go left to right.</p>
<p><bdo dir = "rtl">This text will go right to left.</bdo></p>
</body>
</html>
Special Terms
The <dfn>...</dfn> element (or HTML Definition Element) allows you to specify that you are
introducing a special term. It's usage is similar to italic words in the midst of a paragraph.
Typically, you would use the <dfn> element the first time you introduce a key term. Most recent
browsers render the content of a <dfn> element in an italic font.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Special Terms Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>The following word is a <dfn>special</dfn> term.</p>
</body>
</html>
Quoting Text
When you want to quote a passage from another source, you should put it in
between <blockquote>...</blockquote> tags.
Text inside a <blockquote> element is usually indented from the left and right edges of the
surrounding text, and sometimes uses an italicized font.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Blockquote Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>The following description of XHTML is taken from the W3C Web site:</p>
<blockquote>XHTML 1.0 is the W3C's first Recommendation for XHTML,following on

from earlier work on HTML 4.01, HTML 4.0, HTML 3.2 and HTML 2.0.</blockquote>
</body>
</html>
Short Quotations
The <q>...</q> element is used when you want to add a double quote within a sentence.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Double Quote Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>Amit is in Spain, <q>I think I am wrong</q>.</p>
</body>
</html>
Text Citations
If you are quoting a text, you can indicate the source placing it between an opening <cite> tag and
closing </cite> tag
As you would expect in a print publication, the content of the <cite> element is rendered in italicized
text by default.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Citations Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>This HTML tutorial is derived from <cite>W3 Standard for HTML</cite>.</p>
</body>
</html>
Computer Code
Any programming code to appear on a Web page should be placed inside <code>...</code> tags.
Usually the content of the <code> element is presented in a monospaced font, just like the code in
most programming books.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Computer Code Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>Regular text. <code>This is code.</code> Regular text.</p>
</body>
</html>
Keyboard Text
When you are talking about computers, if you want to tell a reader to enter some text, you can use
the <kbd>...</kbd> element to indicate what should be typed in, as in this example.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Keyboard Text Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>Regular text. <kbd>This is inside kbd element</kbd> Regular text.</p>
</body>
</html>
Programming Variables
This element is usually used in conjunction with the <pre> and <code> elements to indicate that the
content of that element is a variable.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Variable Text Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p><code>document.write("<var>user-name</var>")</code></p>
</body>
</html>
Program Output
The <samp>...</samp> element indicates sample output from a program, and script etc. Again, it is
mainly used when documenting programming or coding concepts.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Program Output Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>Result produced by the program is <samp>Hello World!</samp></p>
</body>
</html>
Address Text
The <address>...</address> element is used to contain any address.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Address Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<address>388A, Road No 22, Jubilee Hills - Hyderabad</address>
</body>
</html>
HTML - Meta Tags

HTML lets you specify metadata - additional important information about a document in a variety of
ways. The META elements can be used to include name/value pairs describing properties of the
HTML document, such as author, expiry date, a list of keywords, document author etc.
The <meta> tag is used to provide such additional information. This tag is an empty element and so
does not have a closing tag but it carries information within its attributes.
You can include one or more meta tags in your document based on what information you want to
keep in your document but in general, meta tags do not impact physical appearance of the document
so from appearance point of view, it does not matter if you include them or not.
Adding Meta Tags to Your Documents

You can add metadata to your web pages by placing <meta> tags inside the header of the document
which is represented by <head> and </head> tags. A meta tag can have following attributes in
addition to core attributes −
Sr.No Attribute & Description
1
Name
Name for the property. Can be anything. Examples include, keywords,
description, author, revised, generator etc.
2
content
Specifies the property's value.
3
scheme
Specifies a scheme to interpret the property's value (as declared in the content
attribute).
4
http-equiv
Used for http response message headers. For example, http-equiv can be used
to refresh the page or to set a cookie. Values include content-type, expires,
refresh and set-cookie.
Specifying Keywords
You can use <meta> tag to specify important keywords related to the document and later these
keywords are used by the search engines while indexing your webpage for searching purpose.
Example
Following is an example, where we are adding HTML, Meta Tags, Metadata as important keywords
about the document.
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Meta Tags Example</title>
<meta name = "keywords" content = "HTML, Meta Tags, Metadata" />
</head>
<body>
<p>Hello HTML5!</p>
</body>
</html>
Document Description
You can use <meta> tag to give a short description about the document. This again can be used by
various search engines while indexing your webpage for searching purpose.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<meta name = "description" content = "Learning about Meta Tags." />
</head>
<body>
<p>Hello HTML5!</p>
</body>
</html>
Document Revision Date

You can use <meta> tag to give information about when last time the document was updated. This
information can be used by various web browsers while refreshing your webpage.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<meta name = "revised" content = "Google, 3/7/2014" />
</head>
<body>
<p>Hello HTML5!</p>
</body>
</html>
Document Refreshing
A <meta> tag can be used to specify a duration after which your web page will keep refreshing
automatically.
Example
If you want your page keep refreshing after every 5 seconds then use the following syntax.
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv = "refresh" content = "5" />
</head>
<body>
<p>Hello HTML5!</p>
</body>
</html>
Page Redirection
You can use <meta> tag to redirect your page to any other webpage. You can also specify a duration
if you want to redirect the page after a certain number of seconds.
Example
Following is an example of redirecting current page to another page after 5 seconds. If you want to
redirect page immediately then do not specify content attribute.
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv = "refresh" content = "5; url = http://www.google.com" />
</head>
<body>
<p>Hello HTML5!</p>
</body>
</html>
Setting Cookies
Cookies are data, stored in small text files on your computer and it is exchanged between web
browser and web server to keep track of various information based on your web application need.
You can use <meta> tag to store cookies on client side and later this information can be used by the
Web Server to track a site visitor.
Example
Following is an example of redirecting current page to another page after 5 seconds. If you want to
redirect page immediately then do not specify content attribute.
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv = "cookie" content = "userid = xyz; expires = Wednesday, 08-Aug-15
23:59:59 GMT;" />
</head>
<body>
<p>Hello HTML5!</p>
</body>
</html>
If you do not include the expiration date and time, the cookie is considered a session cookie and will
be deleted when the user exits the browser.
Setting Author Name

You can set an author name in a web page using meta tag. See an example below −
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<meta name = "author" content = "Mahnaz Mohtashim" />
</head>
<body>
<p>Hello HTML5!</p>
</body>
</html>
Specify Character Set

You can use <meta> tag to specify character set used within the webpage.
Example
By default, Web servers and Web browsers use ISO-8859-1 (Latin1) encoding to process Web pages.
Following is an example to set UTF-8 encoding −
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv = "Content-Type" content = "text/html; charset = UTF-8" />
</head>
<body>
<p>Hello HTML5!</p>
</body>
</html>
To serve the static page with traditional Chinese characters, the webpage must contain a <meta> tag
to set Big5 encoding −
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv = "Content-Type" content = "text/html; charset = Big5" />
</head>
<body>
<p>Hello HTML5!</p>
</body>
</html>
HTML - Comments
Comment is a piece of code which is ignored by any web browser. It is a good practice to add
comments into your HTML code, especially in complex documents, to indicate sections of a
document, and any other notes to anyone looking at the code. Comments help you and others
understand your code and increases code readability.
HTML comments are placed in between  tags. So, any content placed with-in  tags
will be treated as comment and will be completely ignored by the browser.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head> 

</head> 
<body>
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result without displaying the content given as a part of comments −
Valid vs Invalid Comments

Comments do not nest which means a comment cannot be put inside another comment. Second the
double-dash sequence "--" may not appear inside a comment except as part of the closing --> tag.
You must also make sure that there are no spaces in the start-of comment string.
Example
Here, the given comment is a valid comment and will be wiped off by the browser.
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Valid Comment Example</title>
</head>
<body>

</body>
</html>

But, following line is not a valid comment and will be displayed by the browser. This is because there
is a space between the left angle bracket and the exclamation mark.
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Invalid Comment Example</title>
</head>
<body>
< !-- This is not a valid comment -->
</body>
</html>
Multiline Comments
So far we have seen single line comments, but HTML supports multi-line comments as well.
You can comment multiple lines by the special beginning tag  placed before the
first line and end of the last line as shown in the given example below.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Multiline Comments</title>
</head>
<body>


</body>
</html>

Conditional Comments
Conditional comments only work in Internet Explorer (IE) on Windows but they are ignored by other
browsers. They are supported from Explorer 5 onwards, and you can use them to give conditional
instructions to different versions of IE.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Conditional Comments</title>

</head>
<body>
</body>
</html>
You will come across a situation where you will need to apply a different style sheet based on different
versions of Internet Explorer, in such situation conditional comments will be helpful.
Using Comment Tag

There are few browsers that support <comment> tag to comment a part of HTML code.
Note − The <comment> tag deprecated in HTML5. Do not use this element.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Using Comment Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>This is <comment>not</comment> Internet Explorer.</p>
</body>
</html>
If you are using IE, then it will produce following result −

But if you are not using IE, then it will produce following result −
Commenting Script Code

Though you will learn JavaScript with HTML, in a separate tutorial, but here you must make a note
that if you are using Java Script or VB Script in your HTML code then it is recommended to put that
script code inside proper HTML comments so that old browsers can work properly.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Commenting Script Code</title>
<script>

</script>
</head>
<body>
<p>Hello , World!</p>
</body>
</html>
Commenting Style Sheets

Though you will learn using style sheets with HTML in a separate tutorial, but here you must make a
note that if you are using Cascading Style Sheet (CSS) in your HTML code then it is recommended to
put that style sheet code inside proper HTML comments so that old browsers can work properly.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Commenting Style Sheets</title>
<style>

</style>
</head>
<body>
<div class = "example">Hello , World!</div>
</body>
</html>
HTML - Images
Images are very important to beautify as well as to depict many complex concepts in simple way on
your web page. This tutorial will take you through simple steps to use images in your web pages.
Insert Image
You can insert any image in your web page by using <img> tag. Following is the simple syntax to use
this tag.
<img src = "Image URL" ... attributes-list/>
The <img> tag is an empty tag, which means that, it can contain only list of attributes and it has no
closing tag.
Example
To try following example, let's keep our HTML file test.htm and image file test.png in the same
directory −
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Using Image in Webpage</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>Simple Image Insert</p>
<img src = "/html/images/test.png" alt = "Test Image" />
</body>
</html>

You can use PNG, JPEG or GIF image file based on your comfort but make sure you specify correct
image file name in src attribute. Image name is always case sensitive.
The alt attribute is a mandatory attribute which specifies an alternate text for an image, if the image
cannot be displayed.
Set Image Location

Usually we keep all the images in a separate directory. So let's keep HTML file test.htm in our home
directory and create a subdirectory images inside the home directory where we will keep our image
test.png.
Example
Assuming our image location is "image/test.png", try the following example −
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Using Image in Webpage</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>Simple Image Insert</p>
<img src = "/html/images/test.png" alt = "Test Image" />
</body>
</html>
Set Image Width/Height

You can set image width and height based on your requirement using width and height attributes.
You can specify width and height of the image in terms of either pixels or percentage of its actual size.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Set Image Width and Height</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>Setting image width and height</p>
<img src = "/html/images/test.png" alt = "Test Image" width = "150" height = "100"/>
</body>
</html>
Set Image Border

By default, image will have a border around it, you can specify border thickness in terms of pixels
using border attribute. A thickness of 0 means, no border around the picture.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Set Image Border</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>Setting image Border</p>
<img src = "/html/images/test.png" alt = "Test Image" border = "3"/>
</body>
</html>
Set Image Alignment

By default, image will align at the left side of the page, but you can use align attribute to set it in the
center or right.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Set Image Alignment</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>Setting image Alignment</p>
<img src = "/html/images/test.png" alt = "Test Image" border = "3" align = "right"/>
</body>
</html>
HTML - Tables
The HTML tables allow web authors to arrange data like text, images, links, other tables, etc. into rows and
columns of cells.
The HTML tables are created using the <table> tag in which the <tr> tag is used to create table rows
and <td> tag is used to create data cells. The elements under <td> are regular and left aligned by default
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Tables</title>
</head>
<body>
<table border = "1">
<tr>
<td>Row 1, Column 1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
</tr>
</table>
</body>
</html>
Here, the border is an attribute of <table> tag and it is used to put a border across all the cells. If you do not
need a border, then you can use border = "0".
Table Heading
Table heading can be defined using <th> tag. This tag will be put to replace <td> tag, which is used to represent
actual data cell. Normally you will put your top row as table heading as shown below, otherwise you can use
<th> element in any row. Headings, which are defined in <th> tag are centered and bold by default.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Table Header</title>
</head>
<body>
<tr>
<th>Name</th>
<th>Salary</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Ramesh Raman</td>
<td>5000</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Shabbir Hussein</td>
<td>7000</td>
</tr>
</table>
</body>
</html>
Cellpadding and Cellspacing Attributes

There are two attributes called cellpadding and cellspacing which you will use to adjust the white space in your
table cells. The cellspacing attribute defines space between table cells, while cellpadding represents the distance
between cell borders and the content within a cell.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Table Cellpadding</title>
</head>
<body>
<table border = "1" cellpadding = "5" cellspacing = "5">
<tr>
<th>Name</th>
<th>Salary</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>5000</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>7000</td>
</tr>
</table>
</body>
</html>
Colspan and Rowspan Attributes

You will use colspan attribute if you want to merge two or more columns into a single column. Similar way you
will use rowspan if you want to merge two or more rows.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Table Colspan/Rowspan</title>
</head>
<body>
<tr>
<th>Column 1</th>
<th>Column 2</th>
<th>Column 3</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan = "2">Row 1 Cell 1</td>
<td>Row 1 Cell 2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan = "3">Row 3 Cell 1</td>
</tr>
</table>
</body>
</html>
Tables Backgrounds
You can set table background using one of the following two ways −
 bgcolor attribute − You can set background color for whole table or just for one cell.
 background attribute − You can set background image for whole table or just for one cell.
You can also set border color also using bordercolor attribute.
Note − The bgcolor, background, and bordercolor attributes deprecated in HTML5. Do not use these attributes.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Table Background</title>
</head>
<body>
<table border = "1" bordercolor = "green" bgcolor = "yellow">
<tr>
<th>Column 1</th>
<th>Column 2</th>
<th>Column 3</th>
</tr>
<tr>
</tr>
<tr>
</tr>
<tr>
</tr>
</table>
</body>
</html>
Here is an example of using background attribute. Here we will use an image available in /images directory.
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Table Background</title>
</head>
<body>
<table border = "1" bordercolor = "green" background = "/images/test.png">
<tr>
<th>Column 1</th>
<th>Column 2</th>
<th>Column 3</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Row 1 Cell 2</td><td>Row 1 Cell 3</td>
</tr>
<tr>
</tr>
<tr>
</tr>
</table>
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result. Here background image did not apply to table's header.
Table Height and Width

You can set a table width and height using width and height attributes. You can specify table width or height in
terms of pixels or in terms of percentage of available screen area.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Table Width/Height</title>
</head>
<body>
<table border = "1" width = "400" height = "150">
<tr>
</tr>
<tr>
</tr>
</table>
</body>
</html>
Table Caption
The caption tag will serve as a title or explanation for the table and it shows up at the top of the table. This tag
is deprecated in newer version of HTML/XHTML.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Table Caption</title>
</head>
<body>
<table border = "1" width = "100%">
<caption>This is the caption</caption>
<tr>
<td>row 1, column 1</td><td>row 1, columnn 2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>row 2, column 1</td><td>row 2, columnn 2</td>
</tr>
</table>
</body>
</html>
Table Header, Body, and Footer

Tables can be divided into three portions − a header, a body, and a foot. The head and foot are rather similar to
headers and footers in a word-processed document that remain the same for every page, while the body is the
main content holder of the table.
The three elements for separating the head, body, and foot of a table are −
 <thead> − to create a separate table header.
 <tbody> − to indicate the main body of the table.
 <tfoot> − to create a separate table footer.
A table may contain several <tbody> elements to indicate different pages or groups of data. But it is notable that
<thead> and <tfoot> tags should appear before <tbody>
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Table</title>
</head>
<body>
<thead>
<tr>
<td colspan = "4">This is the head of the table</td>
</tr>
</thead>
<tfoot>
<tr>
<td colspan = "4">This is the foot of the table</td>
</tr>
</tfoot>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Cell 1</td>
<td>Cell 2</td>
<td>Cell 3</td>
<td>Cell 4</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</body>
</html>
Nested Tables
You can use one table inside another table. Not only tables you can use almost all the tags inside table data tag
<td>.
Example
Following is the example of using another table and other tags inside a table cell.
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Table</title>
</head>
<body>
<tr>
<td>
<tr>
<th>Name</th>
<th>Salary</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>5000</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>7000</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</body>
</html>
HTML - Lists
HTML offers web authors three ways for specifying lists of information. All lists must contain one or
more list elements. Lists may contain −
 <ul> − An unordered list. This will list items using plain bullets.
 <ol> − An ordered list. This will use different schemes of numbers to list your items.
 <dl> − A definition list. This arranges your items in the same way as they are arranged in a
dictionary.
HTML Unordered Lists
An unordered list is a collection of related items that have no special order or sequence. This list is
created by using HTML <ul> tag. Each item in the list is marked with a bullet.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Unordered List</title>
</head>
<body>
<ul>
<li>Beetroot</li>
<li>Ginger</li>
<li>Potato</li>
<li>Radish</li>
</ul>
</body>
</html>
The type Attribute

You can use type attribute for <ul> tag to specify the type of bullet you like. By default, it is a disc.
Following are the possible options −
<ul type = "square">
<ul type = "disc">
<ul type = "circle">
Example
Following is an example where we used <ul type = "square">
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
</head>
<body>
<ul type = "square">
<li>Beetroot</li>
<li>Ginger</li>
<li>Potato</li>
<li>Radish</li>
</ul>
</body>
</html>
Example
Following is an example where we used <ul type = "disc"> −
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
</head>
<body>
<ul type = "disc">
<li>Beetroot</li>
<li>Ginger</li>
<li>Potato</li>
<li>Radish</li>
</ul>
</body>
</html>
Example
Following is an example where we used <ul type = "circle"> −
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
</head>
<body>
<ul type = "circle">
<li>Beetroot</li>
<li>Ginger</li>
<li>Potato</li>
<li>Radish</li>
</ul>
</body>
</html>
HTML Ordered Lists

If you are required to put your items in a numbered list instead of bulleted, then HTML ordered list will
be used. This list is created by using <ol> tag. The numbering starts at one and is incremented by
one for each successive ordered list element tagged with <li>.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Ordered List</title>
</head>
<body>
<ol>
<li>Beetroot</li>
<li>Ginger</li>
<li>Potato</li>
<li>Radish</li>
</ol>
</body>
</html>
The type Attribute

You can use type attribute for <ol> tag to specify the type of numbering you like. By default, it is a
number. Following are the possible options −
<ol type = "1"> - Default-Case Numerals.
<ol type = "I"> - Upper-Case Numerals.
<ol type = "i"> - Lower-Case Numerals.
<ol type = "A"> - Upper-Case Letters.
<ol type = "a"> - Lower-Case Letters.
Example
Following is an example where we used <ol type = "1">
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
</head>
<body>
<ol type = "1">
<li>Beetroot</li>
<li>Ginger</li>
<li>Potato</li>
<li>Radish</li>
</ol>
</body>
</html>
Example
Following is an example where we used <ol type = "I">
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
</head>
<body>
<ol type = "I">
<li>Beetroot</li>
<li>Ginger</li>
<li>Potato</li>
<li>Radish</li>
</ol>
</body>
</html>
Example
Following is an example where we used <ol type = "i">
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
</head>
<body>
<ol type = "i">
<li>Beetroot</li>
<li>Ginger</li>
<li>Potato</li>
<li>Radish</li>
</ol>
</body>
</html>
Example
Following is an example where we used <ol type = "A" >
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
</head>
<body>
<ol type = "A">
<li>Beetroot</li>
<li>Ginger</li>
<li>Potato</li>
<li>Radish</li>
</ol>
</body>
</html>
Example
Following is an example where we used <ol type = "a">
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
</head>
<body>
<ol type = "a">
<li>Beetroot</li>
<li>Ginger</li>
<li>Potato</li>
<li>Radish</li>
</ol>
</body>
</html>
The start Attribute

You can use start attribute for <ol> tag to specify the starting point of numbering you need. Following
are the possible options −
<ol type = "1" start = "4"> - Numerals starts with 4.
<ol type = "I" start = "4"> - Numerals starts with IV.
<ol type = "i" start = "4"> - Numerals starts with iv.
<ol type = "a" start = "4"> - Letters starts with d.
<ol type = "A" start = "4"> - Letters starts with D.
Example
Following is an example where we used <ol type = "i" start = "4" >
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
</head>
<body>
<ol type = "i" start = "4">
<li>Beetroot</li>
<li>Ginger</li>
<li>Potato</li>
<li>Radish</li>
</ol>
</body>
</html>
HTML Definition Lists

HTML and XHTML supports a list style which is called definition lists where entries are listed like in
a dictionary or encyclopedia. The definition list is the ideal way to present a glossary, list of terms, or
other name/value list.
Definition List makes use of following three tags.
 <dl> − Defines the start of the list

 <dt> − A term
 <dd> − Term definition
 </dl> − Defines the end of the list
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Definition List</title>
</head>
<body>
<dl>
<dt><b>HTML</b></dt>
<dd>This stands for Hyper Text Markup Language</dd>
<dt><b>HTTP</b></dt>
<dd>This stands for Hyper Text Transfer Protocol</dd>
</dl>
</body>
</html>
HTML - Text Links

A webpage can contain various links that take you directly to other pages and even specific parts of a
given page. These links are known as hyperlinks.
Hyperlinks allow visitors to navigate between Web sites by clicking on words, phrases, and images.
Thus you can create hyperlinks using text or images available on a webpage.
Linking Documents
A link is specified using HTML tag <a>. This tag is called anchor tag and anything between the
opening <a> tag and the closing </a> tag becomes part of the link and a user can click that part to
reach to the linked document. Following is the simple syntax to use <a> tag.
<a href = "Document URL" ... attributes-list>Link Text</a>
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Hyperlink Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>Click following link</p>
<a href = "https://www.google.com" target = "_self">Google</a>
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result, where you can click on the link generated to reach to the home
page of Google (in this example).
The target Attribute

We have used target attribute in our previous example. This attribute is used to specify the location
where linked document is opened. Following are the possible options −
Sr.No Option & Description
1
_blank
Opens the linked document in a new window or tab.
2
_self
Opens the linked document in the same frame.
3
_parent
Opens the linked document in the parent frame.
4
_top
Opens the linked document in the full body of the window.
5
targetframe
Opens the linked document in a named targetframe.
Example
Try following example to understand basic difference in few options given for target attribute.
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<base href = "https://www.google.com/">
</head>
<body>
<p>Click any of the following links</p>
<a href = "/html/index.htm" target = "_blank">Opens in New</a> |
<a href = "/html/index.htm" target = "_self">Opens in Self</a> |
<a href = "/html/index.htm" target = "_parent">Opens in Parent</a> |
<a href = "/html/index.htm" target = "_top">Opens in Body</a>
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result, where you can click on different links to understand the
difference between various options given for target attribute.
Use of Base Path

When you link HTML documents related to the same website, it is not required to give a complete
URL for every link. You can get rid of it if you use <base> tag in your HTML document header. This
tag is used to give a base path for all the links. So your browser will concatenate given relative path to
this base path and will make a complete URL.
Example
Following example makes use of <base> tag to specify base URL and later we can use relative path
to all the links instead of giving complete URL for every link.
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
</head>
<body>
<a href = "/html/index.htm" target = "_blank">HTML Tutorial</a>
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result, where you can click on the link generated HTML Tutorial to
reach to the HTML tutorial.
Now given URL <a href = "/html/index.htm" is being considered as <ahref =
"http://www.google.com/html/index.htm"
Linking to a Page Section

You can create a link to a particular section of a given webpage by using name attribute. This is a
two-step process.
Note − The name attribute deprecated in HTML5. Do not use this attribute. Use id and title attribute
instead.
First create a link to the place where you want to reach with-in a webpage and name it using <a...>
tag as follows −
<h1>HTML Text Links <a name = "top"></a></h1>
Second step is to create a hyperlink to link the document and place where you want to reach −
<a href = "/html/html_text_links.htm#top">Go to the Top</a>
This will produce following link, where you can click on the link generated Go to the Top to reach to
the top of the HTML Text Link tutorial.
Go to the Top
Setting Link Colors
You can set colors of your links, active links and visited links using link, alink and vlink attributes of
<body> tag.
Example
Save the following in test.htm and open it in any web browser to see
how link, alink and vlink attributes work.
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
</head>
<body alink = "#54A250" link = "#040404" vlink = "#F40633">

<a href = "/html/index.htm" target = "_blank" >HTML Tutorial</a>
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result. Just check color of the link before clicking on it, next check its
color when you activate it and when the link has been visited.
Download Links
You can create text link to make your PDF, or DOC or ZIP files downloadable. This is very simple; you
just need to give complete URL of the downloadable file as follows −
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
</head>
<body>
<a href = "https://www.google.com/page.pdf">Download PDF File</a>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following link and will be used to download a file.
File Download Dialog Box

Sometimes it is desired that you want to give an option where a user will click a link and it will pop up
a "File Download" box to the user instead of displaying actual content. This is very easy and can be
achieved using an HTTP header in your HTTP response.
For example, if you want make a Filename file downloadable from a given link then its syntax will be
as follows.
#!/usr/bin/perl
# Additional HTTP Header

print "Content-Type:application/octet-stream; name = \"FileName\"\r\n";
print "Content-Disposition:attachment; filename = \"FileName\"\r\n\n";
# Open the target file and list down its content as follows
open( FILE, "<FileName" );
while(read(FILE, $buffer, 100)){

print("$buffer");
}
HTML - Image Links
We have seen how to create hypertext link using text and we also learnt how to use images in our webpages.
Now, we will learn how to use images to create hyperlinks.
Example
It's simple to use an image as hyperlink. We just need to use an image inside hyperlink at the place of text as
shown below −
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Image Hyperlink Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<a href = "https://www.google.com" target = "_self">
<img src = "/images/logo.png" alt = "Google" border = "0"/>
</a>
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result, where you can click on the images to reach to the home page of Google.
This was the simplest way of creating hyperlinks using images. Next we will see how we can create Mouse-
Sensitive Image Links.
Mouse-Sensitive Images
The HTML and XHTML standards provides a feature that lets you embed many different links inside a single
image. You can create different links on the single image based on different coordinates available on the image.
Once different links are attached to different coordinates, we can click different parts of the image to open target
documents. Such mouse-sensitive images are known as image maps.
There are two ways to create image maps −
 Server-side image maps − This is enabled by the ismap attribute of the <img> tag and requires access
to a server and related image-map processing applications.
 Client-side image maps − This is created with the usemap attribute of the <img> tag, along with
corresponding <map> and <area> tags.
Server-Side Image Maps
Here you simply put your image inside a hyper link and use ismap attribute which makes it special image and
when the user clicks some place within the image, the browser passes the coordinates of the mouse pointer along
with the URL specified in the <a> tag to the web server. The server uses the mouse-pointer coordinates to
determine which document to deliver back to the browser.
When ismap is used, the href attribute of the containing <a> tag must contain the URL of a server application
like a cgi or PHP script etc. to process the incoming request based on the passed coordinates.
The coordinates of the mouse position are screen pixels counted from the upper-left corner of the image,
beginning with (0,0). The coordinates, preceded by a question mark, are added to the end of the URL.
For example, if a user clicks 20 pixels over and 30 pixels down from the upper-left corner of the following
image −
Which has been generated by the following code snippet −
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>ISMAP Hyperlink Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<a href = "/cgi-bin/ismap.cgi" target = "_self">

<img ismap src = "/images/logo.png" alt = "Google" border = "0"/>
</a>
</body>
</html>
Then the browser sends the following search parameters to the web server which can be processed
by ismap.cgi script or map file and you can link whatever documents you like to these coordinates −
/cgi-bin/ismap.cgi?20,30
This way you can assign different links to different coordinates of the image and when those coordinates are
clicked, you can open corresponding linked document. To learn more about ismap attribute, you can check How
to use Image ismap?
Note − You will learn CGI programming when you will study Perl programming. You can write your script to
process these passed coordinates using PHP or any other script as well. For now, let's concentrate on learning
HTML and later you can revisit this section.
Client-Side Image Maps

Client side image maps are enabled by the usemap attribute of the <img /> tag and defined by special <map>
and <area> extension tags.
The image that is going to form the map is inserted into the page using the <img /> tag as a normal image,
except it carries an extra attribute called usemap. The value of the usemap attribute is the value which will be
used in a <map> tag to link map and image tags. The <map> along with <area> tags define all the image
coordinates and corresponding links.
The <area> tag inside the map tag, specifies the shape and the coordinates to define the boundaries of each
clickable hotspot available on the image. Here's an example from the image map −
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>USEMAP Hyperlink Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>Search and click the hotspot</p>
<img src = /images/html.gif alt = "HTML Map" border = "0" usemap = "#html"/>

<map name = "html">

<area shape = "circle" coords = "80,80,20"
href = "/css/index.htm" alt = "CSS Link" target = "_self" />
<area shape = "rect" coords = "5,5,40,40" alt = "jQuery Link"

href = "/jquery/index.htm" target = "_self" />
</map>
</body>
</html>
Coordinate System
The actual value of coords is totally dependent on the shape in question. Here is a summary, to be followed by
detailed examples −
 rect = x , y , x , y
1 1 2 2
x and y1 are the coordinates of the upper left corner of the rectangle; x and y are the coordinates of the
1 2 2
lower right corner.

 circle = x , y , radius
c c
x and y are the coordinates of the center of the circle, and radius is the circle's radius. A circle centered
c c
at 200,50 with a radius of 25 would have the attribute coords = "200,50,25"

 poly = x , y , x , y , x , y , ... x , y
1 1 2 2 3 3 n n
The various x-y pairs define vertices (points) of the polygon, with a "line" being drawn from one point to
the next point. A diamond-shaped polygon with its top point at 20,20 and 40 pixels across at its widest
points would have the attribute coords = "20,20,40,40,20,60,0,40".
All coordinates are relative to the upper-left corner of the image (0,0). Each shape has a related URL. You can
use any image software to know the coordinates of different positions.
HTML - Email Links

It is not difficult to put an HTML email link on your webpage but it can cause unnecessary spamming
problem for your email account. There are people, who can run programs to harvest these types of
emails and later use them for spamming in various ways.
You can have another option to facilitate people to send you emails. One option could be to use
HTML forms to collect user data and then use PHP or CGI script to send an email.
A simple example, check our Contact Us Form. We take user feedback using this form and then we
are using one CGI program which is collecting this information and sending us email to the one given
email ID.
Note − You will learn about HTML Forms in HTML Forms and you will learn about CGI in our another
tutorial Perl CGI Programming.
HTML Email Tag

HTML <a> tag provides you option to specify an email address to send an email. While using <a> tag
as an email tag, you will use mailto: email address along with href attribute. Following is the syntax
of using mailto instead of using http.
<a href = "mailto: abc@example.com">Send Email</a>
This code will generate the following link which you can use to send email.
Send Email
Now, if a user clicks this link, it launches one Email Client (like Lotus Notes, Outlook Express etc. )
installed on your user's computer. There is another risk to use this option to send email because if
user do not have email client installed on their computer then it would not be possible to send email.
Default Settings
You can specify a default email subject and email body along with your email address. Following is
the example to use default subject and body.
<a href = "mailto:abc@example.com?subject = Feedback&body = Message">
Send Feedback
</a>
This code will generate the following link which you can use to send email.
HTML - Frames
HTML frames are used to divide your browser window into multiple sections where each section can
load a separate HTML document. A collection of frames in the browser window is known as a
frameset. The window is divided into frames in a similar way the tables are organized: into rows and
columns.
Disadvantages of Frames
There are few drawbacks with using frames, so it's never recommended to use frames in your
webpages −
 Some smaller devices cannot cope with frames often because their screen is not big enough to
be divided up.
 Sometimes your page will be displayed differently on different computers due to different
screen resolution.
 The browser's back button might not work as the user hopes.
 There are still few browsers that do not support frame technology.
Creating Frames
To use frames on a page we use <frameset> tag instead of <body> tag. The <frameset> tag defines,
how to divide the window into frames. The rows attribute of <frameset> tag defines horizontal frames
and cols attribute defines vertical frames. Each frame is indicated by <frame> tag and it defines which
HTML document shall open into the frame.
Note − The <frame> tag deprecated in HTML5. Do not use this element.
Example
Following is the example to create three horizontal frames −
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Frames</title>
</head>
<frameset rows = "10%,80%,10%">

<frame name = "top" src = "/html/top_frame.htm" />
<frame name = "main" src = "/html/main_frame.htm" />
<frame name = "bottom" src = "/html/bottom_frame.htm" />
<noframes>
<body>Your browser does not support frames.</body>
</noframes>
</frameset>
</html>

Example
Let's put the above example as follows, here we replaced rows attribute by cols and changed their
width. This will create all the three frames vertically −
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Frames</title>
</head>
<frameset cols = "25%,50%,25%">

<frame name = "left" src = "/html/top_frame.htm" />
<frame name = "center" src = "/html/main_frame.htm" />
<frame name = "right" src = "/html/bottom_frame.htm" />
<noframes>
</noframes>
</frameset>
</html>
The <frameset> Tag Attributes

Following are important attributes of the <frameset> tag −
cols
Specifies how many columns are contained in the frameset and the size of each
column. You can specify the width of each column in one of the four ways −
Absolute values in pixels. For example, to create three vertical frames, use cols
= "100, 500, 100".
A percentage of the browser window. For example, to create three vertical
1 frames, use cols = "10%, 80%, 10%".
Using a wildcard symbol. For example, to create three vertical frames, use cols
= "10%, *, 10%". In this case wildcard takes remainder of the window.
As relative widths of the browser window. For example, to create three vertical
frames, use cols = "3*, 2*, 1*". This is an alternative to percentages. You can
use relative widths of the browser window. Here the window is divided into
sixths: the first column takes up half of the window, the second takes one third,
and the third takes one sixth.
rows
2 This attribute works just like the cols attribute and takes the same values, but it
is used to specify the rows in the frameset. For example, to create two
horizontal frames, use rows = "10%, 90%". You can specify the height of each
row in the same way as explained above for columns.
3
border
This attribute specifies the width of the border of each frame in pixels. For
example, border = "5". A value of zero means no border.
frameborder
4 This attribute specifies whether a three-dimensional border should be displayed
between frames. This attribute takes value either 1 (yes) or 0 (no). For example
frameborder = "0" specifies no border.
framespacing
5 This attribute specifies the amount of space between frames in a frameset. This
can take any integer value. For example framespacing = "10" means there
should be 10 pixels spacing between each frames.
The <frame> Tag Attributes

Following are the important attributes of <frame> tag −
src
1 This attribute is used to give the file name that should be loaded in the frame. Its
value can be any URL. For example, src = "/html/top_frame.htm" will load an
HTML file available in html directory.
name
2 This attribute allows you to give a name to a frame. It is used to indicate which
frame a document should be loaded into. This is especially important when you
want to create links in one frame that load pages into an another frame, in which
case the second frame needs a name to identify itself as the target of the link.
frameborder
3 This attribute specifies whether or not the borders of that frame are shown; it
overrides the value given in the frameborder attribute on the <frameset> tag if
one is given, and this can take values either 1 (yes) or 0 (no).
marginwidth
4 This attribute allows you to specify the width of the space between the left and
right of the frame's borders and the frame's content. The value is given in pixels.
For example marginwidth = "10".
5
marginheight
This attribute allows you to specify the height of the space between the top and
bottom of the frame's borders and its contents. The value is given in pixels. For
example marginheight = "10".
noresize
6 By default, you can resize any frame by clicking and dragging on the borders of
a frame. The noresize attribute prevents a user from being able to resize the
frame. For example noresize = "noresize".
scrolling
7 This attribute controls the appearance of the scrollbars that appear on the
frame. This takes values either "yes", "no" or "auto". For example scrolling =
"no" means it should not have scroll bars.
longdesc
8 This attribute allows you to provide a link to another page containing a long
description of the contents of the frame. For example longdesc =
"framedescription.htm"
Browser Support for Frames

If a user is using any old browser or any browser, which does not support frames then <noframes>
element should be displayed to the user.
So you must place a <body> element inside the <noframes> element because the <frameset>
element is supposed to replace the <body> element, but if a browser does not understand <frameset>
element then it should understand what is inside the <body> element which is contained in a
<noframes> element.
You can put some nice message for your user having old browsers. For example, Sorry!! your
browser does not support frames. as shown in the above example.
Frame's name and target attributes

One of the most popular uses of frames is to place navigation bars in one frame and then load main
pages into a separate frame.
Let's see following example where a test.htm file has following code −
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Target Frames</title>
</head>
<frameset cols = "200, *">

<frame src = "/html/menu.htm" name = "menu_page" />
<frame src = "/html/main.htm" name = "main_page" />
<noframes>
</noframes>
</frameset>
</html>
Here, we have created two columns to fill with two frames. The first frame is 200 pixels wide and will
contain the navigation menu bar implemented by menu.htm file. The second column fills in remaining
space and will contain the main part of the page and it is implemented by main.htm file. For all the
three links available in menu bar, we have mentioned target frame as main_page, so whenever you
click any of the links in menu bar, available link will open in main page.
Following is the content of menu.htm file
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body bgcolor = "#4a7d49">

<a href = "http://www.google.com" target = "main_page">Google</a>
<br />
<br />
<a href = "http://www.microsoft.com" target = "main_page">Microsoft</a>

<br />
<br />
<a href = "http://news.bbc.co.uk" target = "main_page">BBC News</a>

</body>
</html>
Following is the content of main.htm file −

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body bgcolor = "#b5dcb3">

<h3>This is main page and content from any link will be displayed here.</h3>
<p>So now click any link and see the result.</p>
</body>
</html>
When we load test.htm file, it produces following result −

Now you can try to click links available in the left panel and see the result. The targetattribute can also
take one of the following values −
Sr.No Option & Description
1 _self
Loads the page into the current frame.
2 _blank
Loads a page into a new browser window. Opening a new window.
_parent
3
Loads the page into the parent window, which in the case of a single frameset is
the main browser window.
4
_top
Loads the page into the browser window, replacing any current frames.
5 targetframe
Loads the page into a named targetframe.
HTML - Blocks
All the HTML elements can be categorized into two categories (a) Block Level Elements (b)Inline
Elements.
Block Elements
Block elements appear on the screen as if they have a line break before and after them. For example,
the <p>, <h1>, <h2>, <h3>, <h4>, <h5>, <h6>, <ul>, <ol>, <dl>, <pre>, <hr />, <blockquote>, and
<address> elements are all block level elements. They all start on their own new line, and anything
that follows them appears on its own new line.
Inline Elements
Inline elements, on the other hand, can appear within sentences and do not have to appear on a new
line of their own. The <b>, <i>, <u>, <em>, <strong>, <sup>, <sub>, <big>, <small>, <li>, <ins>,
<del>, <code>, <cite>, <dfn>, <kbd>, and <var> elements are all inline elements.
Grouping HTML Elements

There are two important tags which we use very frequently to group various other HTML tags (i) <div>
tag and (ii) <span> tag
The <div> tag

This is the very important block level tag which plays a big role in grouping various other HTML tags
and applying CSS on group of elements. Even now <div> tag can be used to create webpage layout
where we define different parts (Left, Right, Top etc.) of the page using <div> tag. This tag does not
provide any visual change on the block but this has more meaning when it is used with CSS.
Example
Following is a simple example of <div> tag. We will learn Cascading Style Sheet (CSS) in a separate
chapter but we used it here to show the usage of <div> tag −
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML div Tag</title>
</head>
<body>

<div style = "color:red">
<h4>This is first group</h4>
<p>Following is a list of vegetables</p>
<ul>
<li>Beetroot</li>
<li>Ginger</li>
<li>Potato</li>
<li>Radish</li>
</ul>
</div>


<div style = "color:green">
<h4>This is second group</h4>
<p>Following is a list of fruits</p>
<ul>
<li>Apple</li>
<li>Banana</li>
<li>Mango</li>
<li>Strawberry</li>
</ul>
</div>
</body>
</html>
The <span> tag

The HTML <span> is an inline element and it can be used to group inline-elements in an HTML
document. This tag also does not provide any visual change on the block but has more meaning when
it is used with CSS.
The difference between the <span> tag and the <div> tag is that the <span> tag is used with inline
elements whereas the <div> tag is used with block-level elements.
Example
Following is a simple example of <span> tag. We will learn Cascading Style Sheet (CSS) in a
separate chapter but we used it here to show the usage of <span> tag −
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML span Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>This is <span style = "color:red">red</span> and this is
<span style = "color:green">green</span></p>
</body>
</html>
HTML - Fonts
Fonts play a very important role in making a website more user friendly and increasing content
readability. Font face and color depends entirely on the computer and browser that is being used to
view your page but you can use HTML <font> tag to add style, size, and color to the text on your
website. You can use a <basefont> tag to set all of your text to the same size, face, and color.
The font tag is having three attributes called size, color, and face to customize your fonts. To change
any of the font attributes at any time within your webpage, simply use the <font> tag. The text that
follows will remain changed until you close with the </font> tag. You can change one or all of the font
attributes within one <font> tag.
Note −The font and basefont tags are deprecated and it is supposed to be removed in a future
version of HTML. So they should not be used rather, it's suggested to use CSS styles to manipulate
your fonts. But still for learning purpose, this chapter will explain font and basefont tags in detail.
Set Font Size

You can set content font size using size attribute. The range of accepted values is from 1(smallest) to
7(largest). The default size of a font is 3.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Setting Font Size</title>
</head>
<body>
<font size = "1">Font size = "1"</font><br />
<font size = "7">Font size = "7"</font>
</body>
</html>
Relative Font Size

You can specify how many sizes larger or how many sizes smaller than the preset font size should
be. You can specify it like <font size = "+n"> or <font size = "−n">
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Relative Font Size</title>
</head>
<body>
<font size = "-1">Font size = "-1"</font><br />
<font size = "+1">Font size = "+1"</font><br />
<font size = "+4">Font size = "+4"</font>
</body>
</html>

Setting Font Face
You can set font face using face attribute but be aware that if the user viewing the page doesn't have
the font installed, they will not be able to see it. Instead user will see the default font face applicable to
the user's computer.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Font Face</title>
</head>
<body>
<font face = "Times New Roman" size = "5">Times New Roman</font><br />
<font face = "Verdana" size = "5">Verdana</font><br />
<font face = "Comic sans MS" size =" 5">Comic Sans MS</font><br />
<font face = "WildWest" size = "5">WildWest</font><br />
<font face = "Bedrock" size = "5">Bedrock</font><br />
</body>
</html>
Specify alternate font faces

A visitor will only be able to see your font if they have that font installed on their computer. So, it is
possible to specify two or more font face alternatives by listing the font face names, separated by a
comma.
<font face = "arial,helvetica">
<font face = "Lucida Calligraphy,Comic Sans MS,Lucida Console">
When your page is loaded, their browser will display the first font face available. If none of the given
fonts are installed, then it will display the default font face Times New Roman.
Note − Check a complete list of HTML Standard Fonts.
Setting Font Color

You can set any font color you like using color attribute. You can specify the color that you want by
either the color name or hexadecimal code for that color.
Note − You can check a complete list of HTML Color Name with Codes.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Setting Font Color</title>
</head>
<body>
<font color = "#FF00FF">This text is in pink</font><br />
<font color = "red">This text is red</font>
</body>
</html>

The <basefont> Element
The <basefont> element is supposed to set a default font size, color, and typeface for any parts of the
document that are not otherwise contained within a <font> tag. You can use the <font> elements to
override the <basefont> settings.
The <basefont> tag also takes color, size and face attributes and it will support relative font setting by
giving size a value of +1 for a size larger or −2 for two sizes smaller.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Setting Basefont Color</title>
</head>
<body>
<basefont face = "arial, verdana, sans-serif" size = "2" color = "#ff0000">
<p>This is the page's default font.</p>
<h2>Example of the <basefont> Element</h2>
<p><font size = "+2" color = "darkgray">

This is darkgray text with two sizes larger
</font>
</p>
<p><font face = "courier" size = "-1" color = "#000000">

It is a courier font, a size smaller and black in color.
</font>
</p>
</body>
</html>
HTML - Forms
HTML Forms are required, when you want to collect some data from the site visitor. For example,
during user registration you would like to collect information such as name, email address, credit card,
etc.
A form will take input from the site visitor and then will post it to a back-end application such as CGI,
ASP Script or PHP script etc. The back-end application will perform required processing on the
passed data based on defined business logic inside the application.
There are various form elements available like text fields, textarea fields, drop-down menus, radio
buttons, checkboxes, etc.
The HTML <form> tag is used to create an HTML form and it has following syntax −
<form action = "Script URL" method = "GET|POST">
form elements like input, textarea etc.
</form>
Form Attributes
Apart from common attributes, following is a list of the most frequently used form attributes −

1
action
Backend script ready to process your passed data.
2
method
Method to be used to upload data. The most frequently used are GET and
POST methods.
3
target
Specify the target window or frame where the result of the script will be
displayed. It takes values like _blank, _self, _parent etc.
4
enctype
You can use the enctype attribute to specify how the browser encodes the data
before it sends it to the server. Possible values are −
application/x-www-form-urlencoded − This is the standard method most
forms use in simple scenarios.
mutlipart/form-data − This is used when you want to upload binary data in the
form of files like image, word file etc.
Note − You can refer to Perl & CGI for a detail on how form data upload works.
HTML Form Controls

There are different types of form controls that you can use to collect data using HTML form −
 Text Input Controls

 Checkboxes Controls
 Radio Box Controls
 Select Box Controls
 File Select boxes
 Hidden Controls
 Clickable Buttons
 Submit and Reset Button
Text Input Controls
There are three types of text input used on forms −
 Single-line text input controls − This control is used for items that require only one line of
user input, such as search boxes or names. They are created using HTML <input> tag.
 Password input controls − This is also a single-line text input but it masks the character as
soon as a user enters it. They are also created using HTMl <input> tag.
 Multi-line text input controls − This is used when the user is required to give details that may
be longer than a single sentence. Multi-line input controls are created using
HTML <textarea> tag.
Single-line text input controls
This control is used for items that require only one line of user input, such as search boxes or names.
They are created using HTML <input> tag.
Example
Here is a basic example of a single-line text input used to take first name and last name −
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Text Input Control</title>
</head>
<body>
<form >
First name: <input type = "text" name = "first_name" />
<br>
Last name: <input type = "text" name = "last_name" />
</form>
</body>
</html>
Attributes
Following is the list of attributes for <input> tag for creating text field.
1
type
Indicates the type of input control and for text input control it will be set to text.
2
name
Used to give a name to the control which is sent to the server to be recognized
and get the value.
3
value
This can be used to provide an initial value inside the control.
4
size
Allows to specify the width of the text-input control in terms of characters.
5
maxlength
Allows to specify the maximum number of characters a user can enter into the
text box.
Password input controls

This is also a single-line text input but it masks the character as soon as a user enters it. They are
also created using HTML <input>tag but type attribute is set to password.
Example
Here is a basic example of a single-line password input used to take user password −
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Password Input Control</title>
</head>
<body>
<form >
User ID : <input type = "text" name = "user_id" />
<br>
Password: <input type = "password" name = "password" />
</form>
</body>
</html>
Attributes
Following is the list of attributes for <input> tag for creating password field.
1
type
Indicates the type of input control and for password input control it will be set
to password.
2
name
and get the value.
3
value
This can be used to provide an initial value inside the control.
4
size
Allows to specify the width of the text-input control in terms of characters.
5
maxlength
Allows to specify the maximum number of characters a user can enter into the
text box.
Multiple-Line Text Input Controls

This is used when the user is required to give details that may be longer than a single sentence. Multi-
line input controls are created using HTML <textarea> tag.
Example
Here is a basic example of a multi-line text input used to take item description −
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Multiple-Line Input Control</title>
</head>
<body>
<form>
Description : <br />
<textarea rows = "5" cols = "50" name = "description">
Enter description here...
</textarea>
</form>
</body>
</html>
Attributes
Following is the list of attributes for <textarea> tag.
1
name
and get the value.
2
rows
Indicates the number of rows of text area box.
3
cols
Indicates the number of columns of text area box
Checkbox Control
Checkboxes are used when more than one option is required to be selected. They are also created
using HTML <input> tag but type attribute is set to checkbox..
Example
Here is an example HTML code for a form with two checkboxes −
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Checkbox Control</title>
</head>
<body>
<form>
<input type = "checkbox" name = "maths" value = "on"> Maths
<input type = "checkbox" name = "physics" value = "on"> Physics
</form>
</body>
</html>
Attributes
Following is the list of attributes for <checkbox> tag.
1
type
Indicates the type of input control and for checkbox input control it will be set
to checkbox..
2
name
and get the value.
3
value
The value that will be used if the checkbox is selected.
4
checked
Set to checked if you want to select it by default.
Radio Button Control

Radio buttons are used when out of many options, just one option is required to be selected. They are
also created using HTML <input> tag but type attribute is set to radio.
Example
Here is example HTML code for a form with two radio buttons −
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Radio Box Control</title>
</head>
<body>
<form>
<input type = "radio" name = "subject" value = "maths"> Maths
<input type = "radio" name = "subject" value = "physics"> Physics
</form>
</body>
</html>
Attributes
Following is the list of attributes for radio button.
1
type
Indicates the type of input control and for checkbox input control it will be set to
radio.
2
name
and get the value.
3
value
The value that will be used if the radio box is selected.
4
checked
Set to checked if you want to select it by default.
Select Box Control

A select box, also called drop down box which provides option to list down various options in the form
of drop down list, from where a user can select one or more options.
Example
Here is example HTML code for a form with one drop down box
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Select Box Control</title>
</head>
<body>
<form>
<select name = "dropdown">
<option value = "Maths" selected>Maths</option>
<option value = "Physics">Physics</option>
</select>
</form>
</body>
</html>

Attributes
Following is the list of important attributes of <select> tag −
1
name
and get the value.
2
size
This can be used to present a scrolling list box.
3
multiple
If set to "multiple" then allows a user to select multiple items from the menu.
Following is the list of important attributes of <option> tag −
1
value
The value that will be used if an option in the select box box is selected.
2
selected
Specifies that this option should be the initially selected value when the page
loads.
3
label
An alternative way of labeling options
File Upload Box

If you want to allow a user to upload a file to your web site, you will need to use a file upload box, also
known as a file select box. This is also created using the <input> element but type attribute is set
to file.
Example
Here is example HTML code for a form with one file upload box −
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>File Upload Box</title>
</head>
<body>
<form>
<input type = "file" name = "fileupload" accept = "image/*" />
</form>
</body>
</html>
Attributes
Following is the list of important attributes of file upload box −
1
name
and get the value.
2
accept
Specifies the types of files that the server accepts.
Button Controls
There are various ways in HTML to create clickable buttons. You can also create a clickable button
using <input>tag by setting its type attribute to button. The type attribute can take the following
values −
Sr.No Type & Description
1
submit
This creates a button that automatically submits a form.
2
reset
This creates a button that automatically resets form controls to their initial
values.
3
button
This creates a button that is used to trigger a client-side script when the user
clicks that button.
4
image
This creates a clickable button but we can use an image as background of the
button.
Example
Here is example HTML code for a form with three types of buttons −
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
</head>
<body>
<form>
<input type = "submit" name = "submit" value = "Submit" />
<input type = "reset" name = "reset" value = "Reset" />
<input type = "button" name = "ok" value = "OK" />
<input type = "image" name = "imagebutton" src = "/html/images/logo.png" />
</form>
</body>
</html>
Hidden Form Controls

Hidden form controls are used to hide data inside the page which later on can be pushed to the
server. This control hides inside the code and does not appear on the actual page. For example,
following hidden form is being used to keep current page number. When a user will click next page
then the value of hidden control will be sent to the web server and there it will decide which page will
be displayed next based on the passed current page.
Example
Here is example HTML code to show the usage of hidden control −
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
</head>
<body>
<form>
<p>This is page 10</p>
<input type = "hidden" name = "pagename" value = "10" />
<input type = "submit" name = "submit" value = "Submit" />
<input type = "reset" name = "reset" value = "Reset" />
</form>
</body>
</html>
HTML - Marquees
An HTML marquee is a scrolling piece of text displayed either horizontally across or vertically down
your webpage depending on the settings. This is created by using HTML <marquees> tag.
Note − The <marquee> tag deprecated in HTML5. Do not use this element, instead you can use
JavaScript and CSS to create such effects.
Syntax
A simple syntax to use HTML <marquee> tag is as follows −
<marquee attribute_name = "attribute_value"....more attributes>
One or more lines or text message or image
</marquee>
The <marquee> Tag Attributes
Following is the list of important attributes which can be used with <marquee> tag.
1
width
This specifies the width of the marquee. This can be a value like 10 or 20% etc.
2
height
This specifies the height of the marquee. This can be a value like 10 or 20% etc.
3
direction
This specifies the direction in which marquee should scroll. This can be a value
like up, down, left or right.
4
behavior
This specifies the type of scrolling of the marquee. This can have a value
like scroll, slide and alternate.
5
scrolldelay
This specifies how long to delay between each jump. This will have a value like
10 etc.
6
scrollamount
This specifies the speed of marquee text. This can have a value like 10 etc.
7
loop
This specifies how many times to loop. The default value is INFINITE, which
means that the marquee loops endlessly.
8
bgcolor
This specifies background color in terms of color name or color hex value.
9
hspace
This specifies horizontal space around the marquee. This can be a value like 10
or 20% etc.
10
vspace
This specifies vertical space around the marquee. This can be a value like 10 or
20% etc.
Below are few examples to demonstrate the usage of marquee tag.
Examples - 1
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML marquee Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<marquee>This is basic example of marquee</marquee>
</body>
</html>
Examples - 2
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
</head>
<body>
<marquee width = "50%">This example will take only 50% width</marquee>
</body>
</html>
Examples - 3
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
</head>
<body>
<marquee direction = "right">This text will scroll from left to right</marquee>
</body>
</html>
Examples - 4
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
</head>
<body>
<marquee direction = "up">This text will scroll from bottom to up</marquee>
</body>
</html>
HTML - Header
We have learnt that a typical HTML document will have following structure −
Document declaration tag
<html>
<head>
Document header related tags
</head>
<body>
Document body related tags
</body>
</html>
This chapter will give a little more detail about header part which is represented by HTML <head> tag.
The <head> tag is a container of various important tags like <title>, <meta>, <link>, <base>, <style>,
<script>, and <noscript> tags.
The HTML <title> Tag

The HTML <title> tag is used for specifying the title of the HTML document. Following is an example
to give a title to an HTML document −
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Title Tag Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>Hello, World!</p>
</body>
</html>
The HTML <meta> Tag

The HTML <meta> tag is used to provide metadata about the HTML document which includes
information about page expiry, page author, list of keywords, page description etc.
Following are few of the important usages of <meta> tag inside an HTML document −
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Meta Tag Example</title>

<meta name = "keywords" content = "C, C++, Java, PHP, Perl, Python">


<meta name = "description" content = "Simply Easy Learning by Tutorials Point">


<meta name = "author" content = "Tutorials Point">


<meta http-equiv = "content-type" content = "text/html; charset = UTF-8">


<meta http-equiv = "refresh" content = "30">


<meta http-equiv = "expires" content = "Wed, 21 June 2006 14:25:27 GMT">

<meta name = "robots" content = "noindex, nofollow">
</head>
<body>
</body>
</html>
The HTML <base> Tag

The HTML <base> tag is used for specifying the base URL for all relative URLs in a page, which
means all the other URLs will be concatenated into base URL while locating for the given item.
For example, all the given pages and images will be searched after prefixing the given URLs with
base URL http://www.tutorialspoint.com/ directory −
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Base Tag Example</title>
<base href = "https://www.tutorialspoint.com/" />
</head>
<body>
<img src = "/images/logo.png" alt = "Logo Image"/>
<a href = "/html/index.htm" title = "HTML Tutorial"/>HTML Tutorial</a>
</body>
</html>

But if you change base URL to something else, for example, if base URL is
http://www.tutorialspoint.com/home then image and other given links will become like
http://www.tutorialspoint.com/home/images/logo.png and http://www.tutorialspoint.com/html/index.htm
The HTML <link> Tag
The HTML <link> tag is used to specify relationships between the current document and external
resource. Following is an example to link an external style sheet file available in css sub-directory
within web root −
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML link Tag Example</title>
<link rel = "stylesheet" type = "text/css" href = "/css/style.css">
</head>
<body>
</body>
</html>
The HTML <style> Tag

The HTML <style> tag is used to specify style sheet for the current HTML document. Following is an
example to define few style sheet rules inside <style> tag −
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML style Tag Example</title>
<style type = "text/css">

.myclass {
background-color: #aaa;
padding: 10px;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<p class = "myclass">Hello, World!</p>
</body>
</html>
The HTML <script> Tag

The HTML <script> tag is used to include either external script file or to define internal script for the
HTML document. Following is an example where we are using JavaScript to define a simple
JavaScript function −
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML script Tag Example</title>
<base href = "http://www.tutorialspoint.com/" />
<script type = "text/JavaScript">

function Hello() {
alert("Hello, World");
}
</script>
</head>
<body>
<input type = "button" onclick = "Hello();" name = "ok" value = "OK" />
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result, where you can try to click on the given button –
HTML - Iframes
You can define an inline frame with HTML tag <iframe>. The <iframe> tag is not somehow related to
<frameset> tag, instead, it can appear anywhere in your document. The <iframe> tag defines a
rectangular region within the document in which the browser can display a separate document,
including scrollbars and borders. An inline frame is used to embed another document within the
current HTML document.
The src attribute is used to specify the URL of the document that occupies the inline frame.
Example
Following is the example to show how to use the <iframe> −
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Iframes</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>Document content goes here...</p>
<iframe src = "/html/menu.htm" width = "555" height = "200">

Sorry your browser does not support inline frames.
</iframe>
<p>Document content also go here...</p>

</body>
</html>
The <Iframe> Tag Attributes

Most of the attributes of the <iframe> tag, including name, class, frameborder, id, longdesc,
marginheight, marginwidth, name, scrolling, style, and title behave exactly like the corresponding
attributes for the <frame> tag.
Note − The frameborder, marginwidth, longdesc, scrolling, marginheight attributes deprecated in
HTML5. Do not use these attributes.

1
src
This attribute is used to give the file name that should be loaded in the frame. Its
value can be any URL. For example, src = "/html/top_frame.htm" will load an
HTML file available in html directory.
2
name
This attribute allows you to give a name to a frame. It is used to indicate which
frame a document should be loaded into. This is especially important when you
want to create links in one frame that load pages into an another frame, in which
case the second frame needs a name to identify itself as the target of the link.
3
frameborder
This attribute specifies whether or not the borders of that frame are shown; it
overrides the value given in the frameborder attribute on the <frameset> tag if
one is given, and this can take values either 1 (yes) or 0 (no).
4
marginwidth
This attribute allows you to specify the width of the space between the left and
right of the frame's borders and the frame's content. The value is given in pixels.
For example marginwidth = "10".
5
marginheight
This attribute allows you to specify the height of the space between the top and
bottom of the frame's borders and its contents. The value is given in pixels. For
example marginheight = "10".
6
height
This attribute specifies the height of <iframe>.
7
scrolling
This attribute controls the appearance of the scrollbars that appear on the
frame. This takes values either "yes", "no" or "auto". For example scrolling =
"no" means it should not have scroll bars.
8
longdesc
This attribute allows you to provide a link to another page containing a long
description of the contents of the frame. For example longdesc =
"framedescription.htm"
9
width
This attribute specifies the width of <iframe>.
HTML - Backgrounds
By default, your webpage background is white in color. You may not like it, but no worries. HTML
provides you following two good ways to decorate your webpage background.
 HTML Background with Colors

 HTML Background with Images
Now let's see both the approaches one by one using appropriate examples.
Html Background with Colors

The bgcolor attribute is used to control the background of an HTML element, specifically page body
and table backgrounds.
Note − The bgcolor attribute deprecated in HTML5. Do not use this attribute.
Following is the syntax to use bgcolor attribute with any HTML tag.
<tagname bgcolor = "color_value"...>
This color_value can be given in any of the following formats −

<table bgcolor = "lime" >


<table bgcolor = "#f1f1f1" >


<table bgcolor = "rgb(0,0,120)" >
Example
Here are the examples to set background of an HTML tag −
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Background Colors</title>
</head>
<body>

<table bgcolor = "yellow" width = "100%">
<tr>
<td>
This background is yellow
</td>
</tr>
</table>


<table bgcolor = "#6666FF" width = "100%">
<tr>
<td>
This background is sky blue
</td>
</tr>
</table>

<table bgcolor = "rgb(255,0,255)" width = "100%">
<tr>
<td>
This background is green
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</body>
</html>
Html Background with Images

The background attribute can also be used to control the background of an HTML element,
specifically page body and table backgrounds. You can specify an image to set background of your
HTML page or table.
Note − The background attribute deprecated in HTML5. Do not use this attribute.
Following is the syntax to use background attribute with any HTML tag.
Note − The background attribute is deprecated and it is recommended to use Style Sheet for
background setting.
<tagname background = "Image URL"...>
The most frequently used image formats are JPEG, GIF and PNG images.
Example
Here are the examples to set background images of a table.
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Background Images</title>
</head>
<body>

<table background = "/images/html.gif" width = "100%" height = "100">
<tr><td>
This background is filled up with HTML image.
</td></tr>
</table>
</body>
</html>
Patterned & Transparent Backgrounds

You might have seen many pattern or transparent backgrounds on various websites. This simply can
be achieved by using patterned image or transparent image in the background.
It is suggested that while creating patterns or transparent GIF or PNG images, use the smallest
dimensions possible even as small as 1x1 to avoid slow loading.
Example
Here are the examples to set background pattern of a table −
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Background Images</title>
</head>
<body>

<table background = "/images/pattern1.gif" width = "100%" height = "100">
<tr>
<td>
This background is filled up with a pattern image.
</td>
</tr>
</table>


<table background = "/images/pattern2.gif" width = "100%" height = "100">
<tr>
<td>
This background is filled up with a pattern image.
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</body>
</html>
HTML - Colors
Colors are very important to give a good look and feel to your website. You can specify colors on
page level using <body> tag or you can set colors for individual tags using bgcolor attribute.
The <body> tag has following attributes which can be used to set different colors −
 bgcolor − sets a color for the background of the page.
 text − sets a color for the body text.
 alink − sets a color for active links or selected links.
 link − sets a color for linked text.
 vlink − sets a color for visited links − that is, for linked text that you have already clicked on.
HTML Color Coding Methods
There are following three different methods to set colors in your web page −
 Color names − You can specify color names directly like green, blue or red.
 Hex codes − A six-digit code representing the amount of red, green, and blue that makes up
the color.
 Color decimal or percentage values − This value is specified using the rgb( ) property.
Now we will see these coloring schemes one by one.
HTML Colors - Color Names

You can specify direct a color name to set text or background color. W3C has listed 16 basic color
names that will validate with an HTML validator but there are over 200 different color names
supported by major browsers.
Note − Check a complete list of HTML Color Name.
W3C Standard 16 Colors

Here is the list of W3C Standard 16 Colors names and it is recommended to use them.
Black Gray Silver White
Yellow Lime Aqua Fuchsia
Red Green Blue Purple
Maroon Olive Navy Teal
Example
Here are the examples to set background of an HTML tag by color name −
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Colors by Name</title>
</head>
<body text = "blue" bgcolor = "green">

<p>Use different color names for for body and table and see the result.</p>
<table bgcolor = "black">

<tr>
<td>
<font color = "white">This text will appear white on black background.</font>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</body>
</html>
HTML Colors - Hex Codes

A hexadecimal is a 6 digit representation of a color. The first two digits(RR) represent a red value, the
next two are a green value(GG), and the last are the blue value(BB).
A hexadecimal value can be taken from any graphics software like Adobe Photoshop, Paintshop Pro
or MS Paint.
Each hexadecimal code will be preceded by a pound or hash sign #. Following is a list of few colors
using hexadecimal notation.
Color Color HEX
#000000
#FF0000
#00FF00
#0000FF
#FFFF00
#00FFFF
#FF00FF
#C0C0C0
#FFFFFF
Example
Here are the examples to set background of an HTML tag by color code in hexadecimal −
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Colors by Hex</title>
</head>
<body text = "#0000FF" bgcolor = "#00FF00">

<p>Use different color hexa for for body and table and see the result.</p>
<table bgcolor = "#000000">

<tr>
<td>
<font color = "#FFFFFF">This text will appear white on black background.</font>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</body>
</html>
HTML Colors - RGB Values

This color value is specified using the rgb( ) property. This property takes three values, one each for
red, green, and blue. The value can be an integer between 0 and 255 or a percentage.
Note − All the browsers does not support rgb() property of color so it is recommended not to use it.
Following is a list to show few colors using RGB values.
Color Color RGB
rgb(0,0,0)
rgb(255,0,0)
rgb(0,255,0)
rgb(0,0,255)
rgb(255,255,0)
rgb(0,255,255)
rgb(255,0,255)
rgb(192,192,192)
rgb(255,255,255)
Example
Here are the examples to set background of an HTML tag by color code using rgb() values −
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Colors by RGB code</title>
</head>
<body text = "rgb(0,0,255)" bgcolor = "rgb(0,255,0)">

<p>Use different color code for for body and table and see the result.</p>
<table bgcolor = "rgb(0,0,0)">

<tr>
<td>
<font color = "rgb(255,255,255)">This text will appear white on black
background.</font>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</body>
</html>
Browser Safe Colors

Here is the list of 216 colors which are supposed to be safest and computer independent colors.
These colors very from hexa code 000000 to FFFFFF and they will be supported by all the computers
having 256 color palette.
000000 000033 000066 000099 0000CC 0000FF
003300 003333 003366 003399 0033CC 0033FF
006600 006633 006666 006699 0066CC 0066FF

009900 009933 009966 009999 0099CC 0099FF
00CC00 00CC33 00CC66 00CC99 00CCCC 00CCFF
00FF00 00FF33 00FF66 00FF99 00FFCC 00FFFF
330000 330033 330066 330099 3300CC 3300FF
333300 333333 333366 333399 3333CC 3333FF
336600 336633 336666 336699 3366CC 3366FF
339900 339933 339966 339999 3399CC 3399FF
660000 660033 660066 660099 6600CC 6600FF
663300 663333 663366 663399 6633CC 6633FF
666600 666633 666666 666699 6666CC 6666FF
669900 669933 669966 669999 6699CC 6699FF
990000 990033 990066 990099 9900CC 9900FF
993300 993333 993366 993399 9933CC 9933FF
996600 996633 996666 996699 9966CC 9966FF
999900 999933 999966 999999 9999CC 9999FF

CC0000 CC0033 CC0066 CC0099 CC00CC CC00FF
CCCC00 CCCC33 CCCC66 CCCC99 CCCCCC CCCCFF
CCFF00 CCFF33 CCFF66 CCFF99 CCFFCC CCFFFF
FF0000 FF0033 FF0066 FF0099 FF00CC FF00FF
FFCC00 FFCC33 FFCC66 FFCC99 FFCCCC FFCCFF
FFFF00 FFFF33 FFFF66 FFFF99 FFFFCC FFFFFF
HTML - Embed Multimedia

Sometimes you need to add music or video into your web page. The easiest way to add video or
sound to your web site is to include the special HTML tag called <embed>. This tag causes the
browser itself to include controls for the multimedia automatically provided browser supports <embed>
tag and given media type.
You can also include a <noembed> tag for the browsers which don't recognize the <embed> tag. You
could, for example, use <embed> to display a movie of your choice, and <noembed> to display a
single JPG image if browser does not support <embed> tag.
Example
Here is a simple example to play an embedded midi file −
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML embed Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<embed src = "/html/yourfile.mid" width = "100%" height = "60" >
<noembed><img src = "yourimage.gif" alt = "Alternative Media" ></noembed>
</embed>
</body>
</html>
The <embed> Tag Attributes

Following is the list of important attributes which can be used with <embed> tag.
Note −The align and autostart attributes deprecated in HTML5. Do not use these attributes.
1
align
Determines how to align the object. It can be set to either center, left or right.
2
autostart
This boolean attribute indicates if the media should start automatically. You can
set it either true or false.
3
loop
Specifies if the sound should be played continuously (set loop to true), a certain
number of times (a positive value) or not at all (false)
4
playcount
Specifies the number of times to play the sound. This is alternate option
for loop if you are usiong IE.
5
hidden
Specifies if the multimedia object should be shown on the page. A false value
means no and true values means yes.
6
width
Width of the object in pixels
7
height
Height of the object in pixels
8
name
A name used to reference the object.
9
src
URL of the object to be embedded.
10
volume
Controls volume of the sound. Can be from 0 (off) to 100 (full volume).
Supported Video Types

You can use various media types like Flash movies (.swf), AVI's (.avi), and MOV's (.mov) file types
inside embed tag.
 .swf files − are the file types created by Macromedia's Flash program.
 .wmv files − are Microsoft's Window's Media Video file types.
 .mov files − are Apple's Quick Time Movie format.
 .mpeg files − are movie files created by the Moving Pictures Expert Group.
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
</head>
<body>
<embed src = "/html/yourfile.swf" width = "200" height = "200" >
<noembed><img src = "yourimage.gif" alt = "Alternative Media" ></noembed>
</embed>
</body>
</html>
Background Audio
You can use HTML <bgsound> tag to play a soundtrack in the background of your webpage. This tag
is supported by Internet Explorer only and most of the other browsers ignore this tag. It downloads
and plays an audio file when the host document is first downloaded by the user and displayed. The
background sound file also will replay whenever the user refreshes the browser.
Note − The bgsound tag is deprecated and it is supposed to be removed in a future version of HTML.
So they should not be used rather, it's suggested to use HTML5 tag audio for adding sound. But still
for learning purpose, this chapter will explain bgsound tag in detail.
This tag is having only two attributes loop and src. Both these attributes have same meaning as
explained above.
Here is a simple example to play a small midi file −
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
</head>
<body>
<bgsound src = "/html/yourfile.mid">
<noembed><img src = "yourimage.gif" ></noembed>
</bgsound>
</body>
</html>
This will produce the blank screen. This tag does not display any component and remains hidden.
Internet Explorer can also handle only three different sound format files − wav, the native format for
PCs; au, the native format for most Unix workstations; and MIDI, a universal music-encoding scheme.
HTML Object tag

HTML 4 introduces the <object> element, which offers an all-purpose solution to generic object
inclusion. The <object> element allows HTML authors to specify everything required by an object for
its presentation by a user agent.
Here are a few examples −
Example - 1
You can embed an HTML document in an HTML document itself as follows −
<object data = "data/test.htm" type = "text/html" width = "300" height = "200">
alt : <a href = "data/test.htm">test.htm</a>
</object>
Here alt attribute will come into picture if browser does not support object tag.
Example - 2
You can embed a PDF document in an HTML document as follows −
<object data = "data/test.pdf" type = "application/pdf" width = "300" height = "200">
alt : <a href = "data/test.pdf">test.htm</a>
</object>
Example - 3
You can specify some parameters related to the document with the <param> tag. Here is an example
to embed a wav file −
<object data = "data/test.wav" type = "audio/x-wav" width = "200" height = "20">
<param name = "src" value = "data/test.wav">
<param name = "autoplay" value = "false">
<param name = "autoStart" value = "0">
alt : <a href = "data/test.wav">test.wav</a>
</object>
Example - 4
You can add a flash document as follows −
<object classid = "clsid:D27CDB6E-AE6D-11cf-96B8-444553540000" id = "penguin"
codebase = "someplace/swflash.cab" width = "200" height = "300">
<param name = "movie" value = "flash/penguin.swf" />

<param name = "quality" value = "high" />
<img src = "penguin.jpg" width = "200" height = "300" alt = "Penguin" />
</object>
Example - 5
You can add a java applet into HTML document as follows −
<object classid = "clsid:8ad9c840-044e-11d1-b3e9-00805f499d93"
width = "200" height = "200">
<param name = "code" value = "applet.class">
</object>
The classid attribute identifies which version of Java Plug-in to use. You can use the
optional codebase attribute to specify if and how to download the JRE.
HTML - Layouts
A webpage layout is very important to give better look to your website. It takes considerable time to
design a website's layout with great look and feel.
Now-a-days, all modern websites are using CSS and JavaScript based framework to come up with
responsive and dynamic websites but you can create a good layout using simple HTML tables or
division tags in combination with other formatting tags. This chapter will give you few examples on
how to create a simple but working layout for your webpage using pure HTML and its attributes.
HTML Layout - Using Tables

The simplest and most popular way of creating layouts is using HTML <table> tag. These tables are
arranged in columns and rows, so you can utilize these rows and columns in whatever way you like.
Example
For example, the following HTML layout example is achieved using a table with 3 rows and 2 columns
but the header and footer column spans both columns using the colspan attribute −
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Layout using Tables</title>
</head>
<body>
<table width = "100%" border = "0">
<tr>
<td colspan = "2" bgcolor = "#b5dcb3">
<h1>This is Web Page Main title</h1>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign = "top">
<td bgcolor = "#aaa" width = "50">
<b>Main Menu</b><br />
HTML<br />
PHP<br />
PERL...
</td>
<td bgcolor = "#eee" width = "100" height = "200">

Technical and Managerial Tutorials
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan = "2" bgcolor = "#b5dcb3">
<center>
Copyright © 2007 Tutorialspoint.com
</center>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</body>
</html>
Multiple Columns Layout - Using Tables

You can design your webpage to put your web content in multiple pages. You can keep your content
in middle column and you can use left column to use menu and right column can be used to put
advertisement or some other stuff. This layout will be very similar to what we have at our website
tutorialspoint.com.
Example
Here is an example to create three column layout −
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Three Column HTML Layout</title>
</head>
<body>
<table width = "100%" border = "0">
<tr valign = "top">

<td bgcolor = "#aaa" width = "20%">
<b>Main Menu</b><br />
HTML<br />
PHP<br />
PERL...
</td>
<td bgcolor = "#b5dcb3" height = "200" width = "60%">

Technical and Managerial Tutorials
</td>
<td bgcolor = "#aaa" width = "20%">

<b>Right Menu</b><br />
HTML<br />
PHP<br />
PERL...
</td>
</tr>
<table>
</body>
</html>
HTML Layouts - Using DIV, SPAN

The <div> element is a block level element used for grouping HTML elements. While the <div> tag is
a block-level element, the HTML <span> element is used for grouping elements at an inline level.
Although we can achieve pretty nice layouts with HTML tables, but tables weren't really designed as a
layout tool. Tables are more suited to presenting tabular data.
Note − This example makes use of Cascading Style Sheet (CSS), so before understanding this
example you need to have a better understanding on how CSS works.
Example
Here we will try to achieve same result using <div> tag along with CSS, whatever you have achieved
using <table> tag in previous example.
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Layouts using DIV, SPAN</title>
</head>
<body>
<div style = "width:100%">
<div style = "background-color:#b5dcb3; width:100%">

<h1>This is Web Page Main title</h1>
</div>
<div style = "background-color:#aaa; height:200px; width:100px; float:left;">

<div><b>Main Menu</b></div>
HTML<br />
PHP<br />
PERL...
</div>
<div style = "background-color:#eee; height:200px; width:350px; float:left;" >

<p>Technical and Managerial Tutorials</p>
</div>
<div style = "background-color:#aaa; height:200px; width:100px; float:right;">

<div><b>Right Menu</b></div>
HTML<br />
PHP<br />
PERL...
</div>
<div style = "background-color:#b5dcb3; clear:both">

<center>
Copyright © 2007 Tutorialspoint.com
</center>
</div>
</div>
</body>
</html>

You can create better layout using DIV, SPAN along with CSS. For more information on CSS, please
refer to CSS Tutorial.
XHTML
XHTML is a stricter, more XML-based version of HTML.

What is XHTML?
 XHTML stands for EXtensible HyperText Markup Language
 XHTML is a stricter, more XML-based version of HTML
 XHTML is HTML defined as an XML application
 XHTML is supported by all major browsers
Why XHTML?
XML is a markup language where all documents must be marked up correctly (be "well-
formed").
XHTML was developed to make HTML more extensible and flexible to work with other data
formats (such as XML). In addition, browsers ignore errors in HTML pages, and try to display
the website even if it has some errors in the markup. So XHTML comes with a much stricter
error handling.
The Most Important Differences from HTML

 <!DOCTYPE> is mandatory
 The xmlns attribute in <html> is mandatory
 <html>, <head>, <title>, and <body> are mandatory
 Elements must always be properly nested
 Elements must always be closed
 Elements must always be in lowercase
 Attribute names must always be in lowercase
 Attribute values must always be quoted
 Attribute minimization is forbidden
XHTML - <!DOCTYPE ....> Is Mandatory

An XHTML document must have an XHTML <!DOCTYPE> declaration.
The <html>, <head>, <title>, and <body> elements must also be present, and the xmlns
attribute in <html> must specify the xml namespace for the document.
Example
Here is an XHTML document with a minimum of required tags:
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.1//EN"

"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml11/DTD/xhtml11.dtd">
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
<head>
<title>Title of document</title>
</head>
<body>
some content here...
</body>
</html>
XHTML Elements Must be Properly Nested

In XHTML, elements must always be properly nested within each other, like this:
Correct:
<b><i>Some text</i></b>
Wrong:
<b><i>Some text</b></i>
XHTML Elements Must Always be Closed

In XHTML, elements must always be closed, like this:
Correct:
<p>This is a paragraph</p>
<p>This is another paragraph</p>
Wrong:
<p>This is a paragraph
<p>This is another paragraph
XHTML Empty Elements Must Always be

Closed
In XHTML, empty elements must always be closed, like this:
Correct:
A break: <br />
A horizontal rule: <hr />
An image: <img src="happy.gif" alt="Happy face" />
Wrong:
A break: <br>
A horizontal rule: <hr>
An image: <img src="happy.gif" alt="Happy face">
XHTML Elements Must be in Lowercase

In XHTML, element names must always be in lowercase, like this:
Correct:
<body>
<p>This is a paragraph</p>
</body>
Wrong:
<BODY>
<P>This is a paragraph</P>
</BODY>
XHTML Attribute Names Must be in

Lowercase
In XHTML, attribute names must always be in lowercase, like this:
Correct:
<a href="https://www.w3schools.com/html/">Visit our HTML tutorial</a>
Wrong:
<a HREF="https://www.w3schools.com/html/">Visit our HTML tutorial</a>
XHTML Attribute Values Must be Quoted

In XHTML, attribute values must always be quoted, like this:
Correct:
<a href="https://www.w3schools.com/html/">Visit our HTML tutorial</a>
Wrong:
<a href=https://www.w3schools.com/html/>Visit our HTML tutorial</a>
XHTML Attribute Minimization is Forbidden

In XHTML, attribute minimization is forbidden:
Correct:
<input type="checkbox" name="vehicle" value="car" checked="checked" />
<input type="text" name="lastname" disabled="disabled" />
Wrong:
<input type="checkbox" name="vehicle" value="car" checked />
<input type="text" name="lastname" disabled />
Character Entities
HTML character entities are basically a set of characters (entity) used to represent few
characters reserved by the HTML, especially invisible characters or characters difficult to type
out using a regular keyboard.
Syntax:
&entity_name; or &#entity_number;
Symbol Entity Name Entity Number Details
& non-breaking space
< < < less than
> > > greater than
® ® ® registered trademark
© © © copyright
₹ ₹ India rupee sign

Symbol Entity Name Entity Number Details
€ € € euro
¥ ¥ ¥ yen
$ &dollar; $ dollar
£ £ pound
¢ ¢ ¢ cent
‘ ' ' single quotation mark (apostrophe)
“ " " double quotation mark
& & & ampersand
Reserved Characters: Reserved characters are those characters that are either reserved for
HTML or those which are not present in the basic keyboard.
Reserved Character Entity Name
& &
< <
> >
“ "
Other Characters: Some characters that aren’t available directly on our keyboard, therefore
such an entity can be used to represent it by using their entity number.
Characte
r Entities
≥ ≥ ≥ &GreaterEqual;
© © ©
€ € €
∃ ∃ ∃ ∃
Example:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Character entities</title>
</head>
<body>
<h3>Indian rupee sign = ₹</h3>
<h3>Euro sign = €</h3>
<h3>Dollar sign = $</h3>
<h3>Pound sign = £</h3>
</body>
</html>
Output:
WEB BROWSER ARCHITECTURE
A browser is a software application used to locate, retrieve and display content on the World Wide
Web, including Web pages, images, video and other files. As a client/server model, the browser is
the client run on a computer that contacts the Web server and
requests information. The Web server sends the information back to the Web browser which
displays the results on the computer or other Internet-enabled device that supports a browser.
High-level architecture of browser
The below image shows the main components of a web browser:
The User Interface: The user interface is the space where User interacts with the browser. It includes
the address bar, back and next buttons, home button, refresh and stop, bookmark option, etc. Every
other part, except the window where requested web page is displayed, comes under it.
The Browser Engine: The browser engine works as a bridge between the User interface and the
rendering engine. According to the inputs from various user interfaces, it queries and manipulates
the rendering engine.
The Rendering Engine: The rendering engine, as the name suggests is responsible for rendering the
requested web page on the browser screen. The rendering engine interprets the HTML, XML
documents and images that are formatted using CSS and generates the layout that is displayed in the
User Interface. However, using plugins or extensions, it can display other types data also. Different
browsers user different rendering engines:
Networking: Component of the browser which retrieves the URLs using the common internet
protocols of HTTP or FTP. The networking component handles all aspects of Internet communication
and security. The network component may implement a cache of retrieved documents in order to
reduce network traffic.
JavaScript Interpreter: It is the component of the browser which interprets and executes the
javascript code embedded in a website. The interpreted results are sent to the rendering engine for
display. If the script is external then first the resource is fetched from the network. Parser keeps on
hold until the script is executed.
UI Backend: UI backend is used for drawing basic widgets like combo boxes and windows. This
backend exposes a generic interface that is not platform specific. It underneath uses operating
system user interface methods.
Data Persistence/Storage: This is a persistence layer. Browsers support storage mechanisms such as
localStorage, IndexedDB, WebSQL and FileSystem. It is a small database created on the local drive of
the computer where the browser is installed. It manages user data such as cache, cookies,
bookmarks and preferences.
WEB SITE STRUCTURE
Structuring your website is crucial for both its usability and findability. Many sites lack a sound
structure to guide visitors to the information they’re looking for. Having a clear site structure also
leads to a better understanding of your site by Google, so it’s incredibly important for your SEO. Let’s
take a closer look at how this works.
Ideal site structure
Let’s start by looking at an ideal situation: if you’re starting from scratch, how should you organize
your site? We think a well-organized website looks like a pyramid with a number of levels:
1. Homepage
2. Categories (or sections)
3. Subcategories (only for larger sites)
4. Individual pages and posts

The homepage should be all the way at the top. Then, you have some sections or category pages
beneath it. You should be able to file all of your content under one of these categories. If your site is
larger, you can divide these sections or categories into subcategories as well. Beneath your
categories or subcategories are your individual pages and posts.
OVERVIEW AND FEATURE OF HTML5
HTML5 introduces a number of new elements and attributes that can help you in building modern
websites. ... Forms 2.0 − Improvements to HTML web forms where new attributes have been
introduced for <input> tag. Persistent Local Storage − To achieve without resorting to third-party
plug-ins.
Features of HTML5
HTML5 introduced several new features and improvements over its predecessor, HTML4, which
make it more powerful and efficient for building modern websites. Here are some of the main features
of HTML5
 Improved multimedia support

 Semantic markup
 Mobile-friendly
 Simplified code
 Canvas and SVG
 Offline support
 Improved performance
Improved multimedia support

HTML5 includes built-in support for video and audio, making it easier to embed media content into
web pages without the need for third-party plugins like Flash. This provides a more seamless and
reliable user experience.
Semantic markup
HTML5 introduces new semantic elements like <header>, <nav>, <article>, and <footer> that provide
more context and meaning to web page content, making it easier for search engines to index and
categorize pages. This also helps with accessibility and enables a better understanding of web
content.
Mobile-friendly
HTML5 is designed to work well on mobile devices, with features like responsive design, touch
support, and location-based services. This allows developers to create websites that adapt to different
screen sizes and input methods.
Simplified code
HTML5 introduces new features like native form validation and input types, which simplify the code
needed to create web forms. This helps developers create more user-friendly and secure forms.
Canvas and SVG

HTML5 introduces new graphics elements, including Canvas and SVG, which allow developers to
create and manipulate graphics and animations directly within the browser.
Offline support
HTML5 provides a new offline storage feature that enables web applications to store data locally on
the user's device, allowing them to work without internet connection.
Improved performance
HTML5 includes several features that help improve the performance of web applications, such as
WebSockets for real-time communication and Web Workers for background processing.
Enhancement in HTML5
HTML5 provides several enhancements over previous versions of HTML. Some of these include
HTML 5 New Doctype and Charset

In HTML5, the doctype declaration and character encoding have been simplified to make it easier for
developers to create web pages. Here are the new doctype and charset declarations in HTML5
 Doctype declaration- In HTML5, the doctype declaration has been simplified to just "<!doctype
html>". This replaces the more complex doctype declarations used in previous versions of
HTML, such as HTML 4.01 and XHTML.
 Character encoding- HTML5 requires that the character encoding be set to UTF-8 by default.
This is specified using the meta tag "<meta charset="utf-8">" in the head section of the HTML
document.
Top 10 HTML5 Features

The following are the top 10 features of HTML5 that make it a popular language for website
development.
1. Nav Tag
The <nav> tag helps in defining a set of navigation links. It helps create a section of a
website that contains navigation links (within the current document or to another document).
A few examples of navigation links are the table of contents and indexes.
Example of Nav Tag

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<h1>Example of HTML nav Tag</h1>
<h2>Online Programming Courses</h2>
<nav>
<a href="#">HTML</a> |
<a href="#">CSS</a> |
<a href="#">JavaScript</a> |
<a href="#">Python</a>
</nav>
</body>
</html>
Output:
2. Audio & Video Tags
With Audio and Video tags, developers can embed videos or audio into their websites. For
styling the video tag, developers can use CSS and CSS3.
Example of the video tag in HTML

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<video width="400px" height="300px" controls>
<source src=" movie.mp4 " type="video/mp4">
</video>
</body>
</html>
In the above HTML code:
 width and height are for setting the dimensions for the video element
 controls attribute creates buttons for playback (Play, Pause, etc.)
 src (source) tag provides the URL or media source
 type represents the video type
Output:
3. Header
The <header> element in HTML5 contains introductory content. It can include a set of
introductory or navigational support on a website. Typically, the header element contains
heading elements, logo or icons, a search form, author’s information, etc.
Example of header element in HTML5

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<h1>Shiksha Online</h1>
<h3> Find courses that are the best for your career </h3>
<header>
<a href=
"https://www.shiksha.com/online-courses/technology-courses-certification-training-ct139">
Technology</a> |
<a href=
"https://www.shiksha.com/online-courses/data-science-courses-certification-training-ct123">
Data Science</a> |
<a href=
"https://www.shiksha.com/online-courses/management-courses-certification-training-ct135">
Management</a> |
<a href=
"https://www.shiksha.com/online-courses/articles/">
Blog</a> |
</header>
</body>
</html>
Output:
4. Footer
The <footer> tag defines the footer of a document or a section. Typically, the footer contains
information related to the author, copyright, contact information, sitemap, related documents,
back to top links, etc. There can be more than one footer element in one document.
Example of the footer in HTML5

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<footer>
<p>Posted by: Deepali Sharma</p>
<p>Contact information: <a href="mailto:deepali@example.com">
deepali@example.com</a>.</p>
</footer>
</body>
</html>
Output:
5. Figure and figcaption

These elements help users to insert an image with its caption. The figcaption tag is used to
add a description for the image.
Example of Figcaption
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<figure>
<img src="red tulips.jpg"
alt="Red Tulips">
<figcaption>Red Tulips in a Garden</figcaption>
</figure>
</body>
</html>
Output:
6. Canvas Tag
The canvas tag in HTML5 helps users draw graphics or images on the fly using JavaScript. We
can use it for drawing paths, boxes, circles, adding images, etc. The canvas tag has two
attributes: width and height for setting the width and height of the canvas.
Example of canvas tag in HTML5

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<canvas id="Canvas1" width="400" height="100" style="border:2px solid;">
</canvas>
</body>
</html>
Output:
7. Mark
The <mark> element highlights a particular text that is of special interest to the user in an
HTML document.
Example of the mark element

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<p> Grow your skillset with <mark>Shiksha Online.</mark> Find the <mark>best
online courses</mark> and certifications in management, technology, programming, and
data science.</p>
</body>
</html>
Output:
8. Main Tag
This tag defines the important content of the <body> of a document.
Example of Main Tag

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<header>
<p>Header content</p>
</header>
<main>
<p>Main Content</p>
<h2>Shiksha Online</h2>
<p> Find courses that are best for your career </p>
</main>
</body>
</html>
Output:
9. Progress Tag
The progress tag helps users check the progress of a task during the execution. Users will
need to define the dynamically changing values of the progress bar with the scripts
(JavaScript).
Example of progress tag in HTML5

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<span>Loading:</span>
<progress value="55" max="100"></progress>
</body>
</html>
Output:
10. Section Tag

The <section> element defines specific sections and subsections in the document.
Example of Section in HTML5

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<section>
<h1>Section 1</h1>
<p>Section 1 content</p>
</section>
<section>
<h1>Section 2</h1>
<p>Section 2 content</p>
</section>
</body>
</html>
Output:
11. Media Control
One of the features of HTML 5 is <video> and <audio> tags that make it easier to use.
Rather than just playing media, it helps in specifying controls, images for buttons and
controlling playback programmatically. It also comes with the <figure> tag that plays a
significant role in rendering images on browsers. It is also possible to represent captions using
<figcaption> alongside <figure> tag.
A figure element is displayed like this:

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HTML

Why to Learn HTML?

Basic HTML Document

Sr.N Tag & Description

This tag defines the document type and HTML version.

This tag represents the heading.

This tag represents a paragraph.

HTML Document Structure

The <!DOCTYPE> Declaration

HTML - Basic Tags

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Line Break Tag

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Start Tag Content End Tag

<p> This is paragraph content. </p>

<h1> This is heading content. </h1>

<div> This is division content. </div>

HTML Tag vs. Element

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The class Attribute

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ltr Left to right (the default value)

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The xml:lang Attribute

Attribute Options Function

align right, left, center Horizontally aligns tags

bgcolor numeric, hexidecimal, RGB Places a background color behind an element

background URL Places a background image behind an element

id User Defined Names an element for use with Cascading

class User Defined Classifies an element for use with Cascading

width Numeric Value Specifies the width of tables, images, or table

title User Defined "Pop-up" title of the elements.

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<div id = "content" align = "left" >

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HTML - Phrase Tags

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