—— Content e Why fuel efficiency is important e Environmental impacts and public concerns e Asshort history of electric and hybrid technology e How hybrid and electric cars work e Why they are fuel efficient e Advantages and issues e Technological challenges e Next generation of green vehicles © Q&A“Why fuel efficiency is important World energy shortage and growing demand have caused energy crises World oil consumption, 2007 soa US Annual Cost of Oil Imports, 1970-2007 | Ranke _Country (bbl/day) Date $350 wort 85,220,000, 2007 est. $300 United states 20,680,000] 2007 est. [European Union 34,390,000|_____ 2007 $250 china 7,880,000, 2007 ex. $200 ‘Japan ,007,000|___2007 est| india 2,722,000) 2007 est. $150 Russia 2,699,001 2007 $100 + jGecman} 2,456,000] ___2007 ext $50 praai 2,372,000] 2007 est 10/Canada, 2,371,000) 2007 est. 50 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 iran 1,600,000, _2007 est Seese rer Source: ELA, Annuet Energy Review 2007, Table 33, dune 2008 Source: www:cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook—— * Oil Reserves are diminishing + New data shows Canada has world second largest oil reserves after Saudi Arabia ~ Why fuel efficiency is important ss Top 20 Nations By Oil Reserves (% of Global) Source: The iA WorsFacbock wv ark com ‘Angele Oren Indonesia European Unon Brazi Nowway Ageia star Mexico Unted Sates ‘ching 50% 100% 180% 200% 80% 3K.hy fuel efficient cars 2 e Global warming due to CO2 emission Combustion (burning) Fuel(C,H)+O2 > CO2+CO+H20 + energy(heat) CO2 emission 1980-1999 %32 for Transportation © Toxic pollutants such as SOX and NOX, CO and unburned hydrocarbonspa Hybrid cars 2009 Toyota Prius 2009 Toyota Corolla Hybrid Conventional Pa =e 5.3 Liv100 km 105 Liv'100 Km About $780/year fuel savings Assume $1 /1L 15000km / year Invaluable benefit for environment Better fuel efficiency, up to %80 theoretically possible e Less CO2 emission and pollution e Lower maintenance Source: www. fueleconomy.gov US DOEoe Zs a A short history of hybrid & electric cars © 1825 ¢ Steam Engine Car, British inventor Goldsworthy * 85 miles round trip took 10 hours (14 km/h) © 1870 * First electric car was build in Scotland © 1897 e The London Electric Cab Company used a 40-cell battery and 3 horsepower electric motor, * Could be driven 50 miles between charges © 1898 . ihe German Dr. Porsche, at age 23, Built the world's first front-wheel- rive * Porsche's second car was a hybrid, using an internal combustion engine to spin a generator that pro ded power to electric motors located in the wheel hubs. On battery alone, the car could travel nearly 40 miles Source: www.hybridears.com/historyJS short history of hybrid & electric cars * 1900 e US car companies made 1,681 steam, 1,575 electric and 936 gasoline cars. : e Ina poll, electric was the first choice, followed by steam ee e 1904 « Henry Ford overcame the gasoline engine issues: noise, vibration, and odor e Produced low-priced, lightweight, gas-powered vehicles ° Within a few years, the Electric Vehicle Company failed * 1997-99 ¢ Toyota, Audi, Honda, Ford, GM followed by other main car manufactures introduced new generation of electric and hybrid cars ° 2004 ¢ The Toyota Prius Il won 2004 Car of the Year Awards from Motor Trend Magazine and the North American Auto Show. © Toyota was surprised by the demand and pumped up its production from 36,000 to 47,000 for the U.S Source: www.hybridcars.com/historyees Where does fuel energy go in a conventional car t — AF = Roting Resi ta 42% Inertia x. ‘8% *87.4 % of fuel energy is wasted Only 12.6 % of fuel energy is transferred to the wheels +5.8 % is turned to kinetic energy, consumed in the brake 17.2 % idling losses, engine on with no torque Source: ww fueleconomy.gov US DOE *How hybrids save fuel 1. Engine is turned off at: e Stops e Lower speed (say less that 15 km/h), an electric motor drives the car until speed reaches a certain limit, then engine kicks in e When vehicle is stopping or going downhill, engine is turned off, Regenerative braking is applied When engine operates in an inefficient mode(e.g. at very high or very low engine speeds), the electric motor kicks in and assists engine. Engine is driven to its optimum operating zone 3. Engine can be made smaller, due to electric motor assistanceah U6 e=+m(V?-V,) - A B * Va>Va accelerating, fuel is consumed, kinetic energy is increased se. A B * Va>Vp braking, vey little fuel is consumed, kinetic energy is reduced energy is dissipated in the brakes as heat in conventional cars In hybrids braking energy is recovered by an electric generator and stored in a battery it is called regenerative energy, or “Regen Energy”ee E=mgh Need engine power, fuel is consumed, potential energy is increased = no need for engine power Braking, vey little fuel is consumed, potential energy is reduced energy is dissipated in the brakes as heat in conventional cars In hybrids braking energy is recovered, Engine can be turned off automatically going downhill. Opt 8 6 4 2 9. a mum engine operation condition ‘Optimum operating rang Engine Map - 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 BSECIgkWh) 9 /min™*- How Hybrids work Click on the link below to see a hybrid animationA hybrid System Prius does not have + step gears * clutch or * torque converter + starter motor + alternator Eclectic motors and planetary gear system work as a CVT or Continuously Variable Transmission VCU MGL INVERTER BATTERY M2 INVERTER POWER SPLIT SiLenT Device CHAIN ELECTRIC MOTORY ELECTRIC MOTOR! Genenarom 1 (M61) GENERATOR 2 (M62) REDUCTION GEARS DIFFERENTIAL, Schematic diagram of Prius ‘www.cleangreencar.co.nz/page/prius-technical-info 15How Hybrids work Eclectic motors and planetary gear system work as a CVT or Continuously Variable Transmission ELECTRIC MOTOR/ ELECTRIC MOTOR/ GENERATOR 1 (MG1) GENERATOR 2 (G2) PETROL ENGINE REDUCTION GEAR UNIT J>—— CONNECTED TO THE FINAL DRIVE SUN GEAR {eenERaTOR) RING GEAR PINION GEAR (MOTOR/OUTPUT AXLE) POWER SPLIT DEVICE (PLANETARY GEAR). Prius Planetary Gear www.cleangreencar.co.nz/page/prius-technical-info 16Hybrid engine and electric motors Hybrid engine is smaller than conventional the engine POWER SPLIT DEVICE GENERATOR/STARTER 4 CYLINDER INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE ELECTRIC MOTOR Prius Hybrid www.cleangreencar.co.nz/page/prius-technical-info izSe eS Sear ee orem ee = = How Electric cars workElectric cars Have comparable speed and power Zero emission for hydro electric grids like BC 00 yea0 High overall fuel efficiency, thermal power plants can have up to 80% efficiency and lower emission No IC engine, no transmission, no engine oil, no gearbox fluid Lower maintenance Lower price Good for inner city short trips Simple and mature tech Low noiseJS Plug in hybrid e Plug in hybrid has advantages of the both e GM 2011 Chevrolet Volt can run for 40 miles on electric power alone ° Only uses gasoline to power a generator if the 40- mile range is exceeded 20ee Hybrid cars issues e Currently more expensive than conventional Heavier than conventional, due to battery pack and electric motors weight e Limited battery life e Expensive battery pack if you want to replace it ° Safety issues, high voltage battery and fuel © Reliability, still under study, e More complex computer controlled systems ° May have drivability issues e Expensive to repair 2JS Electric cars issues e Needs heavy duty power plug terminal (high current) everywhere: home, parking and street with metering device Electric energy infrastructure (generation, transmission and distribution) must be expanded to provide extra energy for this type of cars. Travels short distances, inner city e Low speed « Battery charging takes time Limited battery life ° Safety issues e Need new regulatory standards and « New building electric code 22“Tech nology challenges and opportunities e Battery capacity reduces by time, even you do not use it. © This will impact fuel economy ‘Storage cnaractenstics aa = @ m0 es = Ds a) ¢ Wz 16 elim , ‘The Honda Insights bettory pack * Fuel economy is dependant 120 Panasonic 1.2-volt cells (total 144 V) ofr battery Sapacity Niokel metal hydride 100A discharge, and 50A charge rates The system limits the usable capacity to 4ah to extend battery life 23“Technology challenges and opportunities © Time of battery changing is long(plug in hybrid) e Batteries are heavy (100kg extra weight consumes 2L/100km more) e Batteries are expensive e Low performance in hot or cold temperatures also may damage the battery e Very sensitive to overcharge/undercharge(Battery life reduces dramatically) © Contain toxic heavy metals, disposal issue Opportunity for researchers: Advance research projects on batteries are supported by governments and industries 24Next generation of green vehicles Plug in hybrids with Lithium lon Batteries and Ultra Capacitors Hybrid Buses Hybrid trucks with compressed gas energy storage systems Hybrid trains EVs everywhereA fail safe system? 28