Pharmacotherapy and

Drug Administration
The Nursing Process and Patient-
Centered Care Nursing Diagnosis
Objectives:  Pain, Acute or Chronic, related
 Differentiate the steps of the to surgery
nursing process and their  Confusion, Acute related to an
purpose in relation to drug adverse reaction to medication
therapy.  Health Maintenance, Ineffective
 Develop patient-centered goals. related to not receiving
 Discuss at least eight principles recommended preventive care
for health teaching related to  Knowledge, Deficient related to
drug therapy plans. effects of anticoagulant
 Describe at least six culturally medication
sensitive health-teaching tips.  Noncompliance related to
 Analyze the nurse’s role related forgetfulness
to drug therapy plans.  Health Management, Ineffective
related to lack of finances
Nursing Process: Patient-Centered Planning
Collaborative Care  The goal is acceptable to both
the patient and nurse.
Assessment
 The goal is dependent on the
Subjective Data
patient’s decision-making
 Current health history, including
ability.
family history
 The goal is shared with other
 Swallowing problems
health care providers, including
(dysphagia)
family or caregivers.
 Signs and symptoms of the
 The goal identifies components
patient’s illness verbalized by
for evaluation.
the patient
 Examples of well-written
 Current concerns about the
comprehensive goals include
patient’s:
the following:
 Knowledge about medications
 The patient will independently
and side effects
administer the prescribed dose
 Over-the-counter (OTC)
of 4 units of regular insulin by
remedies, nutritional
the end of the fourth session of
supplements, herbal remedies,
instruction.
and contraceptives
 The patient will prepare a 3-day
 Knowledge of side effects to
medication recording sheet that
report to the physician
correctly reflects the prescribed
 Attitude and beliefs about
medication schedule by the end
taking medications
of the second session of
 Allergies
instruction.
 Financial barriers
Implementation of Nursing
 Use of tobacco, alcohol, and
Interventions
caffeine
 The implementation phase is
 Cultural dietary barriers
the part of the nursing process
 The patient’s home safety
in which the nurse provides
needs
education, drug administration,
 Caregiver needs and support
patient care, and other
system
interventions necessary to
Objective Data
assist the patient in
 Physical health assessment
accomplishing the established
 Laboratory and diagnostic test
goals. In most practice settings,
results
administration of drugs and
 Data from the physician’s notes
assessment of the drug’s
(i.e., health history)
effectiveness are important
 Measurement of vital signs
nursing responsibilities.
 The patient’s body language
Patient Teaching
• General
• Side effects
 • Self-administration
• Diet
• Cultural considerations
Evaluation
 In the evaluation phase of the
nursing process, the nurse
determines whether the goals
and teaching objectives are
being met.

Safety and Quality

Objectives: Right Drug
 Describe the original “five-plus-
five” rights of medication
administration.
 Analyze safety risks with
medication administration.
 Discuss the culture of safety and
include the Institute of
Medicine’s “To Err is Human”
and the American Nurses
Association’s “Just Culture”
impact on nursing.
 Discuss safe disposal of
medications.
 Discuss high-alert drugs and
strategies for safe
administration.
 Discuss the nurse’s rights when
administering medications.
 Discuss safety regulations for
pregnancy.
 Apply the nursing process to
safe administration of
medications.

Right Patient
Right Dose Right Documentation

Key Elements of Right

Documentation
 Patient Identification: Full name,
date of birth, and medical
record number.
 Medication Details: Name,
dosage, route, and time.
 Administration Details: Date,
time, and nurse’s initials or
signature.
 Patient Response: Document
Right Time any reactions or side effects.
 Education Provided: Record
what education was given to the
patient regarding the
medication.
Best Practices:
 Document immediately after
administration.
 Use standardized abbreviations
and terminology.
 Ensure clarity and legibility.
 Double-check entries for
Right Route accuracy.
 Avoid leaving blank spaces.
Common Documentation
 Omission: Forgetting to
document administration.
 Miscommunication:
Incomplete or unclear
documentation leading to
errors.
 Wrong Patient Information:
Right Assessment Recording details in the wrong
patient’s chart.
 Patient's Medical History
Right to Education
 Vital Signs Components of the Right to
 Laboratory Results Education:
 Accessibility: Education must
 Physical Assessment be accessible to all, free of
discrimination.
 Patient's Understanding  Availability: Sufficient
educational institutions must
 Pain Assessment (if applicable)
be available.
 Mental Status  Acceptability: Education
must be relevant, culturally
 Previous Reactions appropriate, and of good
quality.
 Medication Review
  Adaptability: Education must  Reinforcement: Educate the
be flexible to meet the needs patient on what to expect and
of diverse learners. what signs to monitor for after
taking the medication.
Challenges to Poverty:
Importance of Right Evaluation
 Economic barriers preventing
access to education.  Patient Safety: Ensures that
the patient is not experiencing
 Gender Discrimination: harmful side effects and that
Disparities in access to the medication is working as
education based on gender. intended.
 Conflict and Displacement:  Effectiveness of Treatment:
Impact of wars and crises on Confirms that the treatment is
education. achieving its goals, whether it's
 Cultural and Social Barriers: symptom relief, managing a
Traditions and societal norms chronic condition, or treating an
that hinder education, acute illness.
especially for girls.  Informed Decision-Making:
Right Evaluation Provides valuable information
that helps in making informed
Key Components of the Right decisions about continuing,
Evaluation adjusting, or discontinuing a
Assessing Patient Response: medication.
 Therapeutic Effectiveness:
Evaluate whether the  Legal and Ethical
medication is achieving its Responsibility: Proper
intended therapeutic effect. evaluation and documentation
This may involve checking vital are part of the healthcare
signs, laboratory results, or provider’s legal and ethical
other clinical indicators. responsibilities to deliver safe
 Symptom Relief: For pain and effective care.
medications or treatments
aimed at reducing specific Right to Refuse
symptoms (e.g., nausea,
fever), assess if the patient's  The "Right to Refuse" is a
symptoms have improved. fundamental principle in
healthcare that upholds a
Monitoring for Adverse patient's autonomy and freedom
Reactions: to make decisions about their
own body and medical
 Side Effects: Observe the treatment. This right allows
patient for any side effects or patients to decline a
adverse reactions. Document recommended treatment,
and report any unexpected procedure, or medication, even
responses to the medication. if it is in their best interest
 Allergic Reactions: Watch for according to healthcare
signs of an allergic reaction, professionals.
such as rash, itching, or more
severe symptoms like difficulty Key Aspects of the Right to
breathing. Refuse
Patient Education and  Patient Autonomy:
Feedback:  Informed Consent:
 Legal and Ethical Foundations:
 Patient Input: Engage the  Scope of the Right to Refuse:
patient in the evaluation  Exceptions and Considerations:
process by asking about their  Role of Healthcare Providers:
experience, any side effects,  Implications of Refusing
or changes in symptoms. Treatment:
Nurses’ Rights when Administering
Medication

 Right to Accurate Information

 Right to Refuse to Administer
 Right to Proper Training and
Competence
 Right to Proper Training and
Competence
 Right to Professional
Accountability
 Right to Collaboration and
Support
 Right to Confidentiality
 Right to Report and Address
Errors
 Right to Access to Medication
Information
 Right to Work Within Their
Scope of Practice
 Disposal of Medications  Liquid Medications: Ensure
liquid medications are sealed in
 Preventing Accidental leak-proof containers before
Poisoning: Unused or expired disposal.
medications can pose a risk to
children, pets, and others who Environmental Impact
may accidentally ingest them.
 Avoid Flushing or Pouring
 Avoiding Drug Misuse: Down the Drain: Most
Medications that are left around medications should not be
can be misused or abused, flushed or poured down the
especially prescription drugs like drain unless specified because
opioids. they can contaminate water
sources.
 Environmental Protection:
Improper disposal, such as  Safe Disposal Reduces
flushing medications down the Pollution: Proper disposal helps
toilet, can contaminate water to prevent pharmaceuticals
supplies and harm aquatic life. from entering the environment
and causing harm to wildlife and
Disposal in Household Trash ecosystems.
 Step 1: Remove Personal Sharps Safety
Information: Scratch out all
personal information on the • Sharps safety is a critical aspect
prescription label to protect of healthcare practice, aimed at
your privacy. preventing injuries and
infections that can result from
 Step 2: Mix Medications with handling needles, scalpels, and
Unappealing Substances: other sharp instruments. Proper
Combine the medication with sharps safety protocols help
something undesirable, like protect healthcare workers,
coffee grounds, dirt, or cat litter. patients, and the general public
This makes the medication less from exposure to bloodborne
appealing and less likely to be pathogens such as HIV, hepatitis
ingested. B, and hepatitis C.
 Step 3: Seal in a Bag: Place the Sharps Injury Prevention
mixture in a sealed plastic bag
to prevent the medication from Safe Handling Techniques:
leaking or being removed from
the trash.  Do Not Recap Needles:
Avoid recapping needles after
 Step 4: Dispose in Trash: use. If recapping is necessary,
Throw the sealed bag into your use a one-handed "scoop"
household trash. technique or a safety device
designed for the purpose.
Special Considerations
 Use Safety-Engineered
 Controlled Substances: Extra Devices: Utilize needles and
care should be taken with other sharps that have built-in
controlled substances to ensure safety features, such as
they do not end up being retractable needles or
misused. needleless systems.
 Minimize Handling: Handle
 Inhalers: Do not puncture or sharps as little as possible and
incinerate inhalers. Some avoid passing them hand-to-
inhalers can be recycled hand. Use tools, such as
through specific programs; forceps, to handle sharps when
otherwise, follow local feasible.
guidelines for disposal.
 Therapies (ACTs): Fake versions
of these drugs, which are crucial
Proper Disposal: for treating malaria, have been
 Use Sharps Containers: found to contain ineffective or
Immediately dispose of used harmful ingredients.
sharps in designated,  Cancer Medications: Taxol
puncture-resistant sharps (Paclitaxel): Counterfeit versions
containers. These containers of this chemotherapy drug
should be easily accessible might lack the active ingredient
and placed at the point of use. or contain inappropriate
 Do Not Overfill Containers: substances, compromising
Replace sharps containers treatment effectiveness.
when they are three-quarters
full to avoid the risk of injury  Anti-Viral Drugs: HIV
from overfilled containers. Medications: Drugs such as
 Seal and Dispose of Efavirenz or Lamivudine have
Containers Properly: Once been counterfeited, leading to
full, seal sharps containers inadequate treatment and
securely and dispose of them contributing to drug resistance.
according to your facility's
protocols or local regulations.  Weight Loss Pills:
Phentermine and other weight-
Importance of Sharps Safety: loss medications are often
counterfeited, sometimes
 Protecting Healthcare containing unapproved or
Workers: Preventing sharps dangerous substances.
injuries is essential for the
health and safety of healthcare  Painkillers: Oxycodone and
workers, reducing the risk of other opioid painkillers are
exposure to bloodborne frequently counterfeited,
pathogens. potentially containing
 Patient Safety: Proper sharps substances that can be highly
management ensures that addictive or dangerous.
patients are not exposed to
contaminated instruments,  Erectile Dysfunction Drugs:
reducing the risk of healthcare- Viagra (Sildenafil): Counterfeit
associated infections. versions might not contain
 Environmental Safety: Safe sildenafil at all or might contain
disposal of sharps prevents dangerous substances that can
environmental contamination cause severe health issues.
and protects the general public,  Antibiotics: Amoxicillin and
including sanitation workers, other antibiotics are sometimes
from injury and exposure to counterfeited, which can lead to
infectious materials. treatment failures and
contribute to antibiotic
Safety Risks with Medication resistance.
Administration  Vaccines: COVID-19 Vaccines:
During the pandemic, there
Counterfeit Drugs
were cases of counterfeit
 These are medications that are COVID-19 vaccines being sold,
made with the intent to deceive, which could potentially be
often containing incorrect or ineffective or harmful.
harmful ingredients, or none at
all. They can look like genuine
medications but may be
ineffective or dangerous.
 Anti-Malarial Drugs:
Artemisinin-Based Combination
 Crushing these tablets can alter
their effectiveness and might
Dosage Forms: To Crush or Not to cause a change in the rate at
Crush which the medication is
absorbed.
When to Crush Medications:
• Buccal or Sublingual Tablets:
 Tablets that Are Specifically These are designed to dissolve
Labeled as Crushable: Some in the mouth for quick
medications are designed to be absorption into the bloodstream.
crushed or split, and this will be Crushing them can affect how
specified in the prescribing the drug is absorbed and
information. Always check if the diminish its effectiveness.
manufacturer’s guidelines
permit crushing. • Medications with Specific
Dosage Forms: Some
 Medications with a Coating medications, like certain types
or Special Release of hormones or medications
Mechanism: If a medication with very precise dosages,
has an enteric coating should not be crushed as it can
(designed to protect the lead to inaccuracies in dosing.
stomach) or a controlled-release
mechanism, crushing it can High-Alert Medications
defeat the purpose and lead to
inappropriate absorption or side • High-alert medications are
effects. drugs that carry a significant
risk of causing harm if used
 Difficult-to-Swallow Pills: If a inappropriately. Due to their
patient has difficulty swallowing potential for severe adverse
tablets, and if crushing is effects, they require extra
approved, it can make the precautions in their prescribing,
medication easier to ingest. dispensing, and administration.
Always consult with a
healthcare provider or Categories of High-Alert
pharmacist before doing this. Medications
When Not to Crush Medications  Anticoagulants: Examples:
Warfarin, Heparin, Direct Oral
• Extended-Release or Anticoagulants (DOACs) like
Sustained-Release Tablets: Rivaroxaban and Apixaban.
Medications designed to release Risks: Bleeding complications,
slowly into the system (like interactions with other
OxyContin or Metformin ER) medications or foods, and
should not be crushed. Crushing dosing errors.
can lead to a rapid release of  Insulin: Examples: Insulin
the drug, potentially causing Glargine, Insulin Lispro, Insulin
serious side effects or overdose. Aspart.Risks: Hypoglycemia (low
• Enteric-Coated Tablets: blood sugar), which can be
These tablets are coated to severe and life-threatening.
prevent them from dissolving in  Opioids: Examples: Morphine,
the stomach. Crushing can Fentanyl, Oxycodone,
cause the medication to be Hydrocodone. Risks: Respiratory
released prematurely, depression, addiction, and
potentially irritating the overdose.
stomach lining or reducing  Chemotherapy Agents:
effectiveness. Examples: Doxorubicin,
Cyclophosphamide,
• Effervescent Tablets: Methotrexate. Risks: Severe
Effervescent tablets are toxicity, including bone marrow
designed to dissolve in water to suppression, nausea, and organ
create a solution or suspension. damage.
  Cardiovascular Medications:  Examples: Celebrex and Celexa:
Examples: Digoxin, Amiodarone, Celebrex is a brand name for
and certain antiarrhythmics. celecoxib, a pain reliever, while
Risks: Heart rhythm Celexa is a brand name for
disturbances, toxicity, and citalopram, an antidepressant.
interactions with other Their names sound similar,
cardiovascular drugs. which can lead to
 Neuromuscular Blocking confusion.Zyrtec and Zantac:
Agents: Examples: Vecuronium, Zyrtec is an antihistamine for
Rocuronium, Succinylcholine. allergies, while Zantac
Risks: Paralysis, respiratory (ranitidine) is used to reduce
issues, and improper dosing. stomach acid. The similar
 High-Dose Methotrexate: pronunciation can lead to
Examples: High-dose mistakes.
Methotrexate used in cancer
treatment. Risks: Severe Strategies to Prevent Errors:
toxicity, including bone marrow  Standardized Naming
suppression, liver damage, and Conventions: Use Tall Man
kidney damage. Letters: Highlight parts of drug
 Concentrated Electrolytes: names that are different (e.g.,
Examples: Potassium Chloride, Hydrochlorothiazide vs.
Calcium Gluconate. Risks: Hydroxychloroquine) to help
Electrolyte imbalances, cardiac distinguish between them.
arrhythmias, and severe
adverse effects if not dosed  Improve Communication:
correctly. Spell Out Names: When
communicating drug names
verbally, spell them out and use
Look-Alike and Sound-Alike Drug the drug’s generic name to
Names avoid confusion. Use Read-Back
and Verify: Confirm the name
 Look-Alike Drug Names: and dosage with the prescriber
Look-alike drug names are or pharmacist to ensure
medications that have similar accuracy.
physical characteristics, such as
 Labeling and Packaging:
appearance, shape, or color.
Distinct Labels: Design labels
This similarity can lead to
with clear, large fonts and
confusion and errors in drug
contrasting colors. Use
dispensing or administration.
additional identifiers if
 Examples: Hydrochlorothiazide
necessary. Unique Packaging:
(HCTZ) and Hydroxychloroquine:
Ensure that packaging is distinct
Both have similar names and
and includes visual cues to
can be mistaken for one
differentiate similar drugs.
another, leading to incorrect
medication administration.  Education and Training:
Clonazepam and Clonidine: Ongoing Training: Train
While not visually identical, they healthcare professionals to
may be confused due to their recognize and differentiate
similar prefixes and therapeutic between look-alike and sound-
use. alike drug names. Awareness
 Sound-Alike Drug Names: Programs: Implement programs
Sound-alike drug names are to raise awareness about high-
medications that are risk drugs and potential for
pronounced similarly, which can confusion.
cause confusion when verbal
orders are given or when drugs  Use Technology: Electronic
are discussed among healthcare Health Records (EHRs): Use EHR
professionals. systems with built-in alerts for
similar drug names. Barcode
 Scanning: Utilize barcode
medication administration
(BCMA) systems to ensure the
correct drug is being RULES IN MEASURING
administered. MEDICATION
 Patient Involvement: Patient
Education: Educate patients
about their medications,
including the generic and brand
names, to help them recognize
their prescriptions and report
any discrepancies.

 Measure the exact amount of

drug ordered with a calibrated
equipment.
 Do not converse with anyone
while preparing a medication
 Ensure adequate lighting.
 Make sure that the medicine
glass is dry before pouring or
measuring a medication.
 Cleanse the mouth of every
bottle after use and before
replacing the cap.
 Hold the medicine glass at the
eye level and place thumb nail
of the hand holding the glass at
the level of the scale of the
desired fluid volume.
 Measure accurately liquid
medication. Check that the
scale is even with the fluid level
at its surface or base of
meniscus.
 Use of dropper: The size of the
drops varies according to the
size of the dose in the medicine
dropper, the angle at which the
dropper is held and the viscosity
of the liquid.
 Use of syringe: Draw up small
volumes (less than 10 ml) with
syringe without needle, unless
drug has its own specific
measuring device.
 RULES REGARDING LABELS 1. Thou shalt know thy drug.
2. Thou shalt read the label three
 Give medication only from times.
clearly labeled containers. 3. Thou shalt clarify thy doubts.
 For each dose of medicine 4. Thou shalt measure the drug
prepared, read the label three accurately
times: before/after locating the 5. Thou shalt only think of what
bottle from the medicine box, thou art doing.
before preparing the desired 6. Thou shalt use the medication
amount of drug and before ticket always.
returning the bottle to the 7. Thou shalt give the drug
medicine box. promptly.
 ORAL 8. Thou shalt give the drug to the
o Liquids - after locating right client.
the bottles from the 9. Thou shalt report errors
medicine box, before promptly.
preparing the desired 10. Thou shalt chart only what thou
amount of drug and hath given.
before returning the Oral Drug Forms
bottle to the medicine
box. • Tablet
o Tablets, Pills and • Enteric-coated tablet
Capsules - after locating • Capsule
• Sustained-release capsule or
the tablet/pills/capsules
tablet
from the medicine box, • Lozenge
before placing in the • Suspension
medicine glass and • Emulsion
before opening the unit • Elixir
pack. • Syrup
 Parenteral - after locating in • Solution
the vial/ampule, before Advantages:
withdrawing the medicine from • Convenience and patient
vial/ampule and after comfort
withdrawing the medicine from • Safety
vial/ampule. • Economy
Disadvantages
 Never give a drug with an
• Slower onset of absorption and
effaced label from an unmarked
action
bottle or box.
• Rate and degree of absorption
 Pour medicine from the bottle
vary with gastrointestinal
on the side opposite the label.
contents and motility
 Labels on medicine containers
• Some drugs (insulin and
should be changed only by the
heparin) are destroyed by
pharmacist.
digestive fluids and must be
 If a drug has two common only
administered by injection
used names, both names should
• Difficult to use in patients with
appear in the label.
nausea or vomiting
 Take note of the expiry date
• Dangerous to use if patient has
marked on the label.
dysphagia
• Cannot be used for unconscious
TEN COMMANDMENTS IN GIVING patients
MEDICATION • Cannot be used if patient is NPO
 • Allow tablet to dissolve
LIQUIDS completely.
Opthalmic
 Shake bottle if necessary
(suspensions,granules) • Opthalmic (eye) medication is
 Remove cap and place it upside the administration of a medicine
down on the counter to the eyes. It may be in the
 Hold medicine glass with the form of drops or ointment.
non-dominant hand, with the
thumbnail, marking the level of Purposes:
the prescribed amount. Read at
• To treat infections
eye level using the lower
• To relieve inflammations
meniscus.
• To hasten the healing process of
 Hold bottle with the dominant
the eye after surgery.
hand with label facing up. Pour
• To diagnose foreign bodies and
the exact prescribed amount.
corneal abrasions.
 Wipe rim of bottle with paper
towel. Replace the cap. • To dilate the pupils to facilitate
refraction.
TABLETS, PILLS, CAPSULES • To lubricate the socket for
insertion of artificial eye.
• Using the index finger of the • To protect the neonate from eye
dominant gently tap the bottle infection (Crede’s prophylaxis)
to allow the prescribed number • To anethetize the eye.
of medicine into the bottle INSTILLING EYEDROPS
cover.
• If in a box, tap the prescribed  Hold the dropper close to the eye, ½
number into a dry medicine - ¾ inch above the conjunctival sac,
glass. but avoid touching the eyelid or
• Place packaged dose or unit eyelashes, which may startle the
dose capsules or tablets directly client and cause blinking.
into the medicine cup. Do not  Approach the eye from the side and
remove the medication from the instill the prescribed number of
wrapper until at the bedside. drops to fall in the lower
POWDERS conjunctival sac.
• Shake powder from its base.  Release the lower lid after the eye
drops is instilled.
• Add required amount of water to
powder in its container and  Ask the client to gently close the
shake until thoroughly eyes.
dissolved.
 Apply gently pressure over the
DROPS nasolacrimal duct for at least 30
seconds.
• Before inserting the medicine
dropper into the bottle, press
the rubber and draw up the
prescribed amount at eye level.
• Place the dropper(with
medicine) inside the medicine
glass
EFFERVESCENT TABLET
• Read the instructions ADMINISTERING EYE OINTMENT
preparation on the label.
• Pour in a glass the amount of
water required and drop the
effervescent tablet
  Apply a thin line of eye Purposes:
ointment from the inner • To produce a general or
canthus to the outer canthus systemic effect such as reducing
along the lower eyelid inside temperature and nausea.
the conjunctival sac. Example: paracetamol
• To stimulate defecation through
 Ask client to gently close his mechanical pressure or
eyes and move the eyeball chemical irritation of the nerve
around in the socket. endings of the rectum
Example: bisacodyl
 Gently wipe from the inner to • To destroy a number of
the outer canthus any excess microorganisms in the GIT pre
medication. Use separate and post GI surgery
tissue paper for each eye. Example: metronidazole
Advantages
 Apply eye patch if indicated • Bypassing the action of
digestive enzymes
• Avoidance of irritation to the
upper GI tract
Otic Medication • Usefulness with dysphagia
Disadvantages
Otic medication is the administration of
• Many medications are
s drug through the ears.
unavailable in suppository form
Purposes:
• Some patients have difficulty
• To treat infection
retaining suppositories
• To relieve pain
• Prolonged use of some rectal
• To soften and remove impacted
suppositories can cause rectal
cerumen
irritation
• To produce local anesthetic
• Absorption may be irregular or
effect
incomplete if feces are present
• To facilitate removal of a foreign
body
Contraindication:
• Perforated eardrum
• Hydrocortisone is
contraindicated in viral(herpes)
and fungal infections

Injectable Drug Forms

• Intravenous (IV push, IV
infusion/IV drip, IV piggyback)
• Intramuscular
• Subcutaneous
• Intradermal
• Epidural
• Intraosseous
Rectal Drug Forms • Intraventricular
• Intraspinal
• Suppository • Intracapsular
• Enema
 INTRADERMAL or
INTRACUTANEOUS INJECTION

It is the introduction of a
solution by means of a syringe and
needle into the superficial layer of the
skin or just below the epidermis of the
skin or just below the epidermis of the
skin
Purposes:
• To identify allergens to which
the client may be hypersensitive
(skin test)
• To diagnose individuals who
have developed antibodies
against specific pathogens, such
as tubercle bacillus.
• To vaccinate, e.g. BCG

Topical Form

• Cream or ointment
• Lotion
• Liniment
• Transdermal patch

Inhalation Drug Forms

- administration of a medication
into the nasal cavity
• Spray
• Mist
Purposes:
• To shrink swollen mucous
membranes
• To loosen secretion and facilitate
drainage
• To treat infections of the nasal
cavity and or sinuses.