Merged 1 and 2 - Done
Merged 1 and 2 - Done
Merged 1 and 2 - Done
Introduction
by Julian Rotterand Janet E.Rafferty in 1950. It comes in three forms, school form, college
form, adult form for different age groups, and comprises 40 incomplete sentences which the
S's have to complete as soon as possible but the usual time taken is around 20 minutes, the
responses are usually only 1–2 words long. The test can be administered both individually and
1.2. Purpose
respondents to complete incomplete sentences, which provide insight into their current
emotional state and personality dynamics. The test is particularly used in clinical settings to
explore areas like adjustment, motivation, and personal concerns (Rotter, 1950).
Test Administration
M.W was a 21-year-old student of 4th semester who was pursuing BS in Psychology
2.2. Procedure
The Rotter Incomplete Sentences Blank (RISB) test procedure, typically involved the
participant completing 40 incomplete sentence stems aimed at eliciting personal feelings and
attitudes. The examiner had explained that the task was to fill in the blanks quickly and
honestly, allowing for responses that provided insights into the participant's psychological
state. The test was untimed, although participants were encouraged to work efficiently. Once
The Rotter Incomplete Sentences Blank (RISB) is scored on a 7-point scale, ranging
negativity, or pathology in the responses, considering factors like emotional tone, content, and
attitude. After scoring each response, the total score is obtained by summing the individual
ratings. Lower scores indicate better emotional adjustment, while higher scores suggest
psychological distress or maladjustment. Recent studies have maintained this scoring method
Results
135 134
A total score of 134 on the Rotter Incomplete Sentences Blank (RISB) test, just below
the cutoff of 135, indicated a well-adjusted emotional state. The individual demonstrated good
psychological functioning, with only no concerns or conflicts that were clinically significant.
The responses reflected an overall good and stable emotional condition, suggesting there were
5.1. Strengths
1. Quick and Easy to Administer: The RISB is relatively simple and quick to administer
compared to other projective tests like the Rorschach. This makes it efficient for use in
state.
complex scoring tools, which makes it accessible for widespread use (Rotter, 1954).
5.2. Weaknesses
2. Cultural Bias: The test may reflect cultural biases, as the meaning of certain sentence
3. Limited Depth Compared Other Tests: Compared to other projective tests like the
Rorschach, the RISB may not probe as deeply into the unconscious mind, offering less
Implications
psychological distress.
3. Guide Therapy: Results can inform therapeutic interventions and personal growth
strategies.
4. Monitor Coping Skills: The test assesses how well an individual manages stress and
Introduction
First introduced in 1961, the Beck Depression Inventory is one of the most popular
questionnaires for evaluating a person’s depression severity and has been revised several
times since its initial development. The tool was intended to track clinical observations of
symptoms and attitudes among depressed adolescents and adults and has since evolved to be
used widely as a self-reporting instrument both in and outside of a clinical setting (Jessica,
2020).
1.2. Purpose
genetic, biological, environmental, and psychological factors. To help measure the severity of
a person’s depression symptoms, the Beck Depression Inventory is widely used by clinicians
and individuals. It is a 21 item self report for adolescents and adults created by Aaron Beck, a
psychiatrist renowned as the “father of cognitive therapy.” While this questionnaire is not
used to diagnose a person with depression, it can be a useful instrument in helping a person
determine if, and to what degree, they need to seek help for their symptoms (Jessica, 2020).
Test Administration
M.W was a 21-year-old student of 4th semester who was pursuing a BS in Psychology
2.2. Procedure
The Beck Depression Inventory can be self-scored and administered from a person’s
home or in a clinical setting. In the 21-item, multiple choice questionnaire, a person is asked
to rate 21 symptoms and attitudes of depression on a scale of zero to three to best reflect their
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level of intensity. Each of the symptoms in the Beck Depression Inventory fit the diagnostic
criteria of the DSM-V, and the total time it should take a person to complete the questionnaire
The BDI-11 is scored by summing the ratings for the 21 items. Each item is rated on a
4-point scale ranging from O to 3. If an examinee has made multiple endorsements for an
item, the alternative with the highest rating is used. The maximum total score is 63. Special
attention must be paid to the correct scoring of the Changes in Sleeping Pattern (Item 16) and
Changes in Appetite (Item 18) items. Each of these items contains seven options rated, in
order, as 0, la, 1 b, 2a, 2b, 3a, 3b, to differentiate between increases and decreases in behavior
or motivation. If a higher rated option is chosen by the respondent, the presence of an increase
or decrease in either symptom should be clinically noted for diagnostic purposes (Ward,
1961).
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Results
20-28 27
A score of 27 on the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) falls within the moderate
depression range (19–29). This indicates that the person was experiencing a moderate level of
depressive symptoms. Individuals in this range often report feeling sad, fatigued, or have a
decreased interest in activities they once enjoyed. They may also experience negative
5.1. Strengths
1. Wide Applicability: The test is effective for individuals aged 18 to 80, making it
3. Scoring and Interpretation: The test is straightforward to score and interpret, providing
5.2. Weaknesses
2. Outdated Revision: The most recent revision of the test occurred in 1996, which may
not align fully with the modern diagnostic criteria for depressive disorders, potentially
more detailed screening tools alongside this test is recommended for a complete
Implications
1. Screening for Depression: The BDI is widely used to screen for symptoms of
depressive severity.
References
Rotter, J. B., Lah, M., & Rafferty, J. E. (1992). Manual for the Rotter Incomplete Sentences
https://www.coursehero.com/file/52175141/The-introduction-of-RISB-Repaireddocx/
Boyle, G. J., Matthews, G., & Saklofske, D. H. (2008). The SAGE Handbook of Personality
Rotter, J. B., & Rafferty, J. E. (1950). The Rotter’s Incomplete Sentence Blank. New York:
Psychological Corporation.
Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., & Brown, G. K. (1996). Manual for the Beck Depression
Ward, C. H., & ERBAUGH, J. (1961). Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Retrieved from
https://arc.psych.wisc.edu/self-report/beck-depression-inventory-bdi/
https://studycorgi.com/beck-depression-inventory-ii-test-critique/
Jessica,D.M. (2020). How to Use The Beck Depression Inventory .Retrieved from
https://www.talkspace.com/mental-health/conditions/articles/beck-depression-invento
ry/