Lecture 5

Operators and Expressions

 Operators
• An operator is a symbol that tells the computer
to perform certain mathematical or logical
manipulations (operations).

• Operators are used in programs to manipulate

data and variables.

• They usually form part of the mathematical or

logical expressions.
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 Operators
• Types of operators in C++ are:

– Arithmetic operators
– Relational operators
– Logical operators
– Assignment operators
– Increment and decrement operators
– Conditional operators

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 Arithmetic Operators
• C++ provides five basic arithmetic operators.
Operator Name Example Result
+ Addition 12 + 4.9 16.9

- Subtraction 3.98 - 4 -0.02

* Multiplication 2 * 3.4 6.8

/ Division 9 / 2.0 4.5

Modulo division
% (Remainder)
13 % 3 1
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 Arithmetic Operators
• Except modulo division (%), all the arithmetic
operators can accept a mix of integer and real
operands.

• If one or both of the operands are real then the

result will be a real.

• When both operands of an integer (/) divisions

are integers then the result is an integer.
• For example:
9/2=4
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 Integer Arithmetic
• Both the operands in a single arithmetic
expression are integers
• Integer arithmetic always yields an integer value.
Expressions Result
5+3 8

5–3 2

5*3 15

5 /3 1

5%3 2
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 Integer Arithmetic
• During modulo division, the sign of the result
is always the result of the first operand

Expressions Result
-14 % 3 -2

-14 % -3 -2

14 % -3 2

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 Real Arithmetic
• An arithmetic operation involving real
operands is called real arithmetic.
• A real operand may assume values either in
decimal or exponential notation.

Expressions Result
X = 6.0 / 7.0 0.857143
Y = 1.0 / 3.0 0.333333

Z = -2.0 / 3.0 -0.666667

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 Mixed-mode Arithmetic
• If one of the operand is real and the other is
integer, the expression is called a mixed-mode
arithmetic expression.
• If either operand is of real type, then the result
is always a real number.

Expressions Result
15/10.0 1.5
15/10 1
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 Relational Operators
• Relational operators use to compare numeric quantities.
• Relational operators evaluate to 1 / T or 0 / F result.

Operator Name Example Result

== Is equal to 5==5 1
!= Is not equal to 5! = 5 0

< Less Than 5<5 0

<= Less Than or Equal 5 <= 5 1
> Greater Than 5 > 5.5 0
>= Greater Than or Equal 6.3 >= 5 1
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 Relational Operators
• The operands of a relational operator must
evaluate to a number.

• Characters are valid operands since they are

represented by numeric values.

• For example:
– 'A' < 'F'

• The result of the above example is true because

ASCII value of A is 65 and ASCII value of F is
70.
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 Relational Operators
• The general syntax of a simple relational
expressions:
exp-1 relational operator exp-2
• exp-1 and exp-2 are arithmetic expressions,
which may be simple constants, variables or
combination of them.
• Example:
Relational Operator,
Greater than or equal to
– (23 * 7) >= (-67 + 89)
Arithmetic
Expressions

• The result of the above expression is true 12

 Relational Operators
• When arithmetic expressions are used on either
side of the relational operator, the arithmetic
expressions will be evaluated first and then the
results compared.

• Example:
– (12 * 5) > (10 + 5) Relational Expression
– 60 > 15

• Relational expressions are used in decision

statements.
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 Logical Operators
• Logical operators are using to combine relational
expressions.
• Like the relational operators, logical operators
evaluate to 1 (True) or 0 (false).
• Logical && operator has higher priority over
logical || operator.
Operator Name Example Result
! Logical NOT ! (5 = = 5) 0 / False

|| Logical OR 5 < 6 || 6 < 5 1 / True

&& Logical AND 5 < 6 && 6 <= 6 1 / True

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 Logical Operators
• Logical NOT negates the logical value of its
single operand. If its operand is 1 it produces
0, and if it is 0 it produces 1.

• Logical AND produces 0 if one or both of its

operands evaluate to 0. Otherwise 1 is the
result

• Logical OR produces 0 if both of its operands

evaluate to 0. Otherwise, it produces 1.
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 Logical Operators
Logical AND Logical OR

A B R A B R
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 1 1
1 0 0 1 0 1
1 1 1 1 1 1

Logical NOT
A R
0 1
1 0

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 Example: Logical Operators
#include<iostream> Logical AND operator
using namespace std; is used to combine two
int main() relational expressions
{
int marks = 48, attendance = 65;
if(marks>45 && attendance>80)
{
cout<<"Eligible for resit exam ";
}
else
{
cout<<"Not eligible for resit exam";
}
} 17
 Assignment Operators
• Assignment operators are used to assign values to
variables.

• Its left operand should be a variable, and its right

operand may be an arbitrary expression.

• The general syntax is:

variable operator expression
• Example:
– number = a + 5; Expression

• It will add the values of variable a and 5, and the

result will be assigned to the variable number.
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 Assignment Operator
• The assignment operator assigns a value to a
variable.
– Example: number = 15;

• The assignment operation always takes place

from right to left.

• Assignment operations are expressions that can be

evaluated.
– Example: y = 5 + (x= 6);

• y is assigned the result of adding 5 and the value

of another assignment expression (x = 6).
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 Assignment Operators
Operator Example Equivalent To
= n = 25 -
+= n += 25 n = n + 25

-= n - = 25 n = n - 25

*= n *= 25 n = n * 25

/= n /= 25 n = n / 25

%= n %= 25 n = n % 25
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 Assignment Operators
• Example:
int m, n, p;
m = n = p = 100;
m = (n = p = 100) + 2;

• In the first assignment statement value of m, n

and p is equal to 100.

• In the second assignment statement the value

of m is equal to 102 and the value of n and p is
equal to 100.
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 Increment and Decrement Operators
• The auto increment (++) and auto decrement (--)
operators provide a convenient way of adding
and subtracting 1 from a numeric variable.
• In these examples, value of k = 5
Operator Name Example Result

++ Auto Increment (prefix) ++k + 10 16

++ Auto Increment (postfix) k++ + 10 15

-- Auto Decrement (prefix) --k + 10 14

-- Auto Decrement (postfix) k-- + 10 15 22

 Increment and Decrement Operators
• Example:
– m = 5;
– y = ++m;
• A prefix operator first adds 1 to the operand and then
the result is assigned to the variable on left.
• In this case, the value of y and m would be 6.

• If we write the above statements as:

– m = 5;
– y = m++;
• A postfix operator first assigns the value to the
variable on the left and then increments the operand.
• The value of y would be 5 and the value of m would
be 6.
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 Conditional Operator (?)
• The conditional operator takes three operands.
• The general syntax is:
expression-1? expression-2 : expression-3
• The operator ?: works as follows: expression-1 is
evaluated first. If it is true, then the expression-2 is
evaluated. If expression-1 is false, expression-3 is
evaluated.
• Example:
– a = 10;
– b = 15;
– x = (a>b) ? a : b;
• In this example, the value of x will be the value of b.
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 Arithmetic Expressions
• Arithmetic expression is a combination of operands and
operators arranged as per the syntax of the language.

• Expressions are evaluated using an assignment statement.

• The general syntax is:

variable = expressions;

• When the statement is encountered, the expression is

evaluated first and the result then replaces the previous
value of the variable on the left-hand side.
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 Arithmetic Expressions
• Arithmetic expressions without parenthesis will be
evaluated from left to right using the rules of
precedence of operators.
• There are two distinct priority levels of arithmetic
operators:
– High priority * / %
– Low priority + -
• The basic evaluation procedure includes two left to
right passes through the expressions.
• During the first pass, the high priority operators are
applied as they are encountered.
• During the second pass, the low priority operators are
applied as they are encountered.
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 Arithmetic Expressions
• Example:
– x = a - b / 3 + c * 2 –1
– where a = 9, b = 12, c = 3

• This statement is evaluated as follows:

– First Pass:
• Step 1: x = 9 – 4 + 3 * 2 -1
• Step 2: x = 9 – 4 + 6 - 1
– Second Pass:
• Step 3: x = 5 + 6 - 1
• Step 4: 11-1
• Step 5: 10
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 Arithmetic Expressions
• Introducing parentheses into an expression can
change the order of evaluation.
• Example: 9 – 12 / ( 3 + 3 ) * ( 2 – 1 )
• Whenever parentheses are used, the expressions
within the parentheses assume highest priority.
• This statement is evaluated as follows:
– First Pass:
• Step 1: 9 - 12 / 6 * 1
• Step 2: 9 - 2 * 1
– Second Pass:
• Step 3: 9 – 2
• Step 4: 7
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 Mathematical Functions
• The header file #include<math.h> should be
used.
• Method: ceil(x)
• Description : Rounds x to the smallest integer not
less than x
• Example: ceil(9.2)
– Result :10.0

• Method: floor(x)
• Description :Rounds x to the largest integer not
greater than x
• Example: floor(9.2)
– Result : 9.0 29
 Mathematical Functions
• Method: abs(x)
• Description: The argument of this function is an
integer. It calculates the absolute value of the
integer.
• Example: abs(-25)
– Result: 25

• Method: fabs(x)
• Description : The argument of this function is
either float or double. It returns the absolute value
of a floating point number.
• Example: fabs(-8.76)
– Result : 8.76
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 Mathematical Functions
• Method: sqrt(x)
• Description : Square root of x
• Example: sqrt(900.0)
– Result : 30.0

• Method: pow(x,y)
• Description: x raised to power y (xy)
• Example: pow(2,7)
– Result:128

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 What is the Output?
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
int a= -15%2;
int b= -14%2;
cout<< a;
cout<<endl<<b;
}

-1
0
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 What is the Output?
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
int a= ('x'<'y');
cout<< a;
}

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 What is the Output?
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
int n = 10, m = 20;
int x;
x = (n<m) ? n + 2 : m * 4;
cout<<"Value of x = "<<x;
}

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 What is the Output?
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
int m, y;
m = 5;
y = m++;
cout<<m;
cout<<endl<<y;

}
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5
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 What is the Output?
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
int m=10;
cout<<m++<<endl;
cout<<m<<endl;
cout<<++m<<endl;

}
10
11
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 What is the Output?
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
int m=10;
cout<<++m<<endl;
cout<<m++<<endl;
cout<<m<<endl;

}
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11
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THANK YOU

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