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Differential Protection N Busbar

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32 views36 pages

Differential Protection N Busbar

Uploaded by

Arohi Anand
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Differential Protection

Faculty: Dr. Susmita Kar


Dot Marking
Current Differential Relay
• Used for Protection of Generator, Transformer, Feeders, Large
motors and Bus bars.

• It is Unit Protection. The exact protection zone is determined


by the location of CT’s AND PT’s.

• It operate when the phase difference between similar electrical


quantity (Current / Voltage) exceeds the predetermined amount
(Threshold value)
Basic Working Principle (Normal Load)

• The secondaries of CTs are connected in series with the help


of pilot wires in such a way that they carry the induced
currents in the same direction under normal operating
condition
• The operating coil of the over-current relay is connected
across the equipotential points so that current through relay is
zero under normal working conditions.
Internal Fault (Single End Fed System)
Reach of OCR depends on types of fault, source Impedance and Source voltage

•For internal faults I1≠ I2 i.e. i1 ≠ i2, thus the current through relay not equal to zero
and if Relay current exceed the pick-up value, it operate. (i1=I1 /n, i2=I2 /n)

•If, min = (CT Ratio)(Plug setting of the OCR) = n IPS


Internal Fault (Double End Fed System)

• For internal faults, the voltages of secondaries of CTs are different and thus
current passes through relay coils and operate the relay.

• To avoid mal-operaion due to mismatch in characteristics of CTs, the relays are


over-current type and operate while the current exceeds the threshold value
External Fault

For external faults I1=I2 i.e . i1=i2, thus current through relay is zero. Or the
relay will not operate. (i1=I1 /n, i2=I2 /n)
Zone of Protection of the Differential
Relay
•It comprises everything between two CTs.
Actual Behaviour of a simple Differential
Protection
Through Fault Stability and Stability
Ratio
Equivalent Circuit of CT
Differential Scheme Considering CT
Equivalent Circuit
Difficulties with differential Protection
• Difference in length of Pilot wires difficult to get equipotential point:
CTs for the power system elements under protection are located at
different location and connected through pilot wires. If the length of the
pilot wires are different , it is very difficult to connect the relay at
equipotential point.
– This can be overcome by connecting adjustable resistors in series with
pilot wires.

• CT Ratios error: Accurate matching of CT characteristics is very difficult


in practice due to difference in magnetic circuits and saturation. This leads
to mismatch in secondary currents and for through fault currents CTs get
high circulating current passes through relay and thus, relay will mal-
operate.
– This problem can be overcome by the percentage Differential or
Biased Differential Relay.
Construction of Percentage Differential
Relay (Balanced Beam Structure)
The simple differential relay can be made more stable, if a restraining torque
proportional to the 'through fault' current could be developed. The operating
torque still being proportional to the spill current.
The relay trips: if the operating torque is greater than the restraining torque.
And Spill current is greater than the pick-up value
Equivalent Circuit of Percentage
Differential Relay
• Restraining coil is used to avoid problems arising due to
difference in CT ratios for high values of fault current.
Characteristic Curve of Percentage
Differential Relay

•From the operating characteristic it can be observed that except for the effect of control spring
at low currents, the ratio of differential operating current to the average restraining current is a
fixed percentage. Thus it is called as percentage differential relay.

•It is also called as biased differential relay as the relay is restrained or biased against operating
inaccuracy under fault condition due to rising operating characteristic.
Induction type Biased Differential Relay
(Shaded ring type)
• The effect of transient current due to dc offset current is more in
balanced beam type relays.

• To avoid this Induction relay can be used.

• As in Induction type relay, the disc takes some time to rotate and close the
contact (around 2-3 cycles), thus it is immune to the transient condition.

• Second thing, by adjusting the position of the shading coil (we can move
towards the disc or away from the disc, so with that we can adjust the angle
between the un-shaded portion and shaded portion and so easily we can
adjust the torque produces i.e. operating or restraining torque).
Voltage Balanced Differential Relay
• Current Differential Relays (discussed) are convenient while both ends
of the protected elements are close together.
• e.g. Generator, Motor, Transformers, Bus bars etc.

• For protection of feeder or transmission line that are of several km long,


the high secondary current (of more than 5A) flows through the pilot wires
of high resistance (R= ρl/a). This burden is impractical for any economic
design of CTs.

• Now, if l increases R will increases and i^2R loss also increases.

• Thus, this current differential protection is not suitable for feeder


protection.
• Thus for protection of feeder we can choose Voltage Balanced
differential Protection.
Voltage Balanced Differential Relay

• Relays are connected series opposition, so the voltages induced in such that
their difference will be zero.

•Under normal operating condition or external fault condition e1 = e2, thus,


no current will flow though relay

• During internal fault . e1≠ e2 ,thus current flow the relay and relay will
trip.
Advantages and Disadvantages

• Advantages of this system: no restraining coil or balancing resistors are


required.

• Disadvantages of this scheme is: As CTs do not carry any secondary


current, act as open circuited secondary and inserts a high impedance in
the circuit.

• Open circuited: Core get saturated

• High value of secondary impedance will result a high impedance in


primary circuit.
Translay Relay
• This is modified voltage balance differential relay.
• Voltage balance differential relay mainly used for feeder.
• Due to the large length of two conductor of pilot wires , it will have some
capacitance. Thus, capacitive current will pass and relay may trip. (While the
length is less, effect of the capacitive current will be negligible.)
• Second disadvantage is , the secondary side of the CTs are connected in the
series opposition manner, so in order to maintain linear characteristic special
designed CT will preferred i.e. air cored CT.

• This is avoided by translay relay.


• It called as Translay because it embodies the transformer features.
• The voltage balance or opposition is between the voltage induces in secondary
coils of relay and not between secondary of line CTs.
• Further, as CTs has to only supply primary relay coil which is closed, CTs can be
made of normal design without any air gaps.
• This permits scheme to be used for feeder of any voltage
Earth Leakage Protection for Single phase load
• Many times because of
insulation failure the chassis of
the equipment becomes live.

• cThis causes a leakage of


current to earth from the
chassis as the chassis is always
connected to earth.

• However, the leakage current


may be too small for an over-
current relay to operate.

• A special type of differential


relay known as the earth
leakage relay or current
balance relay can easily detect
such faults
• BUSBAR PROTECTION
Busbar
Differential Protection of Busbar

•The operating Principle is based on KCL


Current Entering = Current leaving
•Whenever, we are talking about protection of busbar means it consider protection
of CB and Isolator along with Busbar
For Internal Fault
For External Fault
Wrong Method of CT Selection
Correct Method of CT Selection
High Impedance Relay
High Impedance Relay
Stability Ratio of High Impedance Busbar
Differential Scheme
Supervisory Relay

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