Faculty of Mechanical and Production

Engineering

Fluid Mechanics
(MEng2113)
Chapter 3

Integral Relations for

a Control Volume

Prepared by: Melkamu G.

March, 2013EC. 1
 Chapter Contents

Introduction
Physical laws of fluid mechanics
Reynolds transport theorem
Conservation of mass equation
Linear momentum equation
Angular momentum equation
Energy equation
Bernoulli equation

Types of Fluid Flows

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 Introduction
For analyzing and determining gross flow effects, such as the force or
torque on a body or the total energy exchange, in fluid motion take
one of the two paths:
1. Seeking to describe the detailed flow pattern at every point (x, y,
z) in the field, which is differential approach.
2. Working with a finite region, making a balance of flow-in
versus flow-out, which is control volume method.
First develop the concept of the control volume, in nearly the same
manner as one does in a thermodynamics course, and then find the
rate of change of an arbitrary gross fluid property, a result called the
Reynolds transport theorem.
Then apply this theorem, in sequence, to mass, linear momentum,
angular momentum, and energy, thus deriving the four basic control
volume relations of fluid mechanics.
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Cont…
In thermodynamics and solid mechanics we often work with a system
called a closed system. The size and shape of a system may change
during a process, but no mass crosses its boundaries.
In fluid dynamics, it is more common to work with a control
volume (also called an open system).
A control volume allows mass to flow in or out across its boundaries,
which are called the control surface.
A control volume may also move and deform during a process, but
many real world applications involve fixed, non-deformable control
volumes.
Control volume analysis is accurate for any flow distribution but is
often based on average or “one-dimensional” property values at the
boundaries.

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 Physical laws of fluid mechanics
The laws of mechanics state what happens when there is an
interaction between the system and its surroundings.
First, the system is a fixed quantity of mass, denoted by m. Thus the
mass of the system is conserved and does not change. This is a law of
mechanics and has a very simple mathematical form, called
conservation of mass:

Second, if the surroundings exert a net force F on the system,

Newton’s second law states that the mass in the system will begin to
accelerate:

In fluid mechanics Newton’s second law is called the linear

momentum relation.
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Cont…
Third, if the surroundings exert a net moment M about the center of
mass of the system, there will be a rotation effect:

Where H= Σ(r x V)δm is the angular momentum of the system about

its center of mass. This is called the angular momentum relation.
Fourth, if heat δQ is added to the system or work δW is done by the
system, the system energy dE must change according to the energy
relation or first law of thermodynamics:
δQ - δW = dE or
Finally, the second law of thermodynamics relates entropy change dS
to heat added dQ and absolute temperature T:

This is valid for a system and can be written in control volume form.
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Cont…
Volume and Mass Rate of Flow
All the analyses in this chapter involve evaluation of the volume flow
Q or mass flow 𝑚 passing through a surface (imaginary) defined in
the flow.

(a). an elemental area dA on (b). the incremental volume swept

the surface through dA equals VdtdA cos θ . 7
Cont…
Let n be defined as the unit vector normal to dA and V is a velocity
varies with position. Then the amount of fluid swept through dA in
time dt is the volume of the slanted parallelepiped in Fig.(b):

The integral of is the total volume rate of flow Q through the

surface S:

Where; V . n by its equivalent, Vn , the component of V normal to dA

,denotes outflow if it is positive and inflow if negative.
If density varies over the surface, it must be part of the surface
integral:

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 Reynolds Transport Theorem
The relationship between the time rates of change of an extensive
property for a system (mass, energy, momentum & etc. ) and for a
control volume is expressed by the Reynolds transport theorem.

Therefore what we need is to relate the time derivative of a system

property to the rate of change of that property within a certain region.

To convert a system analysis to a control volume analysis, we must

convert our mathematics to apply to a specific region rather than to
individual masses. This conversion, called the Reynolds transport
theorem (RTT).

The desired conversion formula differs slightly according to whether

the control volume is fixed, moving, or deformable. Fig.3.1 9
Cont…
Fixed Control Volume
Let B be any extensive property of the fluid (energy, momentum, enthalpy,
etc.) and let β = dB/dm be the intensive value. The total amount of B in the
control volume is thus:

Examining Fig.3.2 we see three sources of changes in B relating to the

control volume:

The notations CV and CS refer to the control volume and control surface,
respectively and is elemental volume.
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Cont…
Note, in Fig.3.2, that the system has moved a bit. In the limit as
dt→0, the instantaneous change of B in the system is the sum of the
change within, plus the outflow, minus the inflow:

This is the Reynolds transport theorem for an arbitrary fixed control

volume.
By letting the property B be mass, momentum, angular momentum,
or energy, we can rewrite all the basic laws in control volume form.
Two alternate forms are possible for the flow terms.

or
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Cont…
 The compact form of the Reynolds transport theorem is:

Moving and Deformable Control Volume

As shown in Fig.3.3, the flow of volume across the control surface is
proportional to the relative normal velocity component Vr . n.
However, since the control surface has a deformation, its velocity Vs
= Vs(r, t), so that the relative velocity Vr = V(r, t) - Vs (r, t).
For the deforming control volume, then, the transport theorem takes
the form:

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Cont…
One-Dimensional Flux Term Approximations
In many situations, the flow crosses the boundaries of the control
surface only at simplified inlets and exits that are approximately one-
dimensional; that is, flow properties are nearly uniform over the cross
section.
For a fixed control volume, the surface integral reduces to a sum of
positive (outlet) and negative (inlet) product terms for each cross
section:

Example Fig.3.4

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 Conservation of Mass Equation
The conservation of mass principle for a control volume expressed as:

The Reynolds transport theorem establishes a relation between

system rates of change and control volume surface and volume
integrals. But system derivatives are related to the basic laws of
mechanics,
For conservation of mass, B = m and β = dm/dm = 1. Equation (3.1)
becomes

This is the integral mass conservation law for a deformable control

volume. For a fixed control volume,

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Cont…
If the control volume has a number of only one-dimensional inlets
and outlets:

If the flow within the control volume is steady; then ∂ρ/∂t = 0, and
mass conservation for fixed control volume reduces to:

This states that in steady flow the mass flows entering and leaving
the control volume must balance exactly, if the inlets and outlets are
one-dimensional is given as:

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Cont…
Consider the fixed control volume for nearly incompressible flow,
the term ∂ρ/∂t is small, so that neglected, and mass conservation for
fixed control volume reduces to:

or

If the inlets and outlets are one-dimensional:

or

where is called the volume flow passing through the given

cross section. 16
Cont…
If the cross section is not one-dimensional:

This equation allows us to define an average velocity Vav that, when

multiplied by the section area, gives the correct volume flow:

This could be called the volume-average velocity.

If the density varies across the section, an average density can define
in the same manner:

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Example 1
1. Write the conservation-of-mass
relation for steady flow through
a stream tube (flow everywhere
parallel to the walls) with a
single one-dimensional inlet 1
and exit 2 as shown.
Solution
 For steady flow with the single inlet and exit:

 Thus, in a stream tube in steady flow, the mass flow is constant

across every section of the tube. If the density is constant, then

 The volume flow is constant in the tube in steady incompressible

flow, and the velocity increases as the section area decreases.
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Example 2
2.

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Cont…

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Exercise

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 Linear Momentum Equation
Newton’s second law for a system of mass m subjected to net force
Σ𝐹 is expressed as:

where m𝑉 is the linear momentum of the system.

Noting that both the density and velocity may change from point to
point within the system, Newton’s second law can be expressed more
generally as:

where d𝑚 = 𝜌 is the mass of a differential volume element and

ρ𝑉 is its momentum.
Let the Reynolds transport theorem
can be expressed for linear momentum as:

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Cont…
Therefore application of the Reynolds transport theorem gives the
linear momentum equation that applies to fixed, moving, or
deforming control volumes is:

which is stated in words as:

The surface integral is called the momentum flow and denote

momentum by M , then:

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Cont…
If the cross section is one-dimensional, V and ρ are uniform over the
area and the integrated result is:

Thus for one dimensional inlets and outlets the control volume
reduces to:

During steady flow, the amount of momentum within the control

volume remains constant, and thus the time rate of change of linear
momentum of the contents of the control volume is zero. Thus,

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Examples

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Cont…

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Cont…

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Cont…

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Cont…

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Cont…

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 Angular Momentum Equation
If O is the point about which moments are desired, the angular
momentum about O is given by:

where r is the position vector from 0 to the elemental mass dm and V

is the velocity of that element. The amount of angular momentum per
unit mass is:

The rate of change of the angular momentum of a system is:

Where; is the net torque or moment applied on the

system. Fig 3.5
Let and
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Cont…
Then Reynolds transport theorem can be expressed for angular
momentum equation that applies to fixed, moving, or deforming
control volumes is:

which is stated as:

Further, for only one-dimensional inlets and exits, the angular

momentum flow terms evaluated on the control surface become:

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Examples
1. The horizontal lawn sprinkler has a water flow rate of 4.0 gal/min
introduced vertically through the center. Estimate ( a ) the retarding
torque required to keep the arms from rotating and ( b ) the rotation rate
(r/min) if there is no retarding torque.

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 Energy Equation
As our fourth and final basic law, we apply the Reynolds transport
theorem to the first law of thermodynamics.
Let variable B becomes energy E, and the energy per unit mass is
then the energy equation for a fixed control volume
as follows:

Recall that positive Q denotes heat added to the system and positive
W denotes work done by the system.
The system energy per unit mass e may be of several types:

But the work terms:

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Cont…
The total pressure work is the integral over the control surface is
given by:

The shear work due to viscous stresses occurs at the control surface
and consists of the product of each viscous stress and the respective
velocity component and given by:
or

The net rate-of-work term is:

the pressure work term can be combined with the energy flow term
since both involve surface integrals of V . n.

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Cont…
The control volume energy equation thus becomes:

But the enthalpy occurs in the control surface integral.

The general form for the energy equation for a fixed control volume:

If the control volume has a series of one-dimensional inlets and

outlets, the surface integral reduces to a summation of outlet flows
minus inlet flows:

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Cont…

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Cont…

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Cont…

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Cont…

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 Bernoulli Equation
The Bernoulli equation is an approximate relation between
pressure, velocity, and elevation, and is valid in regions of steady,
incompressible flow where net frictional forces are negligible.
Acceleration of a Fluid Particle
In two-dimensional flow, the acceleration can be decomposed into
two components: stream wise acceleration 𝒂𝒔 along the streamline
and normal acceleration 𝒂𝒏 in the direction normal to the streamline,
which is given as 𝐚𝐧 = 𝐕 𝟐 𝐑.
Note that stream wise acceleration is due to a change in speed along a
streamline, and normal acceleration is due to a change in direction.
For particles that move along a straight path, 𝐚𝐧 = 𝟎.
the velocity V of a fluid particle to be a function of s and t.

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Cont…
In steady flow 𝜕V/𝜕t = 0 and thus V = V(s), and the acceleration in
the s-direction becomes:

Derivation of the Bernoulli Equation

Consider the motion of a fluid particle in a flow field in steady flow.
Applying Newton’s second law (which is referred to as the linear
momentum equation in fluid mechanics) in the s-direction on a
particle moving along a streamline gives:

The significant forces acting in the s-direction are the pressure (acting
on both sides) and the component of the weight of the particle in the
s-direction is:
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Cont…
where 𝜃 is the angle between
the normal of the streamline and
the vertical z-axis at that point,
m = 𝜌 dA ds is the mass, W =
mg = 𝜌g dA ds is the weight of
the fluid particle, and sin 𝜃 =
dz/ds. Substituting,

Canceling dA and simplifying,

 Noting that and dividing each term by 𝜌 gives

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Cont…
Integrating,

Where 𝑉 2 /2 is kinetic energy, gz is potential energy, and P/𝜌 is flow

energy, all per unit mass.

This is called Bernoulli equation.

The Bernoulli equation at any two points on the same streamline is:

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Examples
1. Water is flowing from a garden hose. A child places his thumb to
cover most of the hose outlet, causing a thin jet of high-speed water
to emerge. The pressure in the hose just upstream of his thumb is
400 kPa. If the hose is held upward, what is the maximum height
that the jet could achieve? take density of water to be 1000 kg/m3.
Fig. 3.6
Solution: Then the Bernoulli equation along a streamline from
1 to 2 simplifies to

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Cont…
2. A large tank open to the
atmosphere is filled with water to
a height of 5 m from the outlet
tap. A tap near the bottom of the
tank is now opened, and water
flows out from the smooth and
rounded outlet. Determine the
maximum water velocity at the
outlet.
Solution: 𝑃1 = 𝑃2 = 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚

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Cont…

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Cont…

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 END OF CHAPTER 3

THANK YOU !!!

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