COMPUTER

STORAGE DEVICES
INTRODUCTION
• A memory is just like a human brain. It is used to store data and
instructions.
• Computer memory is the storage space in computer where data is to be
processed and instructions required for processing are stored.
• Memory is primarily of three types
• Cache Memory
• Primary Memory/Main Memory
• Secondary Memory
 TYPES OF MEMORIES
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 CACHE MEMORY
• Cache Memory Overview
• Random Access Memory (RAM) for faster access by
computer microprocessors.
• Typically integrated with CPU chip or placed on separate chip
with separate bus interconnect.
• Stores frequently re-referenced program instructions.
• Fast access to these instructions boosts software program
speed.
CACHE MEMORY
PRIMARY MEMORY (MAIN MEMORY)

• Primary memory holds only those data and instructions

on which computer is currently working.
• It has limited capacity and data is lost when power is
switched off. It is generally made up of semiconductor
device.
• These memories are not as fast as registers. The data
and instruction required to be processed reside in main
memory.
• It is divided into two subcategories RAM and ROM.
RAM(RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY)
• RAM Overview
• Internal CPU memory for storing data, programs,
and program results.
• Read/write memory, data stored until machine is
operational.
• Data erased when machine is switched off.
• Access time in RAM is independent of address,
making each storage location accessible and taking
the same time.
• Random access to data is expensive.
RAM(RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY)
• RAM is volatile, i.e. data stored in it is lost when
we switch off the computer or if there is a power
failure. Hence a backup uninterruptible power
system(UPS) is often used with computers. RAM is
small, both in terms of its physical size and in the
amount of data it can hold.
• RAM is of two types
• Static RAM (SRAM)
• Dynamic RAM (DRAM)
STATIC RAM (SRAM)

• SRAM Chips Overview

• Static memory retains contents as long as power is
supplied.
• Data loss occurs when power is down due to volatile
nature.
• Uses 6-transistors matrix with no capacitors.
• Requires no regular refresh.
• Uses more chips than DRAM for storage space,
increasing manufacturing costs.
• Used as cache memory with fast access.
CHARACTERISTIC OF THE STATIC
RAM
• It has long life
• There is no need to refresh
• Faster
• Used as cache memory
• Large size
• Expensive
• High power consumption
 DYNAMIC RAM (DRAM)
• DRAM, unlike SRAM, must be
continually refreshed in order to maintain the data.
This is done by placing the memory on a refresh
circuit that rewrites the data several hundred times
per second.
• DRAM is used for most system memory because it
is cheap and small. All DRAMs are made up of
memory cells which are composed of one capacitor
and one transistor.
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE DYNAMIC
RAM

• It has short data lifetime

• Need to be refreshed continuously
• Slower as compared to SRAM
• Used as RAM
• Lesser in size
• Less expensive
• Less power consumption
 READ ONLY MEMORY
• ROM stands for Read Only Memory.
• The memory from which we can only read but cannot
write on it. This type of memory is non-volatile.
• The information is stored permanently in such memories
during manufacture.
• A ROM, stores such instructions that are required to start
a computer.
• This operation is referred to as bootstrap. ROM chips are
not only used in the computer but also in other electronic
items like washing machine and microwave oven.
TYPES OF ROM
• MROM (Masked ROM)
• PROM (Programmable Read only Memory)
• EPROM(Erasable and Programmable Read Only
Memory)
• EEPROM(Electrically Erasable and Programmable
Read Only Memory)
SECONDARY MEMORY
• This type of memory is also known as external
memory or non-volatile.
• It is slower than main memory. These are used for
storing data/Information permanently.
• CPU directly does not access these memories
instead they are accessed via input-output routines.
• Contents of secondary memories are first
transferred to main memory, and then CPU can
access it.
• For example : disk, CD-ROM, DVD etc.
TYPES OF SECONDARY STORAGE
DEVICES

Types include:
• Hard disks.
• Floppy disks.
• CD ROMs.
• DVDs.
• Pen drives.
• Blue Ray Disks.
FLOPPY DISKS
 FLOPPY DISKS(DISKETTE)

• It is one of the oldest type of portable storage

devices still in use.
• It is used to transfer small files between computers.
• It is also used to store data as backup.
• Floppy disks are made of a flexible substances
called Mylar.
• A standard floppy disk can store 1.44Mb of
data(300 A4 pages).
 FLOPPY DISKS(DISKETTE)
• The Floppy disks can take more space for
graphics/pictures than texts.
• All disks are formatted before data can be written to
disks.
Formatting:
➢ Formatting means Marking and dividing the disk into
tracks and sectors.
➢ Disks are divided into concentric circles called tracks.
➢ Each track is subdivided into sectors.
FLOPPY DISKS (DISKETTE)

Parts of disks

• Read write head in the disks

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HARD DISKS
 HARD DISKS

• A hard disk drive (HDD) is a data storage device

used for storing and retrieving digital information
using rapidly rotating discs (platter) coated with
magnetic material.
• A HDD memories store information on one or more
circular platters which are continually spinning.
• Information is recorded on the surface of rotating data
by magnetic heads as tiny magnetic spots.
• These heads are mounted on arms.
 HARD DISKS

• Information is recorded in bands.

• Each band of information in a given disk is called a
track.
• The tracks are commonly subdivided into pie-
shaped sections called sectors.
• A motor rotates the disk at a rapid speed.
• Data are recorded on the tracks and read by using
read/write heads.
HARD DISKS
SOLID-STATE DRIVE (SSD)
• An SSD, or solid-state drive, is a type of storage device used
in computers.
• This non-volatile storage media stores persistent data on
solid-state flash memory.
• SSDs replace traditional hard disk drives (HDDs) in
computers and perform the same basic functions as a hard
drive.
• But SSDs are significantly faster in comparison.
• With an SSD, the device's operating system will boot up
more rapidly, programs will load quicker and files can be
saved faster.
CD-ROMS
 COMPACT DISCS
• A compact disc [sometimes spelled disk] (CD) is a
small, portable, round medium made of molded
polymer (close in size to the floppy disk) for
electronically recording, storing, and playing back
audio, video, text, and other information in digital
form.
DVDS
DVD (DIGITAL VIDEO DISK)
• DVD is an optical disc technology with a 4.7
gigabyte storage capacity on a single-sided, one-
layered disk, which is enough for a 133-minute
movie.
• DVDs can be single- or double-sided, and can have
two layers on each side; a double-sided, two-layered
DVD will hold up to 17 gigabytes of video, audio,
or other information.
• This compares to 650 megabytes (.65 gigabyte) of
storage for a CD-ROM disk.
DVD-ROM

• The DVD-ROM is high capacity optical disc

capable of storing 4.7 GB to 17GB.
• DVDs were originally developed for the movie
industry.
• It can read audio CDs,CD-ROMs,CD-Rs,CD-
RWs
PEN DRIVES
 PEN-DRIVE

• A USB flash drive, also known under a variety of other names, is a

data storage device that includes flash memory with an integrated
Universal Serial Bus (USB) interface.
• USB flash drives are typically removable and rewritable, and
physically much smaller than an optical disc.
PEN-DRIVE

• Currently available pen drives with storage

capacities ranging from 4GB and 32GB can be
used to store graphics-heavy documents, photos,
music files and video clips.
PEN-DRIVE
DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION

1.USB standard male-A plug

2.USB mass storage control device.
3.Test points.
4.Flash memory chip.
5.Crystal oscillator
6.LED(optional).
7.Write protect switch(option).
8.Space for second flash memory.
BLU RAY DISC
 BLU-RAY DISC
• Blu-ray Disc Media Overview

• Comes in pre-recorded, recordable, and rewritable variants.

• Pre-recorded disc: BD ROM, usually contains high-
definition movies or TV shows.
• Recordable disc: BD R, ideal for archiving large data or
video.
• Rewritable disc: BD RE, offers large capacity for repetitive
usage.
• Developed by Blu-ray disc association.
• Wavelength of laser reading data: 405 nm.
BLU-RAY DISC-NAME
• The blu-ray name is a combination of “blue”, for
the color of the laser that is used and “ray” for
optical ray.
• The “e” in “blue” was purposefully left off,
according to the manufacturers, because an
everyday word cannot be a trademark.
BLU-RAY DISC -FORMATS

• It comes in four different formats:

➢BD-ROM (read only) : for reading recorded content.
➢BD-R (recordable) : for PC data storage.
➢BD-RW (rewritable) : for PC data storage.
➢BD-RE (rewritable) : for HDTV (high definition
television) recording.
BLU-RAY DISC PRODUCTS
STORAGE MEASUREMENT

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