Module 3 – Estimation of project cost

CE2900

Meenakshi Students
Department of Civil Engineering B. Tech 3rd Semester
Meenakshi@ce.iith.ac.in

1
 Introduction
• Probable cost of construction – estimated cost
• Estimation – quantities of different works and rate of executing the work
• Estimation in construction project – simple yet complex process
• Important – arrange finances, to bid and to earn profit
• Quantity – length x width x height or length x height or length x width or length
• Inaccuracy in preparing estimate, omission of items, changes in improper rates
etc. – reasons for exceeding the estimate

2
 Estimation
• Calculation of quantity
• Divide the work into different items such as earthwork, concrete, brickwork, etc.
• Items are grouped under sub-heads
• quantities under each item are computed
Item No. Description No. Length Width Height/depth Quantity
1 Earthwork in excavation in 1 10 m 1m 1m 10 m3
foundation
• Estimate of cost
• Quantity x rate of executing 1 unit of work
1
• 3 to 5% for contingencies and 1 or 2% expenditure of work-charged establishment
2

Item No. Description Quantity Unit Rate Amount

1 Earthwork in excavation in 10 m3 300 per 100 30
foundation cu.m

3
 Components of Building
• 1. Foundation • 10. Ceiling
• 2. Plinth Level • 11. Chhajjas
• 3. Earth Filling • 12. RCC Beam
• 4. DPC (Damp Proof Course) • 13. Roof or RCC Slab
• 5. Flooring • 14. Doors
• 6. Walls • 15. Windows
• 7. RCC Column • 16. Parapet Wall
• 8. Sill Level • 17. Waterproofing on Terrace
• 9. Lintel • 18. Copping

4
 Load-Bearing structure and Framed structure

Assignment
Difference between Load-Bearing structure and Framed structure

5
 Components of Building
• Substructure
• Part of building below the ground level

• Superstructure
• Part of building above the ground level

6
 Components of Building
• Foundation
• Lowest part of the building structure rested on soil below
ground level
• Distribute the load evenly and safely to the ground
• All loads of building transferred to foundation through slab,
beam and column arrangement or slab and wall arrangement
• Foundation size and depth totally depend on the structural and Height
site ground condition

• Plinth
• Offset created between ground level and superstructure
• Usually 3 feet from the ground level
• To prevent the entry of moisture from the ground surface,
avoid differential settlement
• Brickwork/concrete
PCC

7
 Components of Building
• Earth filling
• Earth filled back between the plinth walls to fill the open space
left between the ground level to the plinth level
• Earth very well compacted so that the flooring gets a
sufficiently hard surface base
• Material -Soil, coarse aggregate, waste materials, Brick Bat, etc.
Height
• DPC (Damp Proof Course)
• DPC – layer of waterproofing material such as asphalt or
cement at the plinth level
• To prevent rise of dampness from the ground surface into the
walls
• Dampness – reduces the strength of the walls, creates many
defects in paint and plaster
• width of DPC is the same as the width of the Brick wall and
thickness may vary from 2.5cm to 5cm. PCC

8
 Components of Building

9
 Components of Building
• Flooring
• Provided above earth filling with a base made of cement
concrete – flooring concrete
• Floor finishings on the top of concrete floor
• Timber Flooring
• Laminate Flooring
• Vinyl Flooring Height
• Ceramic Tile Flooring
• Natural Stone Flooring – Marble, Granite, etc.

• Walls
• Vertical components constructed using stones, bricks, concrete
blocks, etc.
• Doors and Windows are provided in the walls for ventilation and
access to the building
• single brick walls - thickness of 100 mm or double brick walls -
thickness of 230mm. PCC

10
 Components of Building
• RCC (Reinforced cement concrete) column
• Vertical members constructed to support any structural frame
• Load coming from structure transferred to column and column transfer load to the foundation

• RCC beam
• Horizontal member which connects columns on both sides
• Take the load from the upper structure and transfer it to the column

• Roof or RCC slab

• Roof provides protection again environmental factors
like sun, wind, and rain
• Most roofs are constructed from RCC, stone slabs, tiles,
etc.

11
 Components of Building
• Sill level
• Base point of any window in the house or it is a level where
windows are placed
• Sill level – important to ensure evenness in all window levels
• Sill height - ensure proper amount of light enters the house.

• Lintel Height
• RCC or reinforced brick masonary provided above the wall
openings like doors, windows, etc.
• Takes the load coming on window and door openings

• Ceiling
• Bottom face of any slab and decorated to increase the aesthetic
appearance
• POP (Plaster of Paris) – used for making false ceilings

PCC

12
 Components of Building
• Chhaja
• Weather shed constructed above the window projected outside
from the window face
• Restricts the direct entry of rainwater and sunlight.
• Length of Chhajjas = Width of Window + 0.15m Bearing on both
sides

• Parapet wall Height

• low–height wall built along the edge of the roof, terrace,
walkway, balcony, etc.
• constructed using different materials like reinforced cement
concrete, steel, aluminum, glass, etc.

• Doors
• main entry and exit points of any house

• Windows
• Provided at sill level and extended up to lintel level PCC

13
 Components of Building

14
 Components of Building
• Waterproofing on Terrace
• Protective layer to restrict the movement of
moisture, and water through the roof slab.

• Copping
• Constructed on top of Boundary walls & parapet
walls etc. to protect rainwater directly store on
brick masonry walls

• Building Finishes
• Building finishers include items like plastering,
pointing, washing, painting, distempering

• Building Services
• Building services includes services like water supply,
drainage, lighting, sanitation, electricity, acoustics,
ventilation, heating, air conditioning, etc.

15
 Principle of Units for Various Items of Work
• Units of different works depend on their nature, size and shape
• Principle
• Mass, voluminous and thick works shall be taken in cubic unit or volume. The measurements
of length, breadth and height or depth shall be taken to compute the volume or cubic
contents.
• Shallow, thin and surface works shall be taken in square unit or in area. The measurement of
length and breadth or height shall be taken to compute area.
• Long and thin work shall be taken in linear or running unit, and linear measurement shall be
taken.
• Piece work, job be taken in number

16
 Example
• Prepare a detailed estimate of part of a wall of a building from
the given plan and section and general specifications
GENERAL SPECIFICATIONS:
• Foundation concrete shall be of lime concrete.
• Foundation and plinth shall be of 1st class brickwork in lime mortar.
• Damp Proof Course - 2.5 mm c.c. 1: 1(1/2): 3 with water proofing
compound.
• Superstructure - 1st class brickwork in lime mortar
• Wall finishing Inside wall 12 mm Cement plastered 1:6 and white-
washed 3 coats
• Outside wall 12 mm cement plastered 1:6 including 10 cm below ground
level and finished with two coats of colour wash over one coat of white
washing.

17
 Height/dept
Item Description of item of work No Length (m) Width (m) h (m) Quantity Total Quantity Unit

1 Earthwork in excavation in foundation

2 Lime concrete in foundation

3 1st class brickwork in lime mortar

1st footing
2nd footing
Plinth below G.L
Plinth above G.L
2.5 cm Damp proof course (D. P.C.) C.C
4 1:1(1/2):3
First class Brickwork In lime mortar for
5 superstructure

6 12 mm plaster of Cement sand 1:6

Inside

Outside including 10cm below G.L

7 White washing 3 coats (inside)

Colour washing 2 coats over one coat of

8 white washing (outside above G. L.)

18
 Height/dept
Item Description of item of work No Length (m) Width (m) h (m) Quantity Total Quantity Unit

1 Earthwork in excavation in foundation 1 6 0.8 0.9 4.32 4.32 cu.m

2 Lime concrete in foundation

3 1st class brickwork in lime mortar

1st footing
2nd footing
Plinth below G.L
Plinth above G.L
2.5 cm Damp proof course (D. P.C.) C.C
4 1:1(1/2):3
First class Brickwork In lime mortar for
5 superstructure

6 12 mm plaster of Cement sand 1:6

Inside

Outside including 10cm below G.L

7 White washing 3 coats (inside)

Colour washing 2 coats over one coat of

8 white washing (outside above G. L.)

19
 Height/dept
Item Description of item of work No Length (m) Width (m) h (m) Quantity Total Quantity Unit

1 Earthwork in excavation in foundation 1 6 0.8 0.9 4.32 4.32 cu.m

2 Lime concrete in foundation 1 6 0.8 0.3 1.44 1.44 cu.m

3 1st class brickwork in lime mortar

1st footing
2nd footing
Plinth below G.L
Plinth above G.L
2.5 cm Damp proof course (D. P.C.) C.C
4 1:1(1/2):3
First class Brickwork In lime mortar for
5 superstructure

6 12 mm plaster of Cement sand 1:6

Inside

Outside including 10cm below G.L

7 White washing 3 coats (inside)

Colour washing 2 coats over one coat of

8 white washing (outside above G. L.)

20
 Height/dept
Item Description of item of work No Length (m) Width (m) h (m) Quantity Total Quantity Unit

1 Earthwork in excavation in foundation 1 6 0.8 0.9 4.32 4.32 cu.m

2 Lime concrete in foundation 1 6 0.8 0.3 1.44 1.44 cu.m

3 1st class brickwork in lime mortar

1st footing 1 6 0.6 0.2 0.72
2nd footing
Plinth below G.L
Plinth above G.L
2.5 cm Damp proof course (D. P.C.) C.C
4 1:1(1/2):3
First class Brickwork In lime mortar for
5 superstructure

6 12 mm plaster of Cement sand 1:6

Inside

Outside including 10cm below G.L

7 White washing 3 coats (inside)

Colour washing 2 coats over one coat of

8 white washing (outside above G. L.)

21
 Height/dept
Item Description of item of work No Length (m) Width (m) h (m) Quantity Total Quantity Unit

1 Earthwork in excavation in foundation 1 6 0.8 0.9 4.32 4.32 cu.m

2 Lime concrete in foundation 1 6 0.8 0.3 1.44 1.44 cu.m

3 1st class brickwork in lime mortar

1st footing 1 6 0.6 0.2 0.72
2nd footing 1 6 0.5 0.2 0.6
Plinth below G.L
Plinth above G.L
2.5 cm Damp proof course (D. P.C.) C.C
4 1:1(1/2):3
First class Brickwork In lime mortar for
5 superstructure

6 12 mm plaster of Cement sand 1:6

Inside

Outside including 10cm below G.L

7 White washing 3 coats (inside)

Colour washing 2 coats over one coat of

8 white washing (outside above G. L.)

22
 Height/dept
Item Description of item of work No Length (m) Width (m) h (m) Quantity Total Quantity Unit

1 Earthwork in excavation in foundation 1 6 0.8 0.9 4.32 4.32 cu.m

2 Lime concrete in foundation 1 6 0.8 0.3 1.44 1.44 cu.m

3 1st class brickwork in lime mortar

1st footing 1 6 0.6 0.2 0.72
2nd footing 1 6 0.5 0.2 0.6
Plinth below G.L
Plinth above G.L
2.5 cm Damp proof course (D. P.C.) C.C
4 1:1(1/2):3
First class Brickwork In lime mortar for
5 superstructure

6 12 mm plaster of Cement sand 1:6

Inside

Outside including 10cm below G.L

7 White washing 3 coats (inside)

Colour washing 2 coats over one coat of

8 white washing (outside above G. L.)

23
 Height/dept
Item Description of item of work No Length (m) Width (m) h (m) Quantity Total Quantity Unit

1 Earthwork in excavation in foundation 1 6 0.8 0.9 4.32 4.32 cu.m

2 Lime concrete in foundation 1 6 0.8 0.3 1.44 1.44 cu.m

3 1st class brickwork in lime mortar

1st footing 1 6 0.6 0.2 0.72
2nd footing 1 6 0.5 0.2 0.6
Plinth below G.L 1 6 0.4 0.2 0.48
Plinth above G.L
2.5 cm Damp proof course (D. P.C.) C.C
4 1:1(1/2):3
First class Brickwork In lime mortar for
5 superstructure

6 12 mm plaster of Cement sand 1:6

Inside

Outside including 10cm below G.L

7 White washing 3 coats (inside)

Colour washing 2 coats over one coat of

8 white washing (outside above G. L.)

24
 Height/dept
Item Description of item of work No Length (m) Width (m) h (m) Quantity Total Quantity Unit

1 Earthwork in excavation in foundation 1 6 0.8 0.9 4.32 4.32 cu.m

2 Lime concrete in foundation 1 6 0.8 0.3 1.44 1.44 cu.m

3 1st class brickwork in lime mortar

1st footing 1 6 0.6 0.2 0.72
2nd footing 1 6 0.5 0.2 0.6
Plinth below G.L 1 6 0.4 0.2 0.48
Plinth above G.L 1 6 0.4 0.6 1.44 3.24 cu.m
2.5 cm Damp proof course (D. P.C.) C.C
4 1:1(1/2):3
First class Brickwork In lime mortar for
5 superstructure

6 12 mm plaster of Cement sand 1:6

Inside

Outside including 10cm below G.L

7 White washing 3 coats (inside)

Colour washing 2 coats over one coat of

8 white washing (outside above G. L.)

25
 Height/dept
Item Description of item of work No Length (m) Width (m) h (m) Quantity Total Quantity Unit

1 Earthwork in excavation in foundation 1 6 0.8 0.9 4.32 4.32 cu.m

2 Lime concrete in foundation 1 6 0.8 0.3 1.44 1.44 cu.m

3 1st class brickwork in lime mortar

1st footing 1 6 0.6 0.2 0.72
2nd footing 1 6 0.5 0.2 0.6
Plinth below G.L 1 6 0.4 0.2 0.48
Plinth above G.L 1 6 0.4 0.6 1.44 3.24 cu.m
2.5 cm Damp proof course (D. P.C.) C.C
4 1:1(1/2):3 1 6 0.4 2.4 2.4 sqm
First class Brickwork In lime mortar for
5 superstructure

6 12 mm plaster of Cement sand 1:6

Inside

Outside including 10cm below G.L

7 White washing 3 coats (inside)

Colour washing 2 coats over one coat of

8 white washing (outside above G. L.)

26
 Height/dept
Item Description of item of work No Length (m) Width (m) h (m) Quantity Total Quantity Unit

1 Earthwork in excavation in foundation 1 6 0.8 0.9 4.32 4.32 cu.m

2 Lime concrete in foundation 1 6 0.8 0.3 1.44 1.44 cu.m

3 1st class brickwork in lime mortar

1st footing 1 6 0.6 0.2 0.72
2nd footing 1 6 0.5 0.2 0.6
Plinth below G.L 1 6 0.4 0.2 0.48
Plinth above G.L 1 6 0.4 0.6 1.44 3.24 cu.m
2.5 cm Damp proof course (D. P.C.) C.C
4 1:1(1/2):3 1 6 0.4 2.4 2.4 sqm
First class Brickwork In lime mortar for
5 superstructure 1 6 0.3 3.5 6.3 6.3 cu.m

6 12 mm plaster of Cement sand 1:6

Inside

Outside including 10cm below G.L

7 White washing 3 coats (inside)

Colour washing 2 coats over one coat of

8 white washing (outside above G. L.)

27
 Height/dept
Item Description of item of work No Length (m) Width (m) h (m) Quantity Total Quantity Unit

1 Earthwork in excavation in foundation 1 6 0.8 0.9 4.32 4.32 cu.m

2 Lime concrete in foundation 1 6 0.8 0.3 1.44 1.44 cu.m

3 1st class brickwork in lime mortar

1st footing 1 6 0.6 0.2 0.72
2nd footing 1 6 0.5 0.2 0.6
Plinth below G.L 1 6 0.4 0.2 0.48
Plinth above G.L 1 6 0.4 0.6 1.44 3.24 cu.m
2.5 cm Damp proof course (D. P.C.) C.C
4 1:1(1/2):3 1 6 0.4 2.4 2.4 sqm
First class Brickwork In lime mortar for
5 superstructure 1 6 0.3 3.5 6.3 6.3 cu.m

6 12 mm plaster of Cement sand 1:6

Inside 1 6 3.5 21

Outside including 10cm below G.L

7 White washing 3 coats (inside)

Colour washing 2 coats over one coat of

8 white washing (outside above G. L.)

28
 Height/dept
Item Description of item of work No Length (m) Width (m) h (m) Quantity Total Quantity Unit

1 Earthwork in excavation in foundation 1 6 0.8 0.9 4.32 4.32 cu.m

2 Lime concrete in foundation 1 6 0.8 0.3 1.44 1.44 cu.m

3 1st class brickwork in lime mortar

1st footing 1 6 0.6 0.2 0.72
2nd footing 1 6 0.5 0.2 0.6
Plinth below G.L 1 6 0.4 0.2 0.48
Plinth above G.L 1 6 0.4 0.6 1.44 3.24 cu.m
2.5 cm Damp proof course (D. P.C.) C.C
4 1:1(1/2):3 1 6 0.4 2.4 2.4 sqm
First class Brickwork In lime mortar for
5 superstructure 1 6 0.3 3.5 6.3 6.3 cu.m

6 12 mm plaster of Cement sand 1:6

Inside 1 6 3.5 21

Outside including 10cm below G.L 1 6 4.2 25.2 46.2 sqm

7 White washing 3 coats (inside)

Colour washing 2 coats over one coat of

8 white washing (outside above G. L.)

29
 Height/dept
Item Description of item of work No Length (m) Width (m) h (m) Quantity Total Quantity Unit

1 Earthwork in excavation in foundation 1 6 0.8 0.9 4.32 4.32 cu.m

2 Lime concrete in foundation 1 6 0.8 0.3 1.44 1.44 cu.m

3 1st class brickwork in lime mortar

1st footing 1 6 0.6 0.2 0.72
2nd footing 1 6 0.5 0.2 0.6
Plinth below G.L 1 6 0.4 0.2 0.48
Plinth above G.L 1 6 0.4 0.6 1.44 3.24 cu.m
2.5 cm Damp proof course (D. P.C.) C.C
4 1:1(1/2):3 1 6 0.4 2.4 2.4 sqm
First class Brickwork In lime mortar for
5 superstructure 1 6 0.3 3.5 6.3 6.3 cu.m

6 12 mm plaster of Cement sand 1:6

Inside 1 6 3.5 21

Outside including 10cm below G.L 1 6 4.2 25.2 46.2 sqm

7 White washing 3 coats (inside) 1 6 3.5 21 21 sqm

Colour washing 2 coats over one coat of

8 white washing (outside above G. L.)

30
 Height/dept
Item Description of item of work No Length (m) Width (m) h (m) Quantity Total Quantity Unit

1 Earthwork in excavation in foundation 1 6 0.8 0.9 4.32 4.32 cu.m

2 Lime concrete in foundation 1 6 0.8 0.3 1.44 1.44 cu.m

3 1st class brickwork in lime mortar

1st footing 1 6 0.6 0.2 0.72
2nd footing 1 6 0.5 0.2 0.6
Plinth below G.L 1 6 0.4 0.2 0.48
Plinth above G.L 1 6 0.4 0.6 1.44 3.24 cu.m
2.5 cm Damp proof course (D. P.C.) C.C
4 1:1(1/2):3 1 6 0.4 2.4 2.4 sqm
First class Brickwork In lime mortar for
5 superstructure 1 6 0.3 3.5 6.3 6.3 cu.m

6 12 mm plaster of Cement sand 1:6

Inside 1 6 3.5 21

Outside including 10cm below G.L 1 6 4.2 25.2 46.2 sqm

7 White washing 3 coats (inside) 1 6 3.5 21 21 sqm

Colour washing 2 coats over one coat of

8 white washing (outside above G. L.) 1 6 4.1 24.6 24.6 sqm

31
 building estimate
• Separate or individual wall method

• Centre line method

32
 Method of building estimate
• Separate or individual wall method
• Long wall – the wall along the length of the room
b1
• Short wall – perpendicular to the long wall
• Steps – L1

• The center line length of individual walls is calculated

• For symmetrical footing on either sides, the center line b2 L2
remains same for superstructure and for foundation and plinth.
• Length of long wall = Center to center length of long wall +
one width
• Length of short wall = Center to center length of short wall -
one width
• Quantity – Length x width x height

• Length of long wall = L1+ b2

• Length of short wall = L2- b1

33
 Separate or individual wall method
• Fig. represent plan of superstructure wall of a
single room building of 5 m x 4 m, and Sections
represent the cross-sections of the walls with
foundation. Estimate the quantities of
• Earthwork in excavation in foundation,
• Concrete in foundation,
• Brickwork in foundation and plinth and
• Brickwork in superstructure

• Length of long wall centre to centre =

• Length of short wall centre to centre =

34
 Separate or individual wall method
• Solution
• Length of long wall – c/c – 5.3 m
• Length of short wall – c/c – 4.3 m

35
 Item Height
Particular of items No Length Width Quantity Remarks
No /depth
Earthwork in excavation in foundation
Long wall
1
Short wall
Total quantity with units =
Concrete in foundation
Long wall
2
Short wall

Brickwork in foundation and plinth

1st footing
Long wall
Short wall
2nd footing
3 Long wall
Short wall
Plinth walls
Long wall
Short wall

Brickwork in superstructure
Long wall
4
Short wall

36
 Item Height
Particular of items No Length Width Quantity Remarks
No /depth
Earthwork in excavation in foundation
Long wall 2 6.2 0.9 0.9 10.04
1 Length of long wall = 5.3 + 0.9 = 6.2
Short wall
Total quantity with units =
Concrete in foundation
Long wall
2
Short wall

Brickwork in foundation and plinth

1st footing
Long wall
Short wall
2nd footing
3 Long wall
Short wall
Plinth walls
Long wall
Short wall

Brickwork in superstructure
Long wall
4
Short wall

37
 Item Height
Particular of items No Length Width Quantity Remarks
No /depth
Earthwork in excavation in foundation
Long wall 2 6.2 0.9 0.9 10.04 Length of long wall = 5.3 + 0.9 = 6.2
1
Short wall 2 3.4 0.9 0.9 5.51 Length of short wall = 4.3 – 0.9 = 3.4
Total quantity with units = 15.55 m3
Concrete in foundation
Long wall
2
Short wall

Brickwork in foundation and plinth

1st footing
Long wall
Short wall
2nd footing
3 Long wall
Short wall
Plinth walls
Long wall
Short wall

Brickwork in superstructure
Long wall
4
Short wall

38
 Item Height
Particular of items No Length Width Quantity Remarks
No /depth
Earthwork in excavation in foundation
Long wall 2 6.2 0.9 0.9 10.04 Length of long wall = 5.3 + 0.9 = 6.2
1
Short wall 2 3.4 0.9 0.9 5.51 Length of short wall = 4.3 – 0.9 = 3.4
Total quantity with units = 15.55 m3
Concrete in foundation
Long wall 2 6.2 0.9 0.3 3.35
2 Length of long wall = 5.3 + 0.9 = 6.2
Short wall
Total quantity with units =
Brickwork in foundation and plinth
1st footing
Long wall
Short wall
2nd footing
3 Long wall
Short wall
Plinth walls
Long wall
Short wall

Brickwork in superstructure
Long wall
4
Short wall

39
 Item Height
Particular of items No Length Width Quantity Remarks
No /depth
Earthwork in excavation in foundation
Long wall 2 6.2 0.9 0.9 10.04 Length of long wall = 5.3 + 0.9 = 6.2
1
Short wall 2 3.4 0.9 0.9 5.51 Length of short wall = 4.3 – 0.9 = 3.4
Total quantity with units = 15.55 m3
Concrete in foundation
Long wall 2 6.2 0.9 0.3 3.35 Length of long wall = 5.3 + 0.9 = 6.2
2
Short wall 2 3.4 0.9 0.3 1.83 Length of short wall = 4.3 – 0.9 = 3.4
Total quantity with units = 5.18 m3
Brickwork in foundation and plinth
1st footing
Long wall
Short wall
2nd footing
3 Long wall
Short wall
Plinth walls
Long wall
Short wall

Brickwork in superstructure
Long wall
4
Short wall

40
 Item Height
Particular of items No Length Width Quantity Remarks
No /depth
Earthwork in excavation in foundation
Long wall 2 6.2 0.9 0.9 10.04 Length of long wall = 5.3 + 0.9 = 6.2
1
Short wall 2 3.4 0.9 0.9 5.51 Length of short wall = 4.3 – 0.9 = 3.4
Total quantity with units = 15.55 m3
Concrete in foundation
Long wall 2 6.2 0.9 0.3 3.35 Length of long wall = 5.3 + 0.9 = 6.2
2
Short wall 2 3.4 0.9 0.3 1.83 Length of short wall = 4.3 – 0.9 = 3.4
Total quantity with units = 5.18 m3
Brickwork in foundation and plinth
1st footing
Long wall 2 5.9 0.6 0.3 2.13
Short wall 2 3.7 0.6 0.3 1.33
1st footing
2nd footing
Long wall = 5.3 + 0.6 = 5.9 m
3 Long wall
Short wall = 4.3 – 0.6 = 3.7 m
Short wall
Plinth walls
Long wall
Short wall

Brickwork in superstructure
Long wall
4
Short wall

41
 Item Height
Particular of items No Length Width Quantity Remarks
No /depth
Earthwork in excavation in foundation
Long wall 2 6.2 0.9 0.9 10.04 Length of long wall = 5.3 + 0.9 = 6.2
1
Short wall 2 3.4 0.9 0.9 5.51 Length of short wall = 4.3 – 0.9 = 3.4
Total quantity with units = 15.55 m3
Concrete in foundation
Long wall 2 6.2 0.9 0.3 3.35 Length of long wall = 5.3 + 0.9 = 6.2
2
Short wall 2 3.4 0.9 0.3 1.83 Length of short wall = 4.3 – 0.9 = 3.4
Total quantity with units = 5.18 m3
Brickwork in foundation and plinth
1st footing
Long wall 2 5.9 0.6 0.3 2.13 1st footing
Short wall 2 3.7 0.6 0.3 1.33
Long wall = 5.3 + 0.6 = 5.9 m
2nd footing
Short wall = 4.3 – 0.6 = 3.7 m
3 Long wall 2 5.8 0.5 0.3 1.74
2nd footing
Short wall 2 3.8 0.5 0.3 1.14
Long wall = 5.3 + 0.5 = 5.8 m
Plinth walls
Long wall Short wall = 4.3 – 0.5 = 3.8 m
Short wall

Brickwork in superstructure
Long wall
4
Short wall

42
 Item Height
Particular of items No Length Width Quantity Remarks
No /depth
Earthwork in excavation in foundation
Long wall 2 6.2 0.9 0.9 10.04 Length of long wall = 5.3 + 0.9 = 6.2
1
Short wall 2 3.4 0.9 0.9 5.51 Length of short wall = 4.3 – 0.9 = 3.4
Total quantity with units = 15.55 m3
Concrete in foundation
Long wall 2 6.2 0.9 0.3 3.35 Length of long wall = 5.3 + 0.9 = 6.2
2
Short wall 2 3.4 0.9 0.3 1.83 Length of short wall = 4.3 – 0.9 = 3.4
Total quantity with units = 5.18 m3
Brickwork in foundation and plinth
1st footing 1st footing
Long wall 2 5.9 0.6 0.3 2.13 Long wall = 5.3 + 0.6 = 5.9 m
Short wall 2 3.7 0.6 0.3 1.33 Short wall = 4.3 – 0.6 = 3.7 m
2nd footing 2nd footing
3 Long wall 2 5.8 0.5 0.3 1.74 Long wall = 5.3 + 0.5 = 5.8 m
Short wall 2 3.8 0.5 0.3 1.14 Short wall = 4.3 – 0.5 = 3.8 m
Plinth walls Plinth wall
Long wall 2 5.7 0.4 0.6 2.74 Long wall = 5.3 + 0.4 = 5.7 m
Short wall 2 3.9 0.4 0.6 1.87 Short wall = 4.3 – 0.4 = 3.9 m
Total quantity with units = 10.95 m3
Brickwork in superstructure
Long wall
4
Short wall

43
 Item Height
Particular of items No Length Width Quantity Remarks
No /depth
Earthwork in excavation in foundation
Long wall 2 6.2 0.9 0.9 10.04 Length of long wall = 5.3 + 0.9 = 6.2
1
Short wall 2 3.4 0.9 0.9 5.51 Length of short wall = 4.3 – 0.9 = 3.4
Total quantity with units = 15.55 m3
Concrete in foundation
Long wall 2 6.2 0.9 0.3 3.35 Length of long wall = 5.3 + 0.9 = 6.2
2
Short wall 2 3.4 0.9 0.3 1.83 Length of short wall = 4.3 – 0.9 = 3.4
Total quantity with units = 5.18 m3
Brickwork in foundation and plinth
1st footing 1st footing
Long wall 2 5.9 0.6 0.3 2.13 Long wall = 5.3 + 0.6 = 5.9 m
Short wall 2 3.7 0.6 0.3 1.33 Short wall = 4.3 – 0.6 = 3.7 m
2nd footing 2nd footing
3 Long wall 2 5.8 0.5 0.3 1.74 Long wall = 5.3 + 0.5 = 5.8 m
Short wall 2 3.8 0.5 0.3 1.14 Short wall = 4.3 – 0.5 = 3.8 m
Plinth walls Plinth wall
Long wall 2 5.7 0.4 0.6 2.74 Long wall = 5.3 + 0.4 = 5.7 m
Short wall 2 3.9 0.4 0.6 1.87 Short wall = 4.3 – 0.4 = 3.9 m
Total quantity with units = 10.95 m3
Brickwork in superstructure
Long wall = 5.3 + 0.3= 5.6 m
Long wall 2 5.6 0.3 3.50 11.76
4 Short wall = 4.3 – 0.3 = 4.0 m
Short wall 2 4.0 0.3 3.50 8.40
Total quantity with units = 20.16 m3

44
 Separate wall method
• Identify the long and short wall
• Calculate the length of centre line of long and short wall
• For plan at each level, calculate the
• Outer to outer length of long wall - Ll
• Inner to inner length of short wall - Ls

• Once length are known

• Quantity – Length x width x height

45
 Method of building estimate
• Centre line method
• Identify walls of same type – same type of foundation and
footing
• Calculate total length of centre lines of walls
• Calculate total quantity by multiplying the total centre length
by the respective breadth and the height.

• Quick method for structure having no cross walls

• Structures with cross wall/junction
• For each junction half breadth of the respective item is to be
deducted from the total centre length.

46
 Centre line method
• Fig. represent plan of superstructure wall of a
single room building of 5 m x 4 m, and Sections
represent the cross-sections of the walls with
foundation. Estimate the quantities of
• Earthwork in excavation in foundation,
• Concrete in foundation,
• Brickwork in foundation and plinth and
• Brickwork in superstructure

47
 Length of centre line =
Height/de Total
Item Description of item of work No Length (m) Width (m) Unit Remarks
pth (m) Quantity
Earthwork in excavation in
1
foundation

2 Concrete in foundation

Brickwork in foundation and

3
plinth
3a 1st Footing
3b 2nd Footing
3c Plinth wall

4 Brickwork in superstructure

48
 Example
• Using ‘Separate wall method’ and ‘Centre line
method’, Estimate the quantities of the
following items, of a two roomed building from
the given plan and section
• Earthwork in excavation in foundation
• Lime concrete in foundation
• 1st class brickwork in cement mortar 1:6 in
foundation and plinth
• 2.5 cm c.c. damp proof course and
• 1st class brickwork in lime mortar in superstructure

49
 Centre line method
• Length of centre line =
Ite Length Width Height/d Total
Description of item of work No Unit Remarks
m (m) (m) epth (m) Quantity
Earthwork in excavation in
1
foundation

2 Concrete in foundation

Brickwork in foundation
3
and plinth
3a 1st Footing
3b 2nd Footing
3c 3rd Footing
3d 4th Footing
3e Plinth wall

50
 Centre line method

Ite Length Width Height/d Total

Description of item of work No Unit Remarks
m (m) (m) epth (m) Quantity
Earthwork in excavation in
1 1 39 1.1 1 42.90 cum length = 40.1-(1.1/2)-(1.1)/2
foundation

2 Concrete in foundation

Brickwork in foundation
3
and plinth
3a 1st Footing
3b 2nd Footing
3c 3rd Footing
3d 4th Footing
3e Plinth wall

51
 Centre line method

Ite Length Width Height/d Total

Description of item of work No Unit Remarks
m (m) (m) epth (m) Quantity
Earthwork in excavation in
1 1 39 1.1 1 42.90 cum length = 40.1-(1.1/2)-(1.1)/2
foundation

2 Concrete in foundation 1 39 1.1 0.3 12.87 cum length = 40.1-(1.1/2)-(1.1)/2

Brickwork in foundation
3
and plinth
3a 1st Footing
3b 2nd Footing
3c 3rd Footing
3d 4th Footing
3e Plinth wall

52
 Centre line method

Ite Length Width Height/d Total

Description of item of work No Unit Remarks
m (m) (m) epth (m) Quantity
Earthwork in excavation in
1 1 39 1.1 1 42.90 cum length = 40.1-(1.1/2)-(1.1)/2
foundation

2 Concrete in foundation 1 39 1.1 0.3 12.87 cum length = 40.1-(1.1/2)-(1.1)/2

Brickwork in foundation
3
and plinth
3a 1st Footing 1 39.3 0.8 0.2 6.29 cum length = 40.1-(0.8/2)-(0.8)/2
3b 2nd Footing
3c 3rd Footing
3d 4th Footing
3e Plinth wall

53
 Centre line method

Ite Length Width Height/d Total

Description of item of work No Unit Remarks
m (m) (m) epth (m) Quantity
Earthwork in excavation in
1 1 39 1.1 1 42.90 cum length = 40.1-(1.1/2)-(1.1)/2
foundation

2 Concrete in foundation 1 39 1.1 0.3 12.87 cum length = 40.1-(1.1/2)-(1.1)/2

Brickwork in foundation
3
and plinth
3a 1st Footing 1 39.3 0.8 0.2 6.29 cum length = 40.1-(0.8/2)-(0.8)/2
3b 2nd Footing 1 39.4 0.7 0.1 2.76 cum length = 40.1-0.7
3c 3rd Footing
3d 4th Footing
3e Plinth wall

54
 Centre line method

Ite Length Width Height/d Total

Description of item of work No Unit Remarks
m (m) (m) epth (m) Quantity
Earthwork in excavation in
1 1 39 1.1 1 42.90 cum length = 40.1-(1.1/2)-(1.1)/2
foundation

2 Concrete in foundation 1 39 1.1 0.3 12.87 cum length = 40.1-(1.1/2)-(1.1)/2

Brickwork in foundation
3
and plinth
3a 1st Footing 1 39.3 0.8 0.2 6.29 cum length = 40.1-(0.8/2)-(0.8)/2
3b 2nd Footing 1 39.4 0.7 0.1 2.76 cum length = 40.1-0.7
3c 3rd Footing 1 39.5 0.6 0.1 2.37 cum length = 40.1-0.6
3d 4th Footing
3e Plinth wall

55
 Centre line method

Ite Length Width Height/d Total

Description of item of work No Unit Remarks
m (m) (m) epth (m) Quantity
Earthwork in excavation in
1 1 39 1.1 1 42.90 cum length = 40.1-(1.1/2)-(1.1)/2
foundation

2 Concrete in foundation 1 39 1.1 0.3 12.87 cum length = 40.1-(1.1/2)-(1.1)/2

Brickwork in foundation
3
and plinth
3a 1st Footing 1 39.3 0.8 0.2 6.29 cum length = 40.1-(0.8/2)-(0.8)/2
3b 2nd Footing 1 39.4 0.7 0.1 2.76 cum length = 40.1-0.7
3c 3rd Footing 1 39.5 0.6 0.1 2.37 cum length = 40.1-0.6
3d 4th Footing 1 39.6 0.5 0.1 1.98 cum length = 40.1-0.5
3e Plinth wall

56
 Centre line method

Ite Length Width Height/d Total

Description of item of work No Unit Remarks
m (m) (m) epth (m) Quantity
Earthwork in excavation in
1 1 39 1.1 1 42.90 cum length = 40.1-(1.1/2)-(1.1)/2
foundation

2 Concrete in foundation 1 39 1.1 0.3 12.87 cum length = 40.1-(1.1/2)-(1.1)/2

Brickwork in foundation
3
and plinth
3a 1st Footing 1 39.3 0.8 0.2 6.29 cum length = 40.1-(0.8/2)-(0.8)/2
3b 2nd Footing 1 39.4 0.7 0.1 2.76 cum length = 40.1-0.7
3c 3rd Footing 1 39.5 0.6 0.1 2.37 cum length = 40.1-0.6
3d 4th Footing 1 39.6 0.5 0.1 1.98 cum length = 40.1-0.5
3e Plinth wall 1 39.7 0.4 0.8 12.70 cum length = 40.1-0.4
Total 26.10

57
 Height/ Total
Description of item of Length Width
Item No depth Quantit Unit Remarks
work (m) (m)
(m) y
4 DPC
4a 2.5 cm Cement Concrete
4b Deductions below door

Brickwork in
5
superstructure
5a 1st class brickwork
5b deductions
Door
Window
Shelf
Lintel over doors
Lintel over windows
Lintel over shelves

58
 Height/ Total
Description of item of Length Width
Item No depth Quantit Unit Remarks
work (m) (m)
(m) y
4 DPC
4a 2.5 cm Cement Concrete 1 39.7 0.4 15.88 sqm length = 40.1-0.4
4b Deductions below door

Brickwork in
5
superstructure
5a 1st class brickwork
5b deductions
Door
Window
Shelf
Lintel over doors
Lintel over windows
Lintel over shelves

59
 Height/ Total
Description of item of Length Width
Item No depth Quantit Unit Remarks
work (m) (m)
(m) y
4 DPC
4a 2.5 cm Cement Concrete 1 39.7 0.4 15.88 sqm length = 40.1-0.4
4b Deductions below door 2 1.2 0.4 0.96 sqm 2 doors

Brickwork in
5
superstructure
5a 1st class brickwork
5b deductions
Door
Window
Shelf
Lintel over doors
Lintel over windows
Lintel over shelves

60
 Height/ Total
Description of item of Length Width
Item No depth Quantit Unit Remarks
work (m) (m)
(m) y
4 DPC
4a 2.5 cm Cement Concrete 1 39.7 0.4 15.88 sqm length = 40.1-0.4
4b Deductions below door 2 1.2 0.4 0.96 sqm 2 doors
Total 14.92 sqm

Brickwork in
5
superstructure
5a 1st class brickwork
5b deductions
Door
Window
Shelf
Lintel over doors
Lintel over windows
Lintel over shelves

61
 Height/ Total
Description of item of Length Width
Item No depth Quantit Unit Remarks
work (m) (m)
(m) y
4 DPC
4a 2.5 cm Cement Concrete 1 39.7 0.4 15.88 sqm length = 40.1-0.4
4b Deductions below door 2 1.2 0.4 0.96 sqm 2 doors
Total 14.92 sqm

Brickwork in
5
superstructure
5a 1st class brickwork 1 39.8 0.3 4.2 50.15 cum length = 40.1-0.3
5b deductions
Door
Window
Shelf
Lintel over doors
Lintel over windows
Lintel over shelves

62
 Height/ Total
Description of item of Length Width
Item No depth Quantit Unit Remarks
work (m) (m)
(m) y
4 DPC
4a 2.5 cm Cement Concrete 1 39.7 0.4 15.88 sqm length = 40.1-0.4
4b Deductions below door 2 1.2 0.4 0.96 sqm 2 doors
Total 14.92 sqm

Brickwork in
5
superstructure
5a 1st class brickwork 1 39.8 0.3 4.2 50.15 cum length = 40.1-0.3
5b deductions
Door 2 1.2 0.3 2.1 1.51 cum 2 doors
Window
Shelf
Lintel over doors
Lintel over windows
Lintel over shelves

63
 Height/ Total
Description of item of Length Width
Item No depth Quantit Unit Remarks
work (m) (m)
(m) y
4 DPC
4a 2.5 cm Cement Concrete 1 39.7 0.4 15.88 sqm length = 40.1-0.4
4b Deductions below door 2 1.2 0.4 0.96 sqm 2 doors
Total 14.92 sqm

Brickwork in
5
superstructure
5a 1st class brickwork 1 39.8 0.3 4.2 50.15 cum length = 40.1-0.3
5b deductions
Door 2 1.2 0.3 2.1 1.51 cum 2 doors
Window 4 1 0.3 1.5 1.80 cum 4 windows
Shelf
Lintel over doors
Lintel over windows
Lintel over shelves

64
 Height/ Total
Description of item of Length Width
Item No depth Quantit Unit Remarks
work (m) (m)
(m) y
4 DPC
4a 2.5 cm Cement Concrete 1 39.7 0.4 15.88 sqm length = 40.1-0.4
4b Deductions below door 2 1.2 0.4 0.96 sqm 2 doors
Total 14.92 sqm

Brickwork in
5
superstructure
5a 1st class brickwork 1 39.8 0.3 4.2 50.15 cum length = 40.1-0.3
5b deductions
Door 2 1.2 0.3 2.1 1.51 cum 2 doors
Window 4 1 0.3 1.5 1.80 cum 4 windows
Shelf 2 1 0.2 1.5 0.60 cum 20 cm deep shelf 2 nos
Lintel over doors
Lintel over windows
Lintel over shelves

65
 Height/ Total
Description of item of Length Width
Item No depth Quantit Unit Remarks
work (m) (m)
(m) y
4 DPC
4a 2.5 cm Cement Concrete 1 39.7 0.4 15.88 sqm length = 40.1-0.4
4b Deductions below door 2 1.2 0.4 0.96 sqm 2 doors
Total 14.92 sqm

Brickwork in
5
superstructure
5a 1st class brickwork 1 39.8 0.3 4.2 50.15 cum length = 40.1-0.3
5b deductions
Door 2 1.2 0.3 2.1 1.51 cum 2 doors
Window 4 1 0.3 1.5 1.80 cum 4 windows
Shelf 2 1 0.2 1.5 0.60 cum 20 cm deep shelf 2 nos
Lintel over doors 2 1.5 0.3 0.15 0.14 cum 15cm thick
Lintel over windows
Lintel over shelves

66
 Height/ Total
Description of item of Length Width
Item No depth Quantit Unit Remarks
work (m) (m)
(m) y
4 DPC
4a 2.5 cm Cement Concrete 1 39.7 0.4 15.88 sqm length = 40.1-0.4
4b Deductions below door 2 1.2 0.4 0.96 sqm 2 doors
Total 14.92 sqm

Brickwork in
5
superstructure
5a 1st class brickwork 1 39.8 0.3 4.2 50.15 cum length = 40.1-0.3
5b deductions
Door 2 1.2 0.3 2.1 1.51 cum 2 doors
Window 4 1 0.3 1.5 1.80 cum 4 windows
Shelf 2 1 0.2 1.5 0.60 cum 20 cm deep shelf 2 nos
Lintel over doors 2 1.5 0.3 0.15 0.14 cum 15cm thick
Lintel over windows 4 1.3 0.3 0.15 0.23 cum 15cm thick
Lintel over shelves

67
 Height/ Total
Description of item of Length Width
Item No depth Quantit Unit Remarks
work (m) (m)
(m) y
4 DPC
4a 2.5 cm Cement Concrete 1 39.7 0.4 15.88 sqm length = 40.1-0.4
4b Deductions below door 2 1.2 0.4 0.96 sqm 2 doors
Total 14.92 sqm

Brickwork in
5
superstructure
5a 1st class brickwork 1 39.8 0.3 4.2 50.15 cum length = 40.1-0.3
5b deductions
Door 2 1.2 0.3 2.1 1.51 cum 2 doors
Window 4 1 0.3 1.5 1.80 cum 4 windows
Shelf 2 1 0.2 1.5 0.60 cum 20 cm deep shelf 2 nos
Lintel over doors 2 1.5 0.3 0.15 0.14 cum 15cm thick
Lintel over windows 4 1.3 0.3 0.15 0.23 cum 15cm thick
Lintel over shelves 2 1.3 0.3 0.15 0.12 cum 15cm thick

68
 Height/ Total
Description of item of Length Width
Item No depth Quantit Unit Remarks
work (m) (m)
(m) y
4 DPC
4a 2.5 cm Cement Concrete 1 39.7 0.4 15.88 sqm length = 40.1-0.4
4b Deductions below door 2 1.2 0.4 0.96 sqm 2 doors
Total 14.92 sqm

Brickwork in
5
superstructure
5a 1st class brickwork 1 39.8 0.3 4.2 50.15 cum length = 40.1-0.3
5b deductions
Door 2 1.2 0.3 2.1 1.51 cum 2 doors
Window 4 1 0.3 1.5 1.80 cum 4 windows
Shelf 2 1 0.2 1.5 0.60 cum 20 cm deep shelf 2 nos
Lintel over doors 2 1.5 0.3 0.15 0.14 cum 15cm thick
Lintel over windows 4 1.3 0.3 0.15 0.23 cum 15cm thick
Lintel over shelves 2 1.3 0.3 0.15 0.12 cum 15cm thick
Total 45.75

69
 Reinforced cement concrete
• Concrete

• Reinforcement

• Reinforcement binding wires

• Concrete cover blocks

• Formwork
• Centring – formwork for horizontal members such as slab
• Shuttering – formwork for vertical members such as column

• Stagging

• Scaffolding

70
 Estimation of R.C.C./R.B. work
• R.C.C. – reinforced cement concrete – estimated under two items
• Concrete volume including centering and shuttering, and binding of steel bars in position is
taken under one item in cum – Quantity without reducing volume of steel
• Steel reinforcement and its bending is taken under a separate item in quintal
• Occasionally
• Centering and shuttering may also be taken under item is sqm
• Bending and binding of steel may also be taken separately in quintal

• In absence of detailed design, the percentage for steel concrete is approximately

as given below
• Lintel, slabs, etc. – 0.7 to 1.0%
• Beams – 1.0 to 2.0%
• Columns – 1.0 to 5:0%
• Foundation raft; footing, etc. – 0.5 to 0.8%

71
 Estimation of R.C.C./RB work
• R.C.C. – exposed surface not plastered unless
necessary
• R.B. – exposed surface finished with 12 mm thick plastering in
1:2 to 1:3 cement mortar

• Concrete cover
• 15 to 20 mm – slab, 30 to 50 mm – beam, 40 to 50 mm –
column
• The end or side covers for steel bar may be taken as 40 to
50 mm

• Clear cover or nominal cover

• Distance between the face of member and the outermost
face of reinforcement

72
 Lap length
• Lap length
• length provided to overlap two rebars to safely transfer load from one bar to another bar
• mechanical couplers.

73
 Development length
• Development length
• Length of reinforcement (bar) required to
be either embedded or projected into the
column to achieve the desired bond
strength between the concrete and steel or
any two types of materials
• Through bending or through hooks

74
 Stirrups and ties and cranked up bars
• Hooks – stirrups in beams and ties in columns
• anchorages are provided in form of hooks

• Cranked bars
• Bending of bars to resist negative bending moment

civilroad.com
75
 Bar bending schedule
• The Bar Bending Schedule (BBS) depicts the bend shapes and cut lengths of bars according to the
structural drawings.

https://civiltutorofficial.com/bar-bending-schedule-basics-bbs-civil-tutor/
76
 R.C.C. work – Bar bending schedule (BBS)
• BBS - Calculation of the total Steel required for the construction of a building
• Standard Length of the Steel Bar – 12 m
2
• Weight of Bar for length 1m = 𝑑 ൗ162 kgs, where d – diameter of bar in mm
• Density of steel = 7850 kg/m3
• Tabular representation of reinforcement bar - particulars of bars, shape of bending with sketches
and total length and weight of the bars along with their numbers

77
78
 Bar bending schedule
• Bent up bars
• Bends for cranked bars
• Bends at corner

• Bends for cranked bars

• Additional length = 𝑙𝑎 = 𝑙1 - 𝑙2
• 𝑙𝑎 = 𝐷Τ𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜃 − 𝐷Τ𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃
• D – centre to centre distance in the bar top and
bottom

79
 • D
• center to center distance of the bar

• d- diameter of bar

80
 Example
• Prepare a bar bending schedule for a RCC beam of 4 m. clear span, 300 mm width and 450mm
depth. It consists of 2-12 mm ϕ hanger bars, 2-16 mm ϕ main longitudinal bars and 1-12 mm ϕ bent
up bars at the bottom as shown in Fig. Stirrups at a spacing of 180 mm c/c are provided through out
the length of the beam. The clear cover to the reinforcement is 40 mm. minimum bond length of
bent bar – 6*dia

81
 Reinforcement detailing

https://www.civilconcept.com/bar-bending-schedule-of-beam/
82
 Reinforcement detailing

https://www.engineering.com/story/graitec-offers-bim-solution-for-concrete-design
83
 Solution

Length of T1 = L + 2*development length No of T1 = 2

L

Length of T2 = L + 2*additional length due to bent up + 2*length of hooks No of T2 = 1

L

Length of T3 = L + 2*length of hooks No of T3 = 2

L

Length of T4 = 2(a+b) + 2*total additional length 𝐶𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚

a No of T4 = +1
𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔
b

a = centre to centre distance between horizontal arms of stirrups

b = centre to centre distance between vertical arms of stirrups

84
 Estimate
• Estimate – the anticipated or probable cost of a work
• Different types of estimates
• Detailed estimate
• Preliminary Estimate or Approximate or Abstract Estimate or Rough Cost Estimate
• Plinth Area Estimate
• Cube Rate Estimate or Cubical Content Estimate
• Approximate Quantity Method Estimate
• Revised Estimate
• Supplementary Estimate
• Supplementary and Revised Estimate
• Annual Repair or Maintenance Estimate Detailed Estimate or Item Rate Estimate

85
 Detailed Estimate or Item Rate Estimate
• Its an accurate estimate – quantity of each item x rate of corresponding item
• Details of Measurement and Calculation of Quantities
• Quantity from plan and drawings

• Abstract of Estimated Cost

• Quantity of each material in the work item. Ex – no. of bricks in 1 m3 brickwork
• Rate of each material
• Labour cost
• Machine cost
• Etc.

86
 Analysis of rates
• The process of determining the rates of an item is termed as analysis of rates or
rate analysis.
• The factors affecting the rate of an item are studied carefully and then finally a
rate is decided for that item
• Factors influencing rate of a particular item
• Specifications of works and materials, quality of materials, proportions and method of
construction, etc.
• Quantities of materials and their rates, number of different types of labourer and their rates.
• Location of the site of work and its distances from the sources of materials and the rate of
transport, availability of water
• Profits and miscellaneous and overhead expenses of contractor.

87
 Analysis of rates
• Overhead cost
• General office expenses, rents, taxes, supervision and other costs which are indirect expenses
and not productive expenses on the job.
• General overheads
• office staff, travelling expenses, telephone, rent and taxes, stationary, printing, postages, etc.
• Job overheads
• Supervision, handling of materials, depreciation, etc.

88
 Procedure of rate analysis
• Rate analysis – materials, labour, tool and plants and miscellaneous petty items
(sundries), other costs etc.
• The unit payment of the item of work under two heads:
• Materials and Labour.

• The cost of items of work = Material cost + Labour cost

• Tools and plants (T&P) and sundries - cannot be accounted in details
• lump-sum (LS) provision is made.

• Other costs included to the above cost of items of work are:

• Water charges = 1.5 to 2 % of total cost
• Contractor’s profit and overheads = 10 to 15% of total cost

89
 Procedure of rate analysis
• Material cost
• The first cost (cost at origin),
• Cost of transport, railway freight (if any), etc.
• Local taxes and other charges
• Bulkage, shrinkage and wastage needs to be taken in account
• For 100 cum of finished concrete – total volume of dry ingredient materials 152 cu m
• For 100 cum of finished wet mixed mortar – total volume of dry ingredient materials 125 cu m
• Lead statement - The distance between the source of availability of material and construction
site is known as "Lead " and is expected in Km.
• The cost of conveyance of material depends on lead.
• This statement will give the total cost of materials per unit item. It includes first cost,
conveyance loading, unloading stacking, charges etc.

90
 Lead statement

91
 Procedure of rate analysis
• Example
• Considering volumetric proportions, calculate the Quantity of material for the
following items.
• Cement concrete (1:2:4) for 20m3 of work
• Density of cement – 1440 kg/m3
• Density of sand – 1800 kg/m3
• Density of aggregate – 1800 kg/m3

92
 Procedure of rate analysis
• Labour cost
• Labour classification
• Skilled, Semiskilled and unskilled
• the number and wages of different categories of labourers required for each unit of work
should be known and this number is multiplied by the respective wage per day.
• Task or out-turn work – This is the quantity of work which can be done by skilled labour (with
the help of semiskilled and unskilled labours) of the trade working for 8 hours a day.
• The outturn of work per artisan varies – nature, size, height, situation, location etc.
• Out-turn is more in larger cities than the small cities and country sides.
• IS: 7272 (part 1), provides recommendations for labour output constants for building work
which can be used to fix up the labour cost.
• National Building Organization provides labour output and labour requirement
• Ex. R.C.C. how many skilled, semiskilled and unskilled labours

93
 Example
• Prepare cost estimate for 10m3 of cement concrete 1: 5: 10 in foundation
• Using the following lead statement and labour details for 10 m3
• 0.5 Nos Mason I Class - 525 Rs./day each
• 1.5 Nos. Mason II Class – 500 Rs./day each
• 12 Nos. Men mazdoors – 350 Rs./day each
• 18 Nos. Women mazdoors – 300 Rs./day each
• T & P operations – L.S 500
• Bulk density of cement – 1440 Kg/m3

Sr. Material Unit Cost at source Lead Conveyance

No. (per unit) (km) charges (Per Km/
Per Unit)
1 Coarse aggregates cum 650 20 7
2 Sand cum 1500 10 5
3 Cement bag 450

94
 Example
• Material cost
• Quantity of each raw material
• Cost of each raw material at site

• Labour cost
• Labour required
• Labour charges

• Others
• Tool and plants etc

95
 Example
• Material cost at site
Conveyance
Cost at source Cost per unit at
Sr. No. Material Unit Lead (km) charges (Per
(per unit) the site
Km/ Per Unit)
1 Coarse aggregates cum 650 20 7
2 Sand cum 1500 10 5
3 Cement bag 450

• Material quantity

96
 Example
• Material cost at site
Conveyance
Cost at source Cost per unit at
Sr. No. Material Unit Lead (km) charges (Per
(per unit) the site (per unit)
Km/ Per Unit)
1 Coarse aggregates cum 650 20 7 790
2 Sand cum 1500 10 5 1550
3 Cement bag 450 450

• Material quantity

97
 Example
• Material cost at site
Conveyance
Cost at source Cost per unit at
Sr. No. Material Unit Lead (km) charges (Per
(per unit) the site (per unit)
Km/ Per Unit)
1 Coarse aggregates cum 650 20 7 790
2 Sand cum 1500 10 5 1550
3 Cement bag 450 450

• Material quantity
• total dry volume of material =

98
 Example
• Material cost at site
Conveyance
Cost at source Cost per unit at
Sr. No. Material Unit Lead (km) charges (Per
(per unit) the site (per unit)
Km/ Per Unit)
1 Coarse aggregates cum 650 20 7 790
2 Sand cum 1500 10 5 1550
3 Cement bag 450 450

• Material quantity
• total dry volume of material = 1.52*10 = 15.2 m3
• Volume of cement =

99
 Example
• Material cost at site
Conveyance
Cost at source Cost per unit at
Sr. No. Material Unit Lead (km) charges (Per
(per unit) the site (per unit)
Km/ Per Unit)
1 Coarse aggregates cum 650 20 7 790
2 Sand cum 1500 10 5 1550
3 Cement bag 450 450

• Material quantity
• total dry volume of material = 1.52*10 = 15.2 m3
• Volume of cement = 15.2/(1+5+10) = 0.95 m3
• Volume of sand =

100
 Example
• Material cost at site
Conveyance
Cost at source Cost per unit at
Sr. No. Material Unit Lead (km) charges (Per
(per unit) the site (per unit)
Km/ Per Unit)
1 Coarse aggregates cum 650 20 7 790
2 Sand cum 1500 10 5 1550
3 Cement bag 450 450

• Material quantity
• total dry volume of material = 1.52*10 = 15.2 m3
• Volume of cement = 15.2/(1+5+10) = 0.95 m3
• Volume of sand = 15.2*2/(1+5+10) = 4.75 m3
• Volume of aggregate =

101
 Example
• Material cost at site
Conveyance
Cost at source Cost per unit at
Sr. No. Material Unit Lead (km) charges (Per
(per unit) the site (per unit)
Km/ Per Unit)
1 Coarse aggregates cum 650 20 7 790
2 Sand cum 1500 10 5 1550
3 Cement bag 450 450

• Material quantity
• total dry volume of material = 1.52*10 = 15.2 m3
• Volume of cement = 15.2/(1+5+10) = 0.95 m3
• Volume of sand = 15.2*2/(1+5+10) = 4.75 m3
• Volume of aggregate = 15.2*4/(1+5+10) = 9.5 m3

102
 Example
• Material cost at site
Conveyance
Cost at source Cost per unit at
Sr. No. Material Unit Lead (km) charges (Per
(per unit) the site (per unit)
Km/ Per Unit)
1 Coarse aggregates cum 650 20 7 790
2 Sand cum 1500 10 5 1550
3 Cement bag 450 450

• Material quantity
• total dry volume of material = 1.52*10 = 15.2 m3
• Volume of cement = 15.2/(1+5+10) = 0.95 m3
• Volume of sand = 15.2*2/(1+5+10) = 4.75 m3
• Volume of aggregate = 15.2*4/(1+5+10) = 9.5 m3
• Bags of cement = volume * density / weight of 1 bag =

103
 Example
• Material cost at site
Conveyance
Cost at source Cost per unit at
Sr. No. Material Unit Lead (km) charges (Per
(per unit) the site (per unit)
Km/ Per Unit)
1 Coarse aggregates cum 650 20 7 790
2 Sand cum 1500 10 5 1550
3 Cement bag 450 450

• Material quantity
• total dry volume of material = 1.52*10 = 15.2 m3
• Volume of cement = 15.2/(1+5+10) = 0.95 m3
• Volume of sand = 15.2*2/(1+5+10) = 4.75 m3
• Volume of aggregate = 15.2*4/(1+5+10) = 9.5 m3
• Bags of cement = volume * density / weight of 1 bag = 0.95*1440/50 = 27.36 = 27.5 bags

104
 Example

Particular Unit Quantity Rate Cost

Materials
Cement bag
Sand cum
Aggregates cum

Labour
Mason I Class No
Mason II Class No
Men mazdoors No
Women mazdoors No

T&P operation lumpsum

Total Materials, labour etc

water charges
Contractor profit and overhead
Total

105
 Example

Particular Unit Quantity Rate Cost

Materials
Cement bag 27.5
Sand cum 4.75
Aggregates cum 9.5

Labour
Mason I Class No
Mason II Class No
Men mazdoors No
Women mazdoors No

T&P operation lumpsum

Total Materials, labour etc

water charges
Contractor profit and overhead
Total

106
 Example

Particular Unit Quantity Rate Cost

Materials
Cement bag 27.5 450 12375
Sand cum 4.75 1550 7363
Aggregates cum 9.5 790 7505

Labour
Mason I Class No
Mason II Class No
Men mazdoors No
Women mazdoors No

T&P operation lumpsum

water charges
Contractor profit and overhead

107
 Example

Particular Unit Quantity Rate Cost

Materials
Cement bag 27.5 450 12375
Sand cum 4.75 1550 7363
Aggregates cum 9.5 790 7505

Labour
Mason I Class No 0.5
Mason II Class No 1.5
Men mazdoors No 12
Women mazdoors No 18

T&P operation lumpsum

water charges
Contractor profit and overhead

108
 Example

Particular Unit Quantity Rate Cost

Materials
Cement bag 27.5 450 12375
Sand cum 4.75 1550 7363
Aggregates cum 9.5 790 7505

Labour
Mason I Class No 0.5 525 263
Mason II Class No 1.5 500 750
Men mazdoors No 12 350 4200
Women mazdoors No 18 300 5400

T&P operation lumpsum

water charges
Contractor profit and overhead

109
 Example

Particular Unit Quantity Rate Cost

Materials
Cement bag 27.5 450 12375
Sand cum 4.75 1550 7363
Aggregates cum 9.5 790 7505

Labour
Mason I Class No 0.5 525 263
Mason II Class No 1.5 500 750
Men mazdoors No 12 350 4200
Women mazdoors No 18 300 5400

T&P operation lumpsum 500 500

water charges
Contractor profit and overhead

110
 Example

Particular Unit Quantity Rate Cost

Materials
Cement bag 27.5 450 12375
Sand cum 4.75 1550 7363
Aggregates cum 9.5 790 7505

Labour
Mason I Class No 0.5 525 263
Mason II Class No 1.5 500 750
Men mazdoors No 12 350 4200
Women mazdoors No 18 300 5400

T&P operation lumpsum 500 500

Total Materials, labour etc 38355

water charges
Contractor profit and overhead

111
 Example

Particular Unit Quantity Rate Cost

Materials
Cement bag 27.5 450 12375
Sand cum 4.75 1550 7363
Aggregates cum 9.5 790 7505

Labour
Mason I Class No 0.5 525 263
Mason II Class No 1.5 500 750
Men mazdoors No 12 350 4200
Women mazdoors No 18 300 5400

T&P operation lumpsum 500 500

Total Materials, labour etc 38355

water charges 1.50% 575

Contractor profit and overhead

112
 Example

Particular Unit Quantity Rate Cost

Materials
Cement bag 27.5 450 12375
Sand cum 4.75 1550 7363
Aggregates cum 9.5 790 7505

Labour
Mason I Class No 0.5 525 263
Mason II Class No 1.5 500 750
Men mazdoors No 12 350 4200
Women mazdoors No 18 300 5400

T&P operation lumpsum 500 500

Total Materials, labour etc 38355

water charges 1.50% 575

Contractor profit and overhead 15% 5753

113
 Example

Particular Unit Quantity Rate Cost

Materials
Cement bag 27.5 450 12375
Sand cum 4.75 1550 7363
Aggregates cum 9.5 790 7505

Labour
Mason I Class No 0.5 525 263
Mason II Class No 1.5 500 750
Men mazdoors No 12 350 4200
Women mazdoors No 18 300 5400

T&P operation lumpsum 500 500

Total Materials, labour etc 38355

water charges 1.50% 575

Contractor profit and overhead 15% 5753
Total 44684

114
 Example

Particular Unit Quantity Rate Cost

Materials
Cement bag 27.5 450 12375
Sand cum 4.75 1550 7363
Aggregates cum 9.5 790 7505

Labour
Mason I Class No 0.5 525 263
Mason II Class No 1.5 500 750
Men mazdoors No 12 350 4200
Women mazdoors No 18 300 5400

T&P operation lumpsum 500 500

Total Materials, labour etc 38355

water charges 1.50% 575

Contractor profit and overhead 15% 5753
Total cost of 10 m3 concrete 44684
Total cost per m3 concrete 4468

115
 Example
• Prepare cost estimate for R.C.C. work in Beams, Slabs, etc. 1: 2: 4
• Using the following lead statement and labour details for 10 m3

Sr. No. Material Unit Cost at source (per Lead (km) Conveyance
unit) charges (Per Km/ Per Unit)
1 Coarse aggregates cum 650 50 7
2 Sand cum 1500 40 5
3 Cement bag 450
4 Steel Kg 50 10 8
Concrete Steel Centring and shuttering
0.5 Nos Mason I Class - 525 Rs./day Blacksmith – 10 Nos. – 600 Rs./day Carpenter – 10 Nos. – 525 Rs./day
3 Nos. Mason II Class – 500 Rs./day Mazdoor – 10 Nos. - 350 Rs./day Mazdoor – 10 Nos. - 350 Rs./day
20 Nos. Male mazdoors – 350 Rs./day T & P – 1200 L.S. T & P – 1000 L.S.
10 Nos. Female mazdoors – 300 Rs./day
T & P – 1000 L.S.

116
 Example
• Prepare cost estimate for R.C.C. work in Beams, Slabs, etc. 1: 2: 4 – for 10 m3.
• Reinforcement in beam – 1% of volume of concrete
• Density of steel = 7850 kg/m3
• Binding wire – 1.5 kg approximately for 10 m3 – Rs. 100/kg
• Timber planks etc. for shuttering – 1500 LS
• Nails for shuttering - 200 LS
• Using the lead statement and labour details given in next slide for 10 m3

117
 Estimate
• Preliminary or Approximate Estimate or Abstract Estimate
• Preliminary studies to decide the financial position and policy for administrative section
• Commercial projects – revenue/income compared with the cost and appropriate option is
considered
• Non-commercial projects – necessity and utility is considered
• Estimate – practical knowledge and cost of similar works
• Building estimate – per unit bases
• Road, highway, irrigation channels etc. – per kilometer basis

• Plinth area estimate

• Plinth area estimate = the plinth area of the building x the Plinth area Rate
• Plinth area – total covered area measured at the floor level of any building or structure,
including the thickness of the outer walls.
• Plinth rate from previous experience of similar buildings

118
 Estimate
• Cube Rate Estimate for Building
• Cube Rate Estimate = cubic content of building x cubic rate
• The length and breadth should be taken as the external dimensions of the buildings at the
floor level and the height should be taken from the floor level to top of roof

• Approximate quantity method estimate

• Estimate = approximate total length of walls (metre) x rate per metre of wall
• Two parts
• Foundation including plinth – running metre is calculated by considering excavation,
foundation, brickwork upto plinth, and damp-proof course
• Superstructure – running metre is calculated by considering the approximate quantities of
brickwork, wood works, roof, floor finishing,

119
 Estimate
• Revised Estimate
• detailed estimate and is required to be prepared under anyone of the following circumstances
• When the original sanctioned estimate is exceeded or likely to exceed by more than 5%
• When the expenditure on a work exceeds or likely to exceed the amount of administrative sanction
by more than 10%
• When there are material deviation from the original proposal, even though the cost may be met from
the sanctioned amount.

• Supplementary Estimate
• detailed estimate
• when additional works are required to supplement the original works, or when further
development is required during the progress of work.

120
 Summary
• Estimation of project cost
• Detailed estimate
• Components of buildings
• Estimation of quantities
• Rate analysis

121