9.

LECTURE NOTES
1. INTRODUCTION TO ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE:

Intelligence in the context of Artificial Intelligence (AI) refers to the ability of a

machine or computer system to replicate and simulate human-like cognitive functions
such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, language understanding, and
decision-making. It involves the capacity of a machine to process and analyze information,
adapt to new situations, and perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.

Types of Intelligence in AI:

1. Narrow AI (Weak AI): This refers to AI systems that are designed and trained for a
specific task or a narrow range of tasks. These systems demonstrate intelligence in a
specific domain, such as playing chess, recognizing speech, or recommending movies.

2. General AI (Strong AI): General AI refers to AI systems that possess human-like

intelligence and are capable of understanding, learning, and performing any intellectual
task that a human being can. This level of AI does not yet exist and is often depicted in
science fiction.

3. Artificial General Intelligence (AGI): AGI has the ability to understand, learn,
apply, reason, plan, solve problems, and adapt to different situations, making it versatile
and capable of autonomous decision-making.

4. Superintelligence: It is a step ahead of AGI where it could potentially outperform

humans in scientific research, creativity, and problem-solving, leading to advancements
and discoveries beyond human capabilities.

1.1 Role of Artificial Intelligence in Human Life:

Artificial Intelligence (AI) refers to the “simulation” of human-like

intelligence processes by computer systems.
Artificial Intelligence (AI) plays an increasingly significant role in human life across various
domains, revolutionizing the way we live, work, and interact with technology. Some key
areas where AI impacts human life are:

1. Automation: AI enables automation of repetitive tasks in industries such as

manufacturing, logistics, and customer service. This improves efficiency, reduces errors,
and frees up human resources for more complex and creative tasks.
2. Healthcare: AI is transforming healthcare with applications like medical image analysis,
early disease detection, personalized treatment plans, drug discovery, and virtual health
assistants. It improves patient outcomes, enhances diagnostics, and optimizes healthcare
resources.
3. Education: AI is enhancing the learning experience with adaptive learning platforms,
intelligent tutoring systems, and personalized educational content. It tailors learning materials
to individual needs, allowing students to learn at their own pace.

4. Natural Language Processing (NLP): AI-powered NLP is present in virtual assistants,

chatbots, and language translation services, making communication and information access
more convenient and accessible.

5. Recommendation Systems: AI drives recommendation engines in streaming platforms,

online shopping sites, and social media, providing personalized content and product
suggestions based on user preferences.

6. Finance: AI is used in the financial sector for fraud detection, risk assessment, algorithmic
trading, and customer service, leading to more secure and efficient financial transactions.

7. Transportation: AI is applied in autonomous vehicles, traffic management systems, and

logistics optimization, promising safer and more efficient transportation solutions.

8. Entertainment and Gaming: AI enhances entertainment experiences through AI-

generated content, virtual characters, and immersive gaming experiences.

9. Smart Cities: AI contributes to building smart cities by optimizing energy usage, managing
traffic flow, and improving public services.

10. Social Impact: AI is used for social good, such as disaster response, poverty alleviation,
and healthcare in underserved areas.

11. Ethical Considerations: AI raises ethical concerns regarding privacy, bias, and
employment displacement, requiring careful regulation and thoughtful implementation.

12. Scientific Research: AI assists scientists in analyzing large datasets, simulating complex
systems, and accelerating scientific discoveries.

13. Creativity and Art: AI-generated art, music, and storytelling have gained attention,
blurring the lines between human and machine creativity.
14. Retail: AI is being used to provide personalized shopping experiences, optimize
inventory management, and improve supply chain efficiency.

15. Manufacturing: AI is being used to optimize production processes, predict maintenance

needs, and improve quality control.

16. Agriculture: AI is being used to optimize crop yield, monitor soil conditions, and predict
weather patterns to improve farming practices and increase productivity.

17. Energy: AI is being used to optimize energy consumption, predict equipment failure,
and automate energy distribution to reduce costs and increase efficiency.

18. Hospitality: AI is being used to provide personalized guest experiences, automate

check-in and check-out processes, and improve overall hotel management.

19. Insurance: AI is being used to detect fraudulent claims, improve risk assessment, and
personalize insurance policies based on customer behavior and preferences.

20. Sports: AI is being used to analyze player performance, predict outcomes, and provide
real-time feedback to coaches and athletes.

21. Real estate: AI is being used to provide personalized property recommendations,

optimize property management, and analyze real estate market trends.

22. Security: AI is being used to monitor security cameras, analyze potential threats, and
identify suspicious behavior to improve overall security measures.

Advantages of AI

Artificial Intelligence (AI) has become an integral part of modern society. It is a technology
that enables machines to perform tasks that would typically require human intelligence.

1. Efficiency: One of the most significant advantages of AI is its ability to perform tasks
with speed and accuracy. AI-powered machines can complete tasks faster than humans
without getting tired or making errors.

2. Cost Savings: AI can help reduce costs in various industries by automating repetitive
tasks and eliminating the need for human labor. This can lead to significant cost savings for
businesses.
3. Improved Decision Making: AI can analyze vast amounts of data and provide insights
that humans may not be able to detect. This can help businesses make more informed
decisions and improve their operations.

3. 24/7 Availability: AI-powered machines can work around the clock, providing services
and support to customers at any time of the day. This can help businesses provide better
customer service and support.

4. Increased Safety: AI can be used in hazardous or dangerous environments, reducing

the risk of injury or death to humans. For example, AI-powered robots can be used in
manufacturing plants to perform tasks that are too dangerous for humans.

1.2 Understanding Ethics:

In the context of AI, “Ethics” in Ethics of AI - could refer to the ethical considerations
specific to the field of AI ethics itself. In other words, it involves understanding the ethical
principles, values, and guidelines that guide AI researchers, developers, policymakers, and
stakeholders as they address the broader ethical challenges posed by artificial intelligence
technologies. Here are some key aspects to consider:
1. Ethical Research: The ethical conduct of AI research involves ensuring that
experiments and studies involving AI technologies adhere to ethical standards, such as
obtaining informed consent from participants, minimizing harm, and protecting privacy and
confidentiality.
2. AI Bias and Fairness: In AI ethics, there is a focus on identifying and mitigating bias in
AI algorithms to ensure fairness and prevent discrimination. This includes developing
methods to detect and address biases in training data and AI decision-making processes.
3. Transparent AI: Ethical AI promotes transparency, making it essential for developers
and users to understand how AI systems arrive at their conclusions.
4. Explainable AI: Ethical AI research promotes the development of explainable AI
models, allowing users to understand how AI arrives at its decisions. This transparency is
vital in building trust and accountability in AI systems.
5. AI Safety and Security: The field of AI ethics explores the ethical implications of AI
safety and security. This includes ensuring that AI systems are designed with safeguards to
prevent unintended harmful consequences and potential malicious use.
6. Human-AI Collaboration: Ethical considerations in AI focus on how AI can enhance human
capabilities rather than replacing humans. It involves designing AI systems that collaborate with
humans, respecting human values, and promoting human autonomy.

7. Data Privacy and Consent: AI ethics emphasizes the importance of respecting user data
privacy, obtaining informed consent, and implementing robust data protection measures to
prevent misuse of personal information.

8. Human Rights and AI: Ethical AI research examines how AI can impact human rights,
including the right to privacy, freedom of expression, and the right to fair treatment. It aims to
develop AI technologies that uphold and protect human rights.

9. Bias in AI Research: Ethical AI research also involves considering biases that might arise in
the research process, including biases in data collection, algorithm development, and
interpretation of results.

10. Responsible AI Development: Ethical considerations in the development of AI focus on

ensuring that AI technologies are designed, deployed, and used responsibly, taking into account
their potential impacts on individuals and society.

11. Ethical Decision-making in AI Systems: The development of AI systems that can make
ethical decisions in real-world situations is an active area of research. This includes integrating
ethical principles into AI algorithms to guide their behavior in morally complex situations.

12. AI Governance and Regulation: Ethical AI addresses the need for appropriate
governance and regulation of AI technologies to ensure their responsible use and prevent
misuse or abuse.

13. Human Welfare and Well-being: AI technologies can profoundly influence people's lives,
from healthcare and education to employment and social interactions. Ethical considerations
ensure that AI serves human interests, respects human rights, and promotes overall well-being.

14. Trust and Acceptance: Ethical AI builds trust among users and stakeholders. When
people feel confident that AI systems operate ethically, they are more likely to accept and adopt
these technologies.

15. Avoiding Harm: AI has the potential to cause harm, whether through biased decision-
making, security breaches, or misuse. Ethical considerations guide efforts to minimize these
risks.
16. Long-term Impact: Ethical AI takes into account the long-term implications of AI
development, such as its impact on employment, economy, and society, and aims to address
potential challenges proactively.

17. Global Collaboration and Standards: The ethical dimensions of AI are complex and
require collaboration among researchers, policymakers, industry, and the public. Establishing
global ethical standards and guidelines ensures consistency and collective responsibility.

18. Social License to Operate: Ethical AI ensures that AI developers and companies
maintain the social license to operate, meaning they have the public's trust and support to
continue their activities.

The ethics within the ethics of AI emphasize the importance of integrating ethical principles
into all aspects of AI research, development, and deployment to ensure AI technologies are
beneficial, fair, transparent, and accountable while upholding human values and societal well-
being. Thereby we can maximize the positive impact of AI technologies while mitigating
potential risks and challenges.

1.3 Why Ethics in AI? What are the Ethical Considerations of AI:

The realm of AI is improving and expanding rapidly. Industries are curious to know more about
AI as there are endless applications of AI. Artificial Intelligence mimics human action;
therefore, it is lightning the burden of humanity. Big Tech giants are researching the new
capabilities of AI.

Many of the researchers are keeping an eye on the potential risk of AI. One of the issues is
ethical issues. Therefore, some questions are raising by those researchers that cannot be
neglected some of these are:

• Do system changes affect human behavior? If yes, How?

• Is it able to deliver the truth?
• Is it sure that the system is not discriminatory?
• Is it harming humanity?
• Is it respecting human morals and rights?
• Is it delivering correct information?
Ethical Considerations of AI:/ Ethical Principles of AI:

The ethical considerations of AI are a set of guidelines and values that aim to ensure the
responsible and beneficial development and deployment of artificial intelligence. These
ethical considerations help guide researchers, developers, policymakers, and stakeholders
in creating AI systems that align with human values and avoid harmful consequences.
While different organizations and institutions may have variations in their specific
formulations, some key ethical considerations in the context of AI:

1. Bias and Fairness: AI algorithms can inherit biases present in the data they are
trained on, leading to discriminatory outcomes. Ensuring fairness in AI systems involves
addressing bias and discrimination and striving for equitable treatment of all individuals.

2. Privacy and Data Protection: AI often relies on vast amounts of data, including
personal information. Ethical AI development involves protecting individuals' privacy rights
and handling data responsibly and securely.

3. Transparency, Accountability and Explainability: AI decision-making can be

complex and opaque. Ethical AI requires making AI systems explainable, allowing users to
understand how decisions are reached by ensuring accountability.

AI systems often operate in a “black box,” where these systems offer limited
interpretability of how they work and how they arrived at certain decisions. In critical
domains like health care or autonomous vehicles, transparency is vital to ascertain how
decisions are made and who bears responsibility for them. Clarifying accountability is
particularly important when AI systems make errors or cause harm, ensuring appropriate
corrective actions can be taken. To combat the black box challenges, researchers are
working to better develop explainable AI, which helps characterize the model’s fairness,
accuracy, and potential bias.

4. Social Manipulation and Misinformation: Fake news, misinformation, and

disinformation are commonplace in politics, competitive business, and many other fields.
AI algorithms can be exploited to spread this misinformation, manipulate public opinion,
and amplify social divisions. For example, technologies like deepfakes, which are capable
of generating realistic yet fabricated audiovisual content, pose significant risks to election
interference and political stability. Vigilance and countermeasures are required to address
this challenge effectively.
5. Privacy, Security, and Surveillance: The effectiveness of AI often hinges on the
availability of large volumes of personal data. As AI usage expands, concerns arise
regarding how this information is collected, stored, and utilized. For example, China is using
tools like facial recognition technology to support their extensive surveillance network,
which critics argue is leading to discrimination and repression of certain ethnic groups. In
AI, preserving individuals' privacy and human rights becomes paramount, necessitating
robust safeguards against data breaches, unauthorized access to sensitive information, and
protections from extensive surveillance.

6. Job Displacement: The advancement of AI automation has the potential to replace

human jobs, resulting in widespread unemployment and exacerbating economic inequalities.
Conversely, some argue that while AI will replace knowledge workers – like robots are
replacing manual laborers – AI has the potential to create far more jobs than it destroys.
Addressing the impacts of job displacement requires proactive measures such as retraining
programs and policies that facilitate a just transition for affected workers, as well as far-
reaching social and economic support systems.

7. Autonomous Weapons: Ethical concerns arise with the development of AI-powered

autonomous weapons. Questions of accountability, the potential for misuse, and the loss of
human control over life-and-death decisions necessitate international agreements and
regulations to govern the use of such weapons. Ensuring responsible deployment becomes
essential to prevent catastrophic consequences.

8. Global Implications: AI technologies have global reach and can have different effects
across cultures and regions. Ethical AI should consider the broader global implications and
adapt to diverse social, legal, and cultural contexts.

9. Environmental Impact: AI's energy consumption and environmental footprint can be

substantial. Ethical considerations include minimizing AI's negative impact on the
environment.

10. Autonomy and Control: As AI becomes more advanced, concerns arise regarding the
level of autonomy AI systems should have over human lives. Ethical considerations involve
determining appropriate levels of human control and intervention.
1.4 Ethical Issues with our relationship with artificial Entities
In the context of artificial intelligence (AI), an "artificial entity" refers to any artificially
created system, object, or agent that exhibits some level of intelligence, behavior, or
interaction. These entities can vary in complexity, from simple algorithms to sophisticated
robots or virtual characters. Here are some examples of artificial entities in AI:
1. Chatbots and Virtual Assistants: These are AI-powered programs designed to
simulate human conversation. They interact with users through text or speech, providing
information, answering questions, and performing tasks.
2. Autonomous Robots: These are physical machines equipped with AI systems that allow
them to navigate, interact with their environment, and perform tasks without direct human
intervention. Examples include robotic vacuum cleaners and drones.
3. Virtual Characters: These are computer-generated characters that interact with users in
virtual environments, video games, or simulations. They can exhibit behaviors, emotions,
and personalities.
4. Expert Systems: These are AI systems designed to replicate the decision-making
abilities of human experts in specific domains. They use knowledge bases and inference
engines to provide solutions or recommendations.
5. Recommender Systems: These AI entities analyze user preferences and behaviors to
provide personalized recommendations for products, services, or content. Examples include
movie recommendation systems on streaming platforms.
6. Artificial Neural Networks: These are computational models inspired by the human
brain's neural networks. They are used in deep learning to process complex patterns and
data, such as image recognition or natural language processing.
7. Genetic Algorithms: These are optimization algorithms inspired by the process of
natural selection. They are used to find solutions to complex problems by evolving a
population of possible solutions over multiple generations.
8. AI-Powered Creativity: AI systems can generate art, music, and literature. For
example, AI-generated artwork has been sold at auctions, and AI algorithms can compose
music.
9. Self-Driving Cars: These autonomous vehicles use AI to perceive their environment,
make decisions, and navigate without human intervention.
10. Game-playing AI: AI entities that can play games at a high level of skill. For example,
AI systems like AlphaGo have defeated human champions in complex board games like Go.
11. Natural Language Processing (NLP) Models: These AI entities process and
generate human language, enabling tasks like language translation, sentiment analysis, and
text generation.

12. AI-Powered Healthcare Diagnostics: AI systems that analyze medical data to

assist doctors in diagnosing diseases and suggesting treatment options.

It's important to note that the field of AI is continually evolving, and new artificial entities
are being developed as technology advances. These examples showcase the diversity of AI
applications and the range of entities that fall under the umbrella of artificial entities in AI.

Intelligence, sentience, and consciousness are complex and often interrelated concepts,
especially when discussing artificial entities like AI systems. It's important to note that our
understanding of these concepts is still evolving. Here's an overview of each concept:

1. Intelligence: Intelligence is often described as the ability to learn and apply

knowledge or to solve complex problems. It is an observable property defined by
behavior—finding clever solutions, acting resourcefully. Thoughts of this way, we see a
migrating bird, an insect hunting bat, and a theorem-proving human as problem solvers
each of whom require considerable, and very different forms of intelligence. Yet intelligence
is not a precisely defined term. It is sometimes conceptualized as an inner quality, as
when we say the migrating bird is not really intelligent, but is just acting on instinct.
Computer Scientists often states computer programs that solve complex problems using
methods we do not understand are “artificial intelligence”; when we do understand them,
they are “algorithms.”

2. Sentience: Sentience is the ability to experience sensations and emotions: to

feel pain and pleasure, and to want less of the former and more of the latter. A
nonsentient creature may move away from certain things and toward others, and even
have a suite of behaviors that aid its survival and reproduction, but it is not motivated to do
anything: it simply exists. With sentience comes motivation: a creature that experiences
certain sensory inputs as painful will want to avoid those; it will want to repeat pleasant
ones. Sentience is now believed to be the foundation of learning, which gives sentient
creatures much greater flexibility in their relationship with the world.
3. Consciousness: Consciousness is notoriously difficult to define. The 3 primary meanings of
Consciousness are: functional awareness and response, subjective experience - available from
the inside and explicit self-conscious awareness, and is only present in human persons.

Consciousness is important in ethics because the basis of morality is here, in the

evolution of traits such as attachment, empathy, and the desire for justice and social order. To
care about how one is perceived by others and about one’s effect on them—concerns available
to the conscious mind—is arguably the very foundation of ethics.

1.5 Current Initiatives in AI and Ethics:

AI innovation and adoption are unstoppable forces in business and society. Nearly 80% of Chief
Technology Officers plan to increase their adoption of AI and machine learning technologies. A
number of global initiatives are dedicated to researching ethical AI development and
deployment for the benefit of businesses, media, educators, and politicians worldwide.

1. Responsible Computer Science Challenge: The Responsible Computer Science

Challenge (RSSC) is an initiative designed to improve ethics education in global undergraduate
computer science programs. RSSC hopes to educate “a new wave of engineers who bring
holistic thinking to the design of technology products.”

2. The Institute for Ethical AI & Machine Learning: The Institute is a UK-based global
research centre dedicated to some of the most cutting-edge technical research on ethical AI
development.
The areas of focus include research into ethical processes, frameworks, operations
and deployment. The Institute is staffed by volunteer teams of machine learning and data
science experts, who partner with industry experts, academics, and policy-makers on research
projects. The Institute has created a list of eight principles for ethical AI, which include an
evaluation for biases, security controls, and human augmentation to ensure safe AI results.
3. Berkman Klein Center: The Berkman Klein Center is a Harvard-based hub for academic
research and inquiry into the intersection between “the internet & society.” Since the initial
launch, Berkman Klein has expanded to include more comprehensive research on emerging
technologies, including AI ethics and innovation.
The Berkman Klein Center has a primary mission to educate stakeholders both inside
and outside the Harvard Community, and help members of the public “turn education into
action.”
Currently, the Berkman Klein Center has six active projects related to AI. Their initiatives
include research on:
AI: Algorithms and Justice
AI: Global Governance and Inclusion
AI: Transparency
In addition, there are active projects dedicated to studying the impact of AI on the media,
autonomous vehicle safety, and effective AI education.
4. European AI Alliance: The European Union was a pioneer in creating a government-
level forum to broadly examine ethical AI development from all angles, including economic
and societal impact. Following the launch of the European AI Strategy in early 2018, the EU
Commission created a high-level expert group on AI (HLEG AI) and a parallel AI Alliance.
These efforts work to engage hundreds of expert stakeholders from multiple disciplines in
the discussion of frameworks, policy, and legislature. The goal of the Alliance and HLEG AI
is to create balanced, expert recommendations for policy, legislation, and business
investors.
The Alliance has defined a list of seven key requirements for trustworthy AI
development, including technical standards for applying ethical AI principles in the industry.
The ethics guidelines recommend human oversight, transparency, and accountability. The
long-term goal of the Alliance is to expand participation among a “diverse set of
participants,” including representatives from businesses, consumer advocacy organisations,
trade unions, and other interests.
5. The Open Robo Ethics Institute:
ORI is a non-profit think tank dedicated to exploring the potential ethical and societal
impacts of AI innovation. Founded in 2012, ORI’s primary goal is to improve the knowledge
of AI ethics among technologists, business leaders, and regulators.
In 2017, ORI expanded its capabilities to include a consultancy called Generation
R. Consultants from ORI specialise in helping business leaders apply a systemic approach to
ethical AI development. ORI and Generation R offer their AI Ethics Consulting Toolkit to
non-consulting clients free.
 10. Assignments : UNIT IV
(CO5,K6)

Online certification Course to be completed mandatorily.

Certification Course Name:

Ethics of Artificial Intelligence

Link to access the course:

https://www.coursera.org/learn/ethics-of-artificial-intelligence?action=enroll#modules
 11. PART A - QUESTION AND ANSWERS
1. Define Intelligence in terms of AI.
Intelligence in the context of Artificial Intelligence (AI) refers to the ability of a
machine or computer system to replicate and simulate human-like cognitive functions such
as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, language understanding, and decision-
making. It involves the capacity of a machine to process and analyze information, adapt to
new situations, and perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Types: There are 4 types of Intelligence in terms of AI. They are:
• Narrow AI (Weak AI)
• General AI (Strong AI)
• Artificial General Intelligence (AGI)
• Super Intelligence
2. Define Artificial Intelligence.
Artificial Intelligence (AI) refers to the “simulation” of human-like
intelligence processes by computer systems. Artificial Intelligence (AI) plays an increasingly
significant role in human life across various domains, revolutionizing the way we live, work,
and interact with technology. Few are:
1. Automation
2. Natural Language Processing
3. Recognition Systems
4. Recommendation Systems
3. What are the advantages of AI?
Artificial Intelligence (AI) has become an integral part of modern society. It is a technology
that enables machines to perform tasks that would typically require human intelligence.1.1.
Efficiency: One of the most significant advantages of AI is its ability to perform tasks with
speed and accuracy. AI-powered machines can complete tasks faster than humans without
getting tired or making errors.
Cost Savings: AI can help reduce costs in various industries by automating repetitive tasks
and eliminating the need for human labor. This can lead to significant cost savings for
businesses.
24/7 Availability: AI-powered machines can work around the clock, providing services and
support to customers at any time of the day. This can help businesses provide better
customer service and support.
 Increased Safety: AI can be used in hazardous or dangerous environments,
reducing the risk of injury or death to humans. For example, AI-powered robots can
be used in manufacturing plants to perform tasks that are too dangerous for humans.
4. Define “Ethics” in terms of AI.
“Ethics” in AI, refer to the ethical considerations specific to the field of AI ethics
itself. In other words, it involves understanding the ethical principles, values, and guidelines
that guide AI researchers, developers, policymakers, and stakeholders as they address the
broader ethical challenges posed by artificial intelligence technologies, during development,
deployment and use of AI technologies.
5. Why is Ethics important in AI?
Ethics is important in AI:
1. For avoiding Bias and to ensure Fairness.
2. For ensuring Privacy and security of users and their data.
3. Ethical AI makes AI systems Transparent and Explainable, by allowing users to
understand how decisions are reached by ensuring Accountability.
4. To avoid Social and societal manipulations and misinformations.
6. Define Bias in AI.
Bias in AI refers to the presence of systematic and unfair inaccuracies or
prejudices in the decisions and predictions made by artificial intelligence systems.
These biases can arise from various sources, including the data used to train the AI, the
algorithms themselves, or even the design and implementation process.
7. Define Fairness in AI.
Fairness in AI refers to the principle that artificial intelligence systems should
make decisions and predictions without favoring or discriminating against any
particular individual or group based on protected characteristics such as race, gender,
age, or other sensitive attributes. Fairness aims to ensure that AI systems treat all individuals
fairly and equally, and that the outcomes they produce are not influenced by biases or
stereotypes.
8. Define Transparency in AI.
Transparency in AI refers to the clarity and openness of the decision-making
processes, operations, and inner workings of artificial intelligence systems. Transparent AI
systems allow users, stakeholders, and even the general public to understand how the AI
arrives at its decisions, making it easier to identify potential biases, errors, or unintended
consequences.
9. Define Explainability in AI.
Explainability in AI refers to the ability of an artificial intelligence system to
provide understandable and human-interpretable explanations for its decisions
and predictions. An explainable AI helps users, stakeholders, and experts comprehend
the rationale behind the AI's outputs, making it easier to trust, validate, and improve the
system.
10. Define Accountability in AI.
Accountability in AI refers to the concept that individuals, organizations, and
entities involved in the design, development, deployment, and use of artificial
intelligence systems are held responsible for the outcomes and impacts of those
systems. It involves ensuring that there is a clear chain of responsibility and that
appropriate actions are taken to address any negative consequences that may arise from AI
technologies.
Accountability involves a combination of ethical considerations, legal obligations,
and transparency to ensure that AI systems are developed and used in ways that align
with societal values, norms, and regulations.
11. Define Security in AI.
Security in AI refer to the protection of artificial intelligence systems, data, and
processes from unauthorized access, attacks, risks, and potential harm. Ensuring the
security and safety of AI is essential to prevent malicious actions, maintain the integrity of
AI technologies, and minimize adverse effects on individuals, organizations, and society as
a whole.
12. Define Safety in AI.
Safety in AI focuses on preventing harm to humans, the environment, and
property caused by AI systems. This includes identifying and mitigating risks associated
with AI technologies to ensure that they operate reliably and do not pose threats to human
lives or well-being.
13. List the Ethical Considerations of AI:
1. Bias and Fairness 2. Privacy, Safety and Security
3. Transparency, Accountability and Explainability 4. Autonomous weapons
5. Autonomy and Control. 6. Job Displacement
14. Define Artificial Entity in AI.
An "artificial entity" refers to any artificially created system, object, or agent that
exhibits some level of intelligence, behavior, or interaction. These entities can vary in
complexity, from simple algorithms to sophisticated robots or virtual characters.
15.What are the Parametric measures of Artificial Entities.
1. Intelligence
2. Sentience
3. Consciousness
16. List out few Artificial Entities of AI.
1. Chatbots and Virtual Assistants.
2. Autonomous Robots
3. Recommendation Systems
4. Game Playing AI
5. Virtual Characters.
17. Define Intelligence in terms of Artificial Entities.
Intelligence is often described as the ability to learn and apply knowledge or to solve
complex problems. It is an observable property defined by behavior—finding clever solutions,
acting resourcefully. And it is sometimes conceptualized as an inner quality.
18. Define Sentience in terms of Artificial Entities.
Sentience is the ability to experience sensations and emotions: to feel pain and
pleasure, and to want less of the former and more of the latter. With sentience comes
motivation: a creature that experiences certain sensory inputs as painful will want to avoid
those; it will want to repeat pleasant ones.
19. Define Consciousness in terms of Artificial Entities.
The 3 primary definitions of Consciousness are: functional awareness and response,
subjective experience - available from the inside and explicit self-conscious awareness, and is
only present in human persons.
20. What are the current initiatives in AI and Ethics?
1. Responsible Computer Science Challenge
2. The Institute for Ethical AI & Machine Learning
3. Berkman Klein Center
4. European AI Alliance
5. The Open Robo Ethics Institute
 12. Part-B Questions : UNIT IV

Q. Questions CO K Level
No. Level
Explain the Role of Artificial Intelligence in Human Life
1 CO1 K2
in detail.
Explain in detail about the key aspects to consider
2 CO1 K2
while understanding Ethics of AI.
Define Ethics and state why adapting to Ethics in AI is
3 CO1 K2
important
Explain in detail the Ethical Considerations of AI in
4 CO1 K2
various fields.

5 Explain in detail about the Principles of Ethics of AI. CO1 K2

Explain in detain about the various Artificial Entities of

6 CO1 K2
AI.
List out and Explain the Current Initiatives of AI and
7 CO1 K2
Ethics in recent years.
 13. Supportive Online Certification
Courses

UNIT IV
Sl. Courses Platform
No.
1 Ethics of Artificial Intelligence Coursera
 14. REAL TIME APPLICATIONS : UNIT I

Hands-on-Exercise

1. Lane line detection while driving:

The method of detecting and tracking the lanes on a road while driving using a
computer vision system is known as lane line detection while employing machine
learning. This is an important use of machine learning in autonomous driving systems
since it helps the car stay in its lane and prevent accidents.

Lane line identification faces several difficulties, including shifting lighting, shifting road
markers, and collisions with other cars. Therefore, it's critical to create reliable
machine-learning models to address these issues and deliver precise lane detection in
practical settings.

Overall, machine learning-based lane line identification is a crucial computer vision

application in autonomous driving systems that can potentially increase the safety and
dependability of self-driving cars.

2. Real-time Translation Tool:

A software program known as a real-time translation tool enables users to translate

speech, writing, or other forms of communication from one language to another in
real-time. Real-time translation tools rely on machine learning and natural language
processing (NLP) approaches to translate languages rapidly and reliably.

Various contexts, including international business meetings, travel, and communication

with non-native speakers, can benefit from real-time translation tools. They allow users
to connect efficiently with persons who speak different languages since they can
translate text or speech in real time. These tools simplify connecting and collaborating
worldwide by enhancing communication and lowering language barriers.
 15. Content Beyond Syllabus
Ethical AI in the Government & Private Sector
Both government and private sector organizations have important roles to play in promoting
ethical AI.
Government organizations have a responsibility to establish regulations and guidelines for
the development and use of AI, in order to protect citizens’ rights and ensure that AI is used
responsibly and ethically. This can include measures to protect citizens’ privacy, prevent
discrimination, and ensure that AI systems are transparent and accountable. Government
organizations can also invest in research and development to support the development of
ethical AI and can provide funding and resources for the training and education of AI
professionals.

Private sector organizations, on the other hand, have a responsibility to ensure that their
own AI systems and practices are in compliance with relevant regulations and guidelines.
They should establish internal review processes to ensure that their AI systems are aligned
with human values and should be transparent about the data they are collecting and how it
is being used. Private sector organizations should also invest in building a culture of ethics
within the company and provide their employees with training and education on AI ethics.
In addition, both government and private sector organizations can work together to promote
ethical AI by collaborating on research and development, sharing best practices, and
participating in industry-wide initiatives and standards-setting bodies.
It’s important to note that promoting ethical AI is a shared responsibility and requires a
collaborative effort between the government, the private sector, and society at large.
 16. Assessment Schedule
Tentative schedule for the Assessment During 2022-2023 Odd semester

S.NO Name of the Start Date End Date Portion

Assessment

1. Unit Test I Unit I

2. IAT 1 Unit I & II

3. Unit Test II Unit III

4. IAT II Unit III & IV

5. Revision I Unit V,I & II

6. Revision II Unit III & IV

7. Model All 5 Units

17. Prescribed Text & Reference Books

Sl. Book Name & Author Book

No.
1 Paula Boddington, “Towards a Code of Ethics for Artificial Reference
Intelligence”, Springer, 2017 PDF
2 Markus D. Dubber, Frank Pasquale, Sunit Das, “The Oxford
Handbook of Ethics of AI”, Oxford University Press Edited book, Book
2020
3 S. Matthew Liao, “Ethics of Artificial Intelligence”, Oxford
University Press Edited Book, 2020 Boook

4 N. Bostrom and E. Yudkowsky. “The ethics of artificial

intelligence”. In W. M. Ramsey and K. Frankish, editors, The Reference
Cambridge Handbook of Artificial Intelligence, pages 316–334. PDF
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2014.
5 Wallach, W., & Allen, C, “Moral machines: ceaching robots right
from wrong”, Oxford University Press, 2008. Book
18. Mini Project Suggestions

Develop any one of the following web applications

1. Stock Prediction

2. House Security

3. Loan Eligibility Prediction

4. Resume Parser

5. Consumer Sentiment Analysis

 Thank you

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