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S2.Measures of Central Tendency and Variability, Data Visualization

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14 views17 pages

S2.Measures of Central Tendency and Variability, Data Visualization

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xrp7xrqc4z
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S2: Descriptive Statistics: Measures of

Central Tendency, Variability, and Data


Visualization
By: F. Jabutay
Learning Objectives
• Understand and calculate measures of central tendency (mean,
median, mode).

• Understand and calculate measures of variability (range, variance,


standard deviation).

• Utilize data visualization techniques to interpret and present


statistical data.
Introduction to Descriptive Statistics
• Definition: Descriptive statistics summarize and organize data,
helping us understand datasets at a glance.

• Purpose: To provide insights into the data's typical values and spread
without making conclusions about a larger population.
Measures of Central Tendency
• Definition: These measures indicate the "center" or typical value of a
dataset.
• Key Types:
• Mean: The average value.

• Median: The middle value when data is ordered.

• Mode: The most frequently occurring value.


Mean

• Advantages: Easy to calculate; includes all data points.

• Disadvantages: Sensitive to outliers.

• Example Calculation: [Add a sample dataset for students to see the


mean calculation step-by-step]
Median
• Definition: Middle value in an ordered dataset.

• Steps to Calculate:
• Order the data values.
• Find the middle number (or the average of two middle numbers if the
dataset has an even number of values).

• Advantage: Less affected by outliers.

• Example Calculation: [Add a sample dataset and find the median]


Mode
• Definition: Most frequently occurring value in a dataset.

• Uses: Useful for categorical data to find the most common category.

• Limitations: May not exist or may have multiple values in the case of
bimodal or multimodal data.

• Example Calculation: [Add a dataset with a clear mode]


Comparing Central Tendency Measures
• Summary Table:
• Mean: Useful for quantitative data but sensitive to outliers.
• Median: Provides a robust middle value, especially in skewed distributions.
• Mode: Useful for categorical data and identifying the most common values.

• Choosing the Right Measure: Based on the data type and


distribution.
Measures of Variability (Dispersion)
• Definition: These measures indicate how spread out the data values
are.

• Importance: Helps to understand the range and consistency of the


data.
Range

•Description: The simplest measure of variability, showing the


difference between the highest and lowest values.

•Limitations: Only considers the two extreme values, ignoring


others.
Variance and Standard Deviation
• Variance: Measures the average squared deviation from the mean.

• Standard Deviation: Square root of variance; represents average


distance from the mean.

• Example Calculation: [Include dataset and step-by-step variance and


standard deviation calculation]
Interpreting Standard Deviation
• Low Standard Deviation: Data points are close to the mean (low
variability).

• High Standard Deviation: Data points are spread out (high variability).

• Real-World Example: Comparing product ratings of two products


with the same mean but different standard deviations.
Data Visualization Techniques
• Importance: Visualizing data makes it easier to interpret and
communicate insights.

• Types of Visualizations:
• Bar Charts: For comparing categories.
• Histograms: For showing frequency distribution of numerical data.
• Box Plots: For visualizing data spread and identifying outliers.
• Pie Charts: For representing proportions in categorical data.
Example: Bar Chart
• Description: Ideal for categorical data to compare quantities across
categories.

• Components: Title, axes labels, categories.

• Example Chart:
Example: Histogram
Description: Useful for showing the distribution of continuous data.

Components: Bins, frequency axis.

Example Chart:
Example: Box Plot
Description: Visualizes the minimum, first quartile, median, third
quartile, and maximum.

Uses: Identifying skewness, spread, and outliers.

Example Chart:
Summary
Recap

• Measures of Central Tendency: Mean, Median, Mode.

• Measures of Variability: Range, Variance, Standard Deviation.

• Data Visualization: Importance and types (bar chart, histogram, box


plot).Key Takeaway: These statistical tools and visualizations are
foundational for analyzing and interpreting data in business contexts.

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