University of Southeastern Philippines

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Electronics Engineering Program

INTRODUCTION TO
MICROPROCESOR SYSTEM
Lesson 2: Architecture and Organization

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Outline

1. Architecture
2. Organization

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Architecture
Computer Architecture refers to those
attributes of a system that have a direct
impact on the logical execution of a program.
o the instruction set
o the number of bits used to represent
various data types
o I/O mechanisms
o memory addressing techniques 3

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Architecture
The instruction set,
also called ISA (instruction set architecture),
is part of a computer that pertains to
programming, which is more or less machine
language.
The instruction set provides commands to the
processor, to tell it what it needs to do.
The instruction set consists of addressing modes,
instructions, native data types, registers,
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memory architecture, interrupt, and exception
handling, and external I/O.

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Architecture
Many different architectures exist, such as:
• ARM,
• x86,
• MIPS,
• SPARC, and
• PowerPC.
The first step in understanding any computer
architecture is to learn its language.
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Architecture
Many different architectures exist, such as:
• ARM,
Advanced RISC Machines (Acorn RISC
Machine)
RISC – reduced instruction set computing
CISC – complex instruction set computing

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Architecture
Many different architectures exist, such as:
• RISC,
Reducing the cycles per instruction at the cost
of the number of instruction per program
- It is a computer that only uses simple
commands that can be divided into several
instructions that achieve low-level operation
within a single CLK cycle.
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Architecture
Many different architectures exist, such as:
• CISC,
Minimize the number of instruction per program
sacrificing the number of cycles per instruction.
- Develop by Intel. Is a computer that uses
complex instruction, where single instructions
can perform numerous low level operations.

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Architecture
Example of Instruction set is the x86 instruction set
of the x86 family of microprocessor.
• Intel
• AMD (up to Athlon processor only)
An instruction set can be built
• into the hardware of the processor.
• it can be emulated in software, using an
interpreter.
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- The hardware design is more efficient and
faster for running programs than the
software emulated version

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Architecture
Many different architectures exist, such as:
• MIPS,
Microprocessor without Interlocked Pipelined
Stages – is a RISC ISA developed by MIPS
Computer system

* MIPS32/64 released on April 2017

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Architecture
Many different architectures exist, such as:
• SPARC
Scalable Processor Architecture – is a RISC
ISA.

* SUN Microsystem now ORACLE Corp

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Architecture
Many different architectures exist, such as:
• PowerPC.
Performance Optimization with Enhanced RISC
Performance Computing

* Apple, IBM and Motorola (AIM Alliance)

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Architecture
Example of Instruction set
• ADD – add two number together
• COMPARE – compare numbers
• IN – Input information from a device
(keyboard, sensors)
• JUMP – jump to designated RAM address
• JUMP IF – conditional statement that jumps
to a designated RAM address
• LOAD – load information from RAM to13the
CPU
• STORE – store information to RAM

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Architecture
Number of bits used to represent various data
types
• Integer
• Floating-point number
• Character
• String
• Boolean

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Architecture
I/O Mechanisms
Use to communicate with peripheral devices
The three basic I/O mechanism:
• Memory-mapped I/O
• I/O-mapped input/output
• Direct memory access (DMA)

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Architecture
Memory-mapped Input/output
A memory-mapped peripheral device is
connected to the CPU’s address and data
lines exactly like regular memory, so
whenever the CPU writes to or reads from the
address associated with the peripheral device,
the CPU transfers data to or from the device.
This mechanism has several benefits and only
a few disadvantages.
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Architecture
I/O-mapped Input/output
• I/O-mapped input/output differs from memory-
mapped I/O
• It uses special I/O address space separate
from the normal memory space, and it uses
special machine instruction to access device
addresses.

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Architecture
Direct Memory Access (DMA)
• Memory-mapped I/O subsystem and I/O-
mapped subsystems both require the CPU to
move data between the peripheral device and
memory. This is often called I/O programmed
I/O.
• For a high-speed I/O devices the CPU may be
too slow to process this data one byte at a
time. Such devices generally have an
interface to the CPU’s bus so they can directly
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read and write memory, which is known as

direct memory access because the peripheral
device accesses memory directly.
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Architecture
Memory Addressing techniques
Ways of specifying the location of a memory.
• Real memory addressing
• Protected memory addressing

Real mode operation allows the processor to

only address the first 1M byte of memory space.

Protected addressing referred to the extended

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memory beyond 1M byte

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Organization
Computer Organization refers to the
operational units and their interconnections
that realize the architectural specifications.
Examples are things that are transparent to
the programmer:
o control signals
o interfaces between computer and
peripherals 20
o the memory technology being used

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Architecture - Organization
Architecture is those attributes visible to the
programmer.
➢ Instruction set, number of bits used for data
representation, I/O mechanisms, addressing
techniques.
Organization is how features are implemented
➢ Control signals, interfaces, memory technology.
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The fact that a multiply instruction is available is a
computer architecture issue. How that multiply is
implemented is a computer organization issue.

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 University of Southeastern Philippines
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Electronics Engineering Program

INTRODUCTION TO
MICROPROCESOR SYSTEM
Lesson 2: Architecture and Organization

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Electronics Engineering Program