Problem Statement : Fibonacci Sequence and It’s Application in real world along with

interdisciplinary Benefits

1.1 Who was Fibonacci ? and What were his contribution to modern mathematics ?

Leonardo Pisano Fibonacci (1170–1240 or 1250) was an Italian

number theorist. He introduced the world to such wide-ranging
mathematical concepts as what is now known as the Arabic
numbering system, the concept of square roots, number
sequencing, and even math word problems.

Leonardo Pisano Fibonacci (1170–1240 or 1250) was an Italian

number theorist. He introduced the world to such wide-ranging
mathematical concepts as what is now known as the Arabic
numbering system, the concept of square roots, number
sequencing, and even math word problems.

Fibonacci showed the world how to use what is now our current
numbering system in his book "Liber Abaci," which he published in
1202. The title translates as "The Book of Calculation."
1.2 What is the Fibonacci Sequence ?

The Fibonacci sequence is a set of integers (the Fibonacci numbers)

that starts with a zero, followed by a one, then by another one, and then
by a series of steadily increasing numbers. The sequence follows the
rule that each number is equal to the sum of the preceding two
numbers.

The Fibonacci sequence begins with the following 14 integers:

0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, 144, 233 ...

Each number, starting with the third, adheres to the prescribed formula.
For example, the seventh number, 8, is preceded by 3 and 5, which add up
to 8. The sequence can theoretically continue to infinity, using the same
formula for each new number.
Some resources show the Fibonacci sequence starting with a one instead
of a zero, but this is fairly uncommon.
1.3 Calculating the Fibonacci Sequence ?

The Fibonacci sequence can be calculated mathematically. In this

approach, each number in the sequence is considered a term, which is
represented by the expression Fn. The n reflects the number's position in the
sequence, starting with zero. For example, the sixth term is referred to as
F5, and the seventh term is referred to as F6.

Using this numbering, the Fibonacci sequence can be defined by the

following three equations:

 F0 = 0 (applies only to the first integer)

 F1 = 1 (applies only to the second integer)

 Fn = Fn-1 + Fn-2 (applies to all other integers)

The first two equations are essentially stating that the term in the first
position equals 0 and the term in the second position equals 1. The third
equation is a recursive formula, which means that each number of the
sequence is defined by using the preceding numbers. For example, to
define the fifth number (F4), the terms F2 and F3 must already be defined.
These two numbers, in turn, require that the numbers preceding them are
already defined. The numbers continuously build on each other throughout
the sequence.

The following table shows the position of each term, along with its Fn value
and Fibonacci number, starting with the first term and ending with the 14th.
1.4 : The Rabbit Problem and History of Fibonacci Sequence

Fibonacci considered the sequence to be an answer to the following

question:

2 "How many pairs of rabbits will be produced in a year, beginning with a

single pair, if in every month each pair bears a new pair which becomes
productive from the second month on?" The result can be expressed
numerically as 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34 ...
3 A Sanskrit grammarian, Pingala, is credited with the first mention of the
sequence of numbers, sometime between the fifth century B.C. and the
second or third century A.D. Since Fibonacci introduced the series to
Western civilization, it has had a high profile from time to time.
4 The sequence has also been used to modify are literature lore such as
In The Da Vinci Code(both movie and book), for example, the Fibonacci
sequence is part of an important clue. Another application, the Fibonacci
poem, is a verse in which the progression of syllable numbers per line
follows Fibonacci's pattern.
5 Fibonacci numbers can also be used to define a spiral and are of
interest to biologists and physicists because they are frequently
observed in various natural objects and phenomena. The branching
patterns in trees and leaves, for example, and the distribution of seeds
in a raspberry reflect the Fibonacci sequence.

1.5 Applications of Fibonacci Sequence in the other fields

 1.5.1 ART : Fibonacci Spiral and Golden Ratio

To understand the use Fibonacci spiral we must know what phi Φ. This is
the 21st letter of the Greek alphabet, Phi. In math, Phi represents
a number that starts with 1.618033988749895… And goes on
forever without repeating! That’s one reason Phi is an irrational
number.

The Golden Ratio is not the same as Phi, but it’s close! The
Golden Ratio is a relationship between two numbers that are next
to each other in the Fibonacci sequence. When you divide the
larger one by the smaller one, the answer is something close to
Phi. The further you go along the Fibonacci Sequence, the closer
the answers get to Phi. But the answer will never equal Phi
exactly. That’s because Phi cannot be written as a fraction. It’s
irrational!

The Golden Ratio can also be seen using two quantities, like the
lengths of two line segments. Have a look at the lines below. The
blue and green lines have the Golden Ratio. This is because the
length of the longer blue line, divided by the shorter green line, is
the same as the length of the two lines added together (shown in
black) and divided by the blue line. In other words, two quantities
have the Golden Ratio if their ratio is the same as the ratio of
their sum to the larger of the two quantities.
The ratio between sides a and b is Φ or 1.61803… You can see
this written as an equation below:

We can grow this pattern by adding a new, larger square to the

long side (a + b) of the rectangle. This square, combined with the
previous shapes, results in a new, larger rectangle. Do this again
and again, and you can create a growing pattern, like the diagram
below.

We can take the Golden Rectangle one step further by adding a

line that forms a quarter circle in each square.

Have a look at the diagram below. The curved lines connect to

form a spiral. This is called a Fibonacci Spiral. Each square is
also labelled with the length of its sides. These numbers are the
same as in the Fibonacci Sequence!
FIBONACCI SPIRALS IN NATURE

Remember those flower petals? They help draw pollinators to

the centre of the flower where the pollen is - like a bull’s eye. This
is why many flowers have evolved to grow petals in a Fibonacci
spiral around their centres. Each new petals grows about 137.5
degrees away from the last. This is 1 ÷ Phi x 360 (total degrees in
the circle). Or you can imagine dividing a circle into two curved
lines. The arc of the longer line and the arc of the shorter line
have the golden ratio. This is called the golden angle. In fact, if
you count all the petals on a flower, you will often find a Fibonacci
number!

1.5.2:- Literature Fibonacci Series and Poetry (FIB)

Fib is explained as experimental Western poetry, similar to
haiku, but based on the Fibonacci series. The typical Fib and
another version of the modern Western haiku follow a strict
structure. It is a copy of how characters were explained in
ancient Sanskrit prosodies. A typical Fib is a six-line, 20-syllable
poetry with a syllables count by lines of 1/1/2/3/5/8 – with many
syllables as required.
Ancient form of contemporary haiku uses three or fewer lines
and no more than 17 syllables. The only condition on a Fib is that
the syllable count follows the Fibonacci Sequence.

1.5.3: Finance :- Fibonacci Retracing Level in Stock Trading

Fibonacci retracement levels—stemming from the Fibonacci sequence—
are horizontal lines that indicate where support and resistance are likely to
occur.

Each level is associated with a percentage. The percentage is how much

of a prior move the price has retraced. The Fibonacci retracement levels
are 23.6%, 38.2%, 61.8%, and 78.6%. While not officially a Fibonacci ratio,
50% is also used.

The indicator is useful because it can be drawn between any two

significant price points, such as a high and a low. The indicator will then
create the levels between those two points.

Suppose the price of a stock rises $10 and then drops $2.36. In that case,
it has retraced 23.6%, which is a Fibonacci number. Fibonacci numbers
are found throughout nature. Therefore, many traders believe that these
numbers also have relevance in financial markets.

1.5.4: Music : Fibonacci-Mozart Sonatas

Fibonacci Sequence plays a big part in Western harmony and musical
scales. Here are the facts:

 An octave on the piano consists of 13 notes. Eight are white keys

and five are black keys.
 A scale is composed of eight notes, of which the third and fifth notes
create the foundation of a basic chord
 In a scale, the dominant note is the fifth note, which is also the
eighth note of all 13 notes that make up the octave.
 Eight divided by 13 equals 0.61538... the approximate Golden
Ratio)

Composers and instrument makers have been using the Fibonacci

Sequence and the Golden Ratio for hundreds of years to compose and
create music.

Mozart, for instance, based many of his works on the Golden Ratio –
especially his piano sonatas.

1. The traditional sonata has two parts:

Exposition – where the musical theme is introduced
2. Development and recapitulation – where the theme is developed
and repeated

Now, here's the interesting bit...

Mozart arranged his piano sonatas so that the number of bars in

the development and recapitulation divided by the number of bars in
the exposition would equal approximately 1.618, the Golden Ratio.

The exposition consists of 38 bars and the development and

recapitulation consists of 62. The first movement as a whole consists of
100 bars.

62 divided by 38 equals 1.63 (approximately the Golden Ratio)

1.5.5: OTHER SCIENCES : Use of Fibonacci sequences in Physics , Chemistry , Biology ,

Astronomy and Computer Science
1. Physics :-
(i) Hydrogen bonds : The golden ratio appears in atomic physics, more specifically in
the Bohr radius and bond-valence parameters of hydrogen bonds of certain
borates
(ii) Superconductivity: CERN obtained results from an empirical relation between the
critical temperature of optimum doped superconductors and the mean cationic
charge, indicating the fractal character of high critical temperature
superconductivity, for which the width of superconducting domains is governed by
Fibonacci numbers.
2. Chemistry :-
(i) Protein Generation :- These off-lattice protein AB models use a Fibonacci series
sequence protein with chain lengths of 13, 21, 34, 55, and 89. Kolossváry and
Bowers (2012) revisited the Fibonacci sequences and find that much lower energy
folds exist than previously reported. They found the protein sequence that yields
the lowest energy fold amongst all sequences for a given chain length and residue
mixture. In particular, for protein models with a binary sequence, the sequence-
optimized folds form more compact cores than the lowest energy folds.
3. Biology :-
(i) Genetic code and DNA :- The Fibonacci sequence, and its “quantum” extension, can
be found in genetic codes, including amino acids and codons (Négadi, 2015).
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) in biological systems replicates with the aid of
proteins. However, Kim et al. (2015) have designed a controllable self-replicating
system that does not require proteins. The self-assembly process into rings
continues through two different replication pathways: one grows exponentially,
the other grows according to Fibonacci's sequence.
4. Astronomy :-
(i) Black Hole Formation :- Black holes warp space in their vicinity so much that in
classical General Relativity, nothing, not even light, can escape. However, when
quantum effects are included, black holes can lose energy via a process known as
Hawking radiation. Black holes warp space in their vicinity so much that in classical
General Relativity, nothing, not even light, can escape. However, when quantum
effects are included, black holes can lose energy via a process known as Hawking
radiation this leads to the formation inverse Fibonacci sequence , which helps
scientist to find the location of a black hole or upcoming supernova .
5. Computer Science :-
(i) Tribology : A study of frictional effects of periodicity in a crystalline lattice (Jeong
Young Park et al., 2005) showed that friction along the surface of a quasicrystal in
the direction of a periodic geometric configuration is about eight times greater
than in the direction where the geometric configuration is aperiodic. Geometric
periodicity was confirmed via rows of atoms that formed a Fibonacci sequence.

1.6 CONCLUSION
In addition to "Liber Abaci," Fibonacci authored several other books
on mathematical topics ranging from geometry to squaring
numbers (multiplying numbers by themselves). The city of Pisa
(technically a republic at that time) honored Fibonacci and granted
him a salary in 1240 for his help in advising Pisa and its citizens on
accounting issues. Fibonacci died between 1240 and 1250 in Pisa.

Fibonacci is famous for his contributions to number theory.

 In his book, "Liber Abaci," he introduced the Hindu-Arabic

place-valued decimal system and the use of Arabic numerals
into Europe.
 He introduced the bar that is used for fractions today;
previous to this, the numerator had quotations around it.
 The square root notation is also a Fibonacci method.

It has been said that the Fibonacci Numbers are nature's

numbering system and that they apply to the growth of living
things, including cells, petals on a flower, wheat, honeycomb, pine
cones, and much more.

In conclusion, the Fibonacci sequence, with its unique pattern of

each number being the sum of the two preceding ones, holds
significance across various fields. From nature’s intricate designs
to cryptography and trading strategies, its applications are
diverse and profound.