fjpu;j;njhopw;ghl;L gpupe;jopif tpjp

ahNjDk; fzj;jpy; fjpu;jn ; jhopw;ghl;L %yf khjpupnahd;wpd; gpupe;jopif tPjkhdJ

mf;fzj;jpy; mk;khjpupapy; fhzg;gLk; fjpu;jn
; jhopw;ghl;L fUf;fspd; vz;zpf;iff;F
Neu;tpfpj rkdhFk;.

Fwpj;j xU fzj;jpy; fjpu;j;njhopw;ghl;L %yfj;jpy; cs;s fUf;fspd; vz;zpf;if N

vd;f.
fjpu;j;njhopw;ghl;bd; myF:
ngf;fuy; (Bq) or fpAup (Ci)
1 Bq = 1 fjpu;g;G /s
,q;F  MdJ Nja;T khwpyp vdg;gLk;. 1 Ci = 3.7 x 1010 fjpu;g;G/ s

Muk;gj;jpy; cs;s fUf;fspd; vz;zpf;if No ck;> Neuj;jpy; vQ;rpAs;s fUf;fspd;

vz;zpf;if N ck; vdpd;>

miu MAs; fhyk;

xU fjpu;j;njhopw;ghl;L khjpupapd; Muk;gf; fUf;fspd; vz;zpf;if rup miuthrp

Mtjw;F vLf;Fk; fhyk; miu MAl; fhyk; T  1

2
vdg;gLk;.

fjpu;jn
; jhopw;ghl;L %yfq;fSf;F miu MAl; fhyk; khwpypahFk;.

N  Noet 2e
T1
2

No T1
 Noe 2
2 ln(2)
T1  
1 T1 2 
e 2
2

cau;ju tpQ;Qhd gpupTf;fhd jD\; ntspaPL - j. jNgrd; - 20 -

01. fjpu;jn
; jhopw;ghl;L %yfk; xd;wpd; khjpupapd; ehd;fpy; xU gFjp fUf;fs; 12 s ,d;
gpd;du; vQ;rpapUe;jJ vdpd; mf;fjpu;j;njhopw;ghl;L %yfj;jpd; miutho;Tf;fhyk;
ahJ?

02. xU fjpu;j;njhopw;ghl;L khjpupapy; Muk;gj;jpy; 8.0 x 1022 mZf;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

mjd; miutho;Tf; fhyk; 2 ehl;fshFk;. 16 ehl;fspd; gpd;du; vQ;rpapUf;Fk;
mZf;fspd; vz;zpf;if ahJ?

03. fjpu;jn
; jhopw;ghl;L %yfk; xd;wpd; miutho;Tf;fhyk; 40 epkplq;fshFk;. mjd;
Muk;g fjpuj ; jhopw;ghl;L tPjk; epkplj;jpw;F 1000 fjpug
; n ; ;Gf;fshFk;. mj; njhopw;ghL
epkplj;jpw;F 125 fjpu;gG; f;fshf khWtjw;F vLf;Fk; fhyk; ahJ?

04. xU fjpu;j;njhopw;ghl;L khjpupapd; njhopw;ghlhdJ 15 ehl;fspy; mjd; Muk;gg;

ngWkjpapd; 1 8 klq;fhfpaJ vdpd; mk;khjpupapd; miutho;Tf; fhyk; ahJ?

05. 100 g jpzpTila fjpuj ; jhopw;ghl;L khjpupapd; miutho;Tf;fhyk; 4 tUlq;fshFk;.

; n
16 tUlq;fspy; mk;khjpupapd; vd;d jpzpT Nja;tile;jpUf;Fk;?

06. 100 g jpzpTila fjpuj ; jhopw;ghl;L khjpupapd; miutho;Tf;fhyk; 10 ehl;fshFk;.

; n
5 ehl;fspy; mk;khjpupapd; vd;d jpzpT vQ;rpapUf;Fk;?

07. fjpu;jn
; jhopw;ghl;L %yfk; xd;wpd; xU ehs; Kbtpy; mjd; 90 % vQ;rpapUe;jJ.
,uz;L ehl;fspd; Kbtpy; vd;d rjtPjk; vQ;rpapUf;Fk;?

fhgd; Njjpaply;

fhgd; Njjpaply; vd;gJ mfo;Tfspd; NghJ fz;Lgpbf;fg;gLk; jhtu> tpyq;Fg; gFjpfspd;

taij fjpu;j;njhopw;ghl;Lf; fhgdpd; ,ay;Gfisg; gad;gLj;jpj; JzpAk; KiwahFk;.

fhgdhdJ fhgd; - 12 ( 126 C ) rkjhdpahfNt gutyhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. vdpDk;

kpff; Fiwe;jstpy; fhgd; - 14 ( 146 C ) rkjhdpfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

Gtpia Nehf;fp mz;lntspapypUe;J tUk;> mjpf Ntfj;jpy; nry;Yk; Vw;wk; ngw;w

Jzpf;iffs; mz;lf;fjpu;fs; MFk;. ,t; mz;lf;fjpu;fspdhNyNa fhgd; - 14 ( 146 C )
rkjhdpfs; cUthfpd;wd. ,it cau; ce;jj;ijf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;.

mz;lf;fjpuf; s; mjhtJ Vw;wk; ngw;w Jzpf;iffs; tspkz;ly thATld; NkhJtjhy;

epAj;jpud;fisAk; NtW mbg;gilahd gy Jzpf;iffisAk; Njhw;Wtpf;Fk;. mt;thW

cau;ju tpQ;Qhd gpupTf;fhd jD\; ntspaPL - j. jNgrd; - 21 -

Njhd;Wk; epAj;jpud;fs; tspkz;lyj;jpYs;s iejurDld; NkhJtjhy; fhgd; - 14
( 146 C ) rkjhdpfs; Njhd;Wfpd;wd. mjd; gpd;du; mit tspkz;lyj;jpy; cs;s
xl; r prd; fSld; Nru; e ;J fhgdPn uhf;i rl;l hf tspkz;l yj;jpy; Nru;e ;J gpd; d u;
jhtuq;fspD}lhf tpyq;FfSf;F NrUk;.

fhgd; - 14 ( 146 C ) rkjhdpfspd; miutho;Tf;fhyk; Vwj;jhs 5730 Mz;LfshFk;.

vdNt jhtuq;fspd;> tpyq;Ffspd; clypy; cs;s fhgd; - 14 ( 146 C ) rkjhdpfs; kpf
nkJthfNt Njq;tilAk;. vdpDk; capUs;s jhtuq;fspYk;> tpyq;FfspYk; czT
%yKk;> tsp %yKk; fhgd; - 14 ( 146 C ) rkjhdpfs; clypDs; GFfpd;wd. vdNt
mtw;wpy; mlq;fpAs;s fhgd; - 12 ( 126 C ) ,w;Fk; fhgd; - 14 ( 146 C ) ,w;Fk; ,ilapyhd
tpfpjk; mz;zsthf khwhjpUf;Fk;.
12
C
mz;zsthf
6
14
 1.3  10 12
6 C

vdpDk; tpyq;Ffs;> jhtuq;fs; ,we;j gpd;du; fhgd; - 14 ( 146 C ) ,d; vz;zpf;if

Fiwtjdhy; fhgd; - 12 ( 126 C ) ,w;Fk; fhgd; - 14 ( 146 C ) ,w;Fk; ,ilapyhd tpfpjk;
gbg;gbahf FiwtilAk;. mfo;tpd; NghJ fpilj;j nghUspd; ,t;tpfpjj;ij
mstpLtjd; %yk; mjd; taij Jzpayhk;.

01. mfo;nthd;wpd; NghJ ngwg;gl;l vYk;G xd;wpy; fhzg;gLk; fhgd; - 14 ( 146 C ) ,d;
jpzpT 5.0 g MFk;. mt;ntYk;gpy; Muk;gj;jpy; ,Ue;j fhgdpd; jpzpT 80.0 g vdj;
jug;gbd;> mt;ntYk;gpd; taJ ahJ? fhgd; - 14 ,d; miutho;Tf; fhyk; 5730
Mz;LfshFk;.

02. Muk;g fhyj;jpy; ngwg;gl;l rhk;gypy;> jw;fhyj;jpYs;s mNj tif rhk;gypy;

cs;s fhgd; - 14 ,d; 12.5% ,Ug;gjhf mwpag;gl;Ls;sJ. fhgd; - 14 ,d;
miutho;Tf; fhyk; 5730 Mz;LfshFnkdpd; Muk;g fhyj;J rhk;gy; vj;jid
Mz;LfSf;F Kd;du; cUthfpapUf;Fk;?

03. njho;nghUs; mfo;tpy; fz;nlLf;fg;gl; vYk;G xd;wpYs;s fhgd; - 12 ( 126 C )

,w;Fk; fhgd; - 14 ( 146 C ) ,w;Fk; ,ilapyhd tpfpjj;jpw;Fk; mNj tifahd
jw;fhyj;jpy; cs;s vYk;gpYs;s fhgd; - 12 ( 126 C ) ,w;Fk; fhgd; - 14 ( 146 C ) ,w;Fk;
,ilapyhd tpfpjj;jpw;Fk; ,ilapyhd tpfpjk; 1 : 8 MFk;. fhgd; - 14 ,d;
miutho;Tf; fhyk; 5730 Mz;LfshFnkdpd; fz;nlLf;fg;gl;l vYk;gpd; taJ
ahJ?

cau;ju tpQ;Qhd gpupTf;fhd jD\; ntspaPL - j. jNgrd; - 22 -

fjpu;g;ig msf;Fk; myFfs;

ahjhapDk; xU rl;nghUspdhy; (nghUs; my;yJ mq;fpfs;) cwpQ;rg;gLk; fjpu;gG;

rf;jpia mjhtJ Cl;il (dose) msg;gjw;F gad;gLj;jg;gLk; myF fpNu (Gray) (G)
vdg;gLk;.

XuyF jpzptpdhy; cwpQ;rg;gLk; fjpu;g;G rf;jpapd; (E) msT fjpu;gg

; pd; Cl;L (D)
vdg;gLk;.
E
D
m
myF : Gy
1 Gy = 1 J kg-1

fjpu;gg
; pd; Cl;bd; tpisthf capu;g;nghUs;fSf;F Vw;gLk; ghjpg;ig fjpu;g;gpd; gypj
Cl;L %yk; Jzpayhk;. mjd; myF rPtu;w; (Sievert) (Sv) MFk;.

fjpu;gg
; pd; gypj Cl;L = Q fhuzp x cwpQ;rg;gl;l fjpu;g;gpd; Cl;L

Q fhuzpahdJ fjpu;gg
; pd; jd;ikapd; kPJ jq;fpAs;sJ.

mZj;jpzptyF / Atomic mass unit (amu or u)

mZtpd; jpzpit mstpl mZj;jpzptyF gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. xU mZj;jpzpT

myF (1 U or 1 amu) vd;gJ 12 1
C ,d; jpzptpd; 12 gq;if Fwpf;fpd;wJ.
12
C ,d; jpzpT = 1.992647 x 10-26 kg
1.992647  10 26
1 mZj;jpzptyF =
12
= 1.660539 x 10-27 kg

Id;];ild; ,d; jpzpT - rf;jp njhlu;G %yk; xU mZj;jpzptyFf;F rktYthd

rf;jpia Jzpayhk;.
E = mC2
= 1.660539 x 10-27 x (2.9979 x 108)2
= 1.49239 x 10-10 J
1.49239  10 10
1 eV = 1.6022 x 10-19 J E =
1.6022  10 19
= 931.5 x 106 eV
= 931.5 MeV
Note:
xU njhFjp rf;jpia cwpQR
; k; NghJ mjd; jpzpT mjpfupf;fpdw
; J. rf;jpia ntsptpLk;
NghJ jpzpT Fiwfpd;wJ.

cau;ju tpQ;Qhd gpupTf;fhd jD\; ntspaPL - j. jNgrd; - 23 -

gpizg;G rf;jp / Binding Energy

mZtpd; fU GNuhj;jpud;fspdJk; epAj;jpud;fspdJk; Nru;fi

; fahf ,Ue;jhYk; mtw;wpd;
jpzpTfspd; $l;Lj;njhifapYk; ghu;f;f mZf;fUtpd; jpzpT Fiwthf ,Uf;Fk;.
,j; jpzpTf; FiwT mZ cUthf;fg;gLk; NghJ gad;gl;l mjpAau; rf;jpia toq;f
gad;gl;Ls;sJ. mj;jifa xU mZtpd; jpzpit cUthf;fg; gad;gl;l rf;jp gpizg;Gr;
rf;jp vdg;gLk;.

mZtpd; nkhj;j gpizg;Gr; rf;jpia E  mC2 I gad;gLj;jp Jzpayhk;. ,k;nkhj;j

gpizg;Gr; rf;jpia nkhj;j epA+f;fpypNahd;fspd; vz;zpf;ifapdhy; tFf;Fk; NghJ
xU epA+f;fpypNahdpw;fhd ruhrup gpizg;G rf;jpia Jzpayhk;.

01. fPypak;  4
2 He  fUtpd; gpizg;Grf;jpia fPOs;s juTfisg; gad;gLj;jpf; fhz;f.
xU fPypak; fUtpd; jpzpT = 4.001508 amu
xU GNuhj;jpudpd; jpzpT = 1.007276 amu
xU epAj;jpudpd; jpzpT = 1.008665 amu
(Ans: 28.3 MeV)
02. xl;rprd;  O16
8 fUtpd; gpizg;Grf;jpia fPOs;s juTfisg; gad;gLj;jpf; fhz;f.
xU xl;rprd; fUtpd; jpzpT = 15.99443 amu
xU GNuhj;jpudpd; jpzpT = 1.007276 amu
xU epAj;jpudpd; jpzpT = 1.008665 amu
(Ans: 123.83 MeV)

jpzpntz;Zld; gpizg;G rf;jpapd; khwy;

fUg;gpsT
fUxd;wy;

ruhrup gpizg;Grf;jp $ba epAf;fpypNahd; cau; cWjpAila epAf;fpypNahd; MFk;.

cau;ju tpQ;Qhd gpupTf;fhd jD\; ntspaPL - j. jNgrd; - 24 -

jpzpntz; Fiwe;jitAk;> jpzpntz; $baitAk; cWjpj;jd;ik Fiwe;jitahf
fhzg;gLk;. jpzpntz; 50 ,w;F fpl;bait cWjpahd fUf;fshf ,Uf;Fk;.

epA+f;fpypNahd;fSfpilapyhd gpizg;Gtpir epA+f;fpypNahd;fSf;F ,ilg;gl;l

,ilntspapy; jq;fpAs;sJ. vdNt mZntz; $ba mZf;fs; cWjpaw;wit.

03. xl;rprd; 168 O mZtpd; xU rkjhdp 178 O MFk;. mt;tZf;fs; xt;nthd;wpdJk;

gpizg;Grf;jpfis fPOs;s juTfisg; gad;gLj;jpf; fhz;f. mjpypUe;J ve;j
mZ cau; cWjpAilaJ vdf; fhz;f.
16
xU 8 O fUtpd; jpzpT = 15.99443 amu
xU 178 O fUtpd; jpzpT = 16.99913 amu
xU GNuhj;jpudpd; jpzpT = 1.007276 amu
xU epAj;jpudpd; jpzpT = 1.008665 amu

fUg;gpsTj; jhf;fk;

ghuk; $ba xU fU> ghuk; Fiwe;j ,U fUf;fshf ciljy;fUg;gpsTj; jhf;fk;

vdg;gLk;.

ANudpak; - 235 fUnthd;W epAj;jpud; xd;wpid cwpQ;Rk; NghJ mJ cwpjpaw;wJ.

mjpf cWjpahd ghuk; Fiwthd ,uz;L fUf;fshf cilAk;. ,t;thW epfof;$ba
gy fUj;jhf;fq;fs; cs;sd. rhj;jpakhd xU jhf;fk; fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sJ.

235
92 U  01 n  144
56 Ba  89
36 Kr  3 0 n
1

fUg;gpsTj; jhf;fj;jpd; NghJ ngUksT rf;jp ntsptplg;gLk;. cUthFk; fUf;fspd;

nkhj;jj; jpzpT Muk;gf; fUtpd; jpzptpYk; Fiwthf ,Uf;Fk;. ,j;jpzpTf; Fiwtpdhy;
rf;jp tpLtpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

cau;ju tpQ;Qhd gpupTf;fhd jD\; ntspaPL - j. jNgrd; - 25 -

ntt;NtW epge;jidfspd; fPo; epfOk; fUj;jhf;fq;fspd; %yk; ntt;NtW %yfq;fs;
cUthfpd;wd. Vwj;jhs 30 %yfq;fs; ,t;thW fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;sd. fjpu;j;
njhopw;ghl;bd; NghJ Njhd;Wk; Jfs;fSk; fjpu;j;njhopw;ghl;Lf; fUf;fshFk;. ,it
 Jzpfi ; ffis ntsptpll; thW ,Wjpapy; cWjpahd fUf;fshf khWfpdw ; d. A+Nudpak;
fUnthd;wpd; fUg;gpsTj; jhf;fj;jpd; %yk; ruhrupahf 200 MeV rf;jp nsptplg;gLfpdw
; J.

04. A+Nudpaj;jpd; rhu;%yf;$w;Wj; jpzpT 235 g mol-1 MFk;. mjd; xU fUtpd; gpstpd;
NghJ ntsptplg;gLk; ruhrup rf;jp 200 MeV vdpd;> 1 kg A+Nudpak; fU gpsTwr;
nra;ag;gLk; NghJ ntsptplg;gLk; nkhj;j rf;jpiaf; fhz;f.

1 kg epyf;fup jfdkilAk; NghJ fpilf;Fk; rf;jp Vwj;jhs 1 x 107 J MFk;. tpdh (04)
,y; ePu; fzpj;j fUg;gpstpd; nkhj;jrf;jpAld; xg;gpLk; NghJ epyf;fupapd; jfdj;jpd;
NghJ fpilf;Fk; rf;jp kpff;FiwthFk;. mjhtJ fUg;gpstpd; NghJ kpff; $ba rf;jp
ngwg;gLfpd;wJ.

fUg;gpsT epfo;tpd; NghJ Njhd;Wk; gpupe;jopifr; rf;jpahdJ Kjypy; cile;j

JfspfspdJk; epAj;jpud;fspdJk; ,af;frf;jpahf GydhtNjhL> ,Wjp tpisthf
mr;rf;jp ntg;g rf;jpahf maw; #oypy; cs;s rlg;nghUl;fSf;F ,lk;khWk;.

fUj;jhf;fpfspd; rf;jp Kjyhf miktJ gpsTr; nrad;KiwahFk;. ,j;jhf;fq;fis

fl;Lg;gLj;jp ntspg;gLk; rf;jpahdJ kpd; cw;gj;jpf;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.

A+Nudpak; - 235 gpsthdJ epA+j;jpundhd;W cwpQ;rg;gLtjdhNyNa Muk;gpf;fpd;wJ.

mg;gpstpd; NghJ ,uz;L rpwpa fUf;fSf;F Nkyjpfkhf> %d;W epA+j;jpud;fs;
ntspg;gLk;. ,k; %d;W epA+j;jpud;fSk; NkYk; A+Nudpaj;Jld; Nkhjp njhlu;e;J
fUg;gpsTj; jhf;fk; epfOk;. ,t;thW njhlu;eJ ; eilngWjy; rq;fpypj; jhf;fk; vdg;gLk;.
,r;rq;fpypj; jhf;fj;ijf; fl;Lg;gLj;jp njhlu;r;rpahd rf;jg; gag;igg; ngwyhk;. vdpDk;
mJ fl;Lg;ghbd;wp epfOkhapd; mZFz;L ntbg;gpd; NghJ epfOk; ntbg;Gr; rf;jpg;
gag;ghf mikAk;.

mZFz;L

cau;ju tpQ;Qhd gpupTf;fhd jD\; ntspaPL - j. jNgrd; - 26 -

rlg;nghUspd; mbg;gilf;$WfSk; mtw;wpd; ,ilj;jhf;fq;fSk;

kpf nky;ypa nghd;jfl;nlhd;wpd; kPJ  Jzpfi; fnahd;wpid vwpe;J mtjhdpj;jdu;.

nghd;dpiyapy; Nkhjpa gpd;du;  Jzpfi ; ffs; mirAk; jpiria mtjhdpg;gjw;fhf
GNshnshspu;Tj; jpiu czupnahd;W nghd;jfl;L mikg;igr; #o mirf;fg;gl;lJ.

 Jzpf;iffspd; ngUk;gFjp vt;tpj tpyfYkpd;wp ngd;dpiyf;$lhf nry;fpd;wd

vd;gijAk;> rpy Jzpf;iffs; rpwpa Nfhzj;jpy; ntt;NtW jpirfspy; tpyFfpd;wd
vd;gijAk; mupjhf  Jzpf;iffs; 90o ,Yk; $ba Nfhzj;jpy; tpyFfpd;wd
vd;gijAk; fz;lwpe;jdu;.

mZtpy; mjpf mstpy; ntWk; ntsp cs;sJ

vdTk; mZtpdJ jpzptpd; ngUksT rjtPjkhdJ
mjd; mfzpapy; kpfr; r pwpa gpuNjrj; J f; F
tiuaWf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ vdTk; me;j mfzp Neu;
Vw; w KilaJ vdTk; KbT nra; j hu; . mtu;
mt;tfzpia fU vdf; Fwpg;gpl;lhu;.

mz;lf;fjpu;fs; tspkz;lyj;jpy; GFk;NghJ mit

tspkz;lyj;jpd; Nkw;gFjpapYs;s fUf;fSld;
Nkhjp cWjpaw;w fUf;fshd gNahd; (pion)>
NfNahd; (kaon) Nghd;wtw;iw Njhw;Wtpff
; pdw
; J. mit NkYk; Nja;tile;J kpNahd;fs;
vDk; Jzpf;iffs; cUthf;Ffpd;wd. ,Wjpapy; kpNahd;fSk;> mz;lf;fjpu;fspd;
NkhJifapd; NghJ cUthFk; ,yj;jpud;fs; nghrpj;jpud; Nghd;w Jzpf;iffSNk
,Wjpapy; fly; kl;lj;ij milfpd;wd.

,jpypUe;J rf;jpAila Vw;wk; nfhz;l Jzpfi

; ffshy; fUf;fis gpstilar; nra;ayhk;
vDk; Kbit tpQ;qhdpfs; ngw;wdu;. ,jw;F cau;rf;jpAila Vw;wj;Jzpf;iffis
ngw Mu;KLf;fpfs; gad;gLj;jpdu;.
cau;ju tpQ;Qhd gpupTf;fhd jD\; ntspaPL - j. jNgrd; - 27 -
Jzpf;if Mu;KLf;fpfs; - Vfgupkhz Mu;KLf;fpfs;

cau; kPbwDila GNuhj;jpud;fs;

MlNyhl;l Kjy; khwh Ntfj;Jld; ,aq;Fk;

ntw;wplk; GNuhj;jpud;fis
Mu;KLf;Ftjw;fhd
kpd;Gyk;
Vw;wj;Jzpf;iffs; (NeNuw;wk; my;yJ kiwNaw;wk;)> flj;jpf;FohapD}L nry;Yk;
NghJ mjDs; kpd;Gyk; ,y; y hikahy; khwhNtfj;J ld; ,aq;F k; . flj; jpf;
Foha;fSf;fpilapy; Vw;wk; ,aq;Fk; NghJ kl;Lk; Mu;KLFk;. gpuNahf;fpf;fg;gLk;
cau; kPbwDila MlNyhl;l Kjypdhy; flj;jpfF
; oha;fSf;fpilapyhd kpdG
; yr;nrwptpd;
jpir khwpf;nfhz;bUf;Fk;.

01. 1 keV ,af;frf;jpia nfhz;l GNuhj;jpud; xd;wpdJ fjpiaf; fzpf;Ff. GNuhj;jpud;

xd;wpd; jpzpT 1.67 x 10-27 kg vdf; nfhs;f.

02. 1 keV ,af;frf;jpia nfhz;l GNuhj;jpud; xd;W NkNy cUtpy; fhl;bathwhd

Vfgupkhz Mu;KLf;fpapd; KjyhtJ FohapDs; GFfpd;wJ.
(i) ,e;j GNuhj;jpud; 1 s ,y; FohapypUe;J ntspNaWfpd;wJ vdpd; Fohapd;
ePsk; ahJ?
(ii) mk;KjyhtJ Foha;f;Fk; ,uz;lhtJ Foha;f;Fk; ,ilapyhd mOj;j
tpj;jpahrk; 3000 V vdpd; ,uz;lhk; FohapDs; GFk; NghJ mg;GNuhj;jpudpd;
rf;jp vt;tsT?
(iii) mg;GNuhj;jpud; NkYk; 1 s ,y; ,uz;lhk; FohapypUe;J ntspNaw Ntz;Lk;
vdpd; Fohapd; ePsk; vt;tsthf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;?

Jzpf;if Mu;KLf;fpfs; - tl;l tbt Mu;KLf;fpfs;

cau;ju tpQ;Qhd gpupTf;fhd jD\; ntspaPL - j. jNgrd; - 28 -

mbg;gilj;Jzpf;iffs;

jw;fhyj;J Muha;r;rpfspd; ngWNgWfspd; gb

epAj;jpuDk; GNuhj;jpuDk; NkYk; mbg;gilahd
Jzpf;if tiffshy; njhlu;Ggl;Ls;sJ vd;gJ
fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jd;gb Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l
mbg;gilj;Jzpf;iffis fPOs;s ml;ltiz
fhl;Lfpd;wJ.

,e;j Jzpfi; ffs; mbg;gilapy; ehd;F tiffspy;

xd;Nwhnlhd;W ,ilj;njhopw;ghl;ilf; fhl;Lk;.
GtpaPu;gG
; tpir> kpd;fhe;j tpir> typikahd
fU tpir> eypthd fUtpir MfpadthFk;.

ml;ltizapYs;s vy;yh mbg;gilj; Jzpfi

; ffSf;Fk; Kw;wpYk; vjpuhd Jzpfi
; ffs;
fhz;ggLk;.

ehk; mfpyj;jpy; fhZk; ngUksT rlg;nghUl;fs; u, d Fthu;ff ; pdhYk; kw;Wk;

,yj;jpud;fspdhYk; cUthfpAs;sd. Vida rfy mbg;gilj;Jzpfi
; ffisAk; mfpyf;
fjpu;fSf;Fk; cau;rf;jpj; Jzpf;iffSf;Fk; ,ilapyhd NkhJif Nghd;wtw;wpy;
khj;jpuk; fhzyhk;.
cau;ju tpQ;Qhd gpupTf;fhd jD\; ntspaPL - j. jNgrd; - 29 -
Fthu;f; my;yJ vjpu;fF
; thu;f; xd;W Nru;eJ
; ntt;NtW Jzpf;iffs; ngUe;njhifahf
Njhd;wpAs;sd. Fthu;f; vg;NghJk; %d;W Fthu;f; my;yJ vjpuf
; F
; thu;f; vDk; gpize;j
$l;Lj;Jzpf;iffshfNt fhzg;gLk;.

mZf;fl;likg;gpw;fhd cjhuzk;:

GNuhj;jpudpdJk; epA+j;jpudpdJk; Fthu;f; mikg;G

cau;ju tpQ;Qhd gpupTf;fhd jD\; ntspaPL - j. jNgrd; - 30 -

mZj;jpzptyF / Atomic mass unit

mZtpd; jpzpit mstpl mZj;jpzptyF gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. xU mZj;jpzpT

myF (1 U or 1 amu) vd;gJ 12 1
C ,d; jpzptpd; 12 gq;if Fwpf;fpd;wJ.
1 U = 1.66 x 10-27 kg
1 U = 931.6 MeV

Note:
xU njhFjp rf;jpia cwpQR
; k; NghJ mjd; jpzpT mjpfupf;fpdw
; J. rf;jpia ntsptpLk;
NghJ jpzpT Fiwfpd;wJ.

gpizg;Gr; rf;jp / Binding Energy

mZtpd; fU GNuhj;jpud;fspdJk; epAj;jpud;fspdJk; Nru;fi

; fahf ,Ue;jhYk; mtw;wpd;
jpzpTfspd; $l;Lj;njhifapYk; ghu;f;f mZf;fUtpd; jpzpT Fiwthf ,Uf;Fk;.
,j; jpzpTf; FiwT mZ cUthf;fg;gLk; NghJ gad;gl;l mjpAau; rf;jpia toq;f
gad;gl;Ls;sJ. mj;jifa xU mZtpd; jpzpit cUthf;fg; gad;gl;l rf;jp gpizg;Gr;
rf;jp vdg;gLk;.

mZtpd; nkhj;j gpizg;Gr; rf;jpia E  mC2 I gad;gLj;jp Jzpayhk;. ,k;nkhj;j

gpizg;Gr; rf;jpia nkhj;j epA+f;fpypNahd;fspd; vz;zpf;ifapdhy; tFf;Fk; NghJ
xU epA+f;fpypNahdpw;fhd ruhrup gpizg;G rf;jpia Jzpayhk;.

fPOs;s cjhuzj;ij ftdpAq;fs;. mZ> GNuhj;jd;> epAj;jpudpd; jpzpTfs; jug;gLk;

NghJ xU epAf;fpypNahdpw;fhd ruhrup gpizg;G rf;jpia Jzpayhk;.

Deuterium (Ijurd; rkjhdp bANuhupak;) I fUJf.

H  11 p  01 n
2
1

bANuhupaj;jpd; jpzpT = 2.01410 g/mol

GNuhj;jdpd; jpzpT = 1.007825 g/mol
epAj;jpudpd; jpzpT = 1.008665 g/mol
mZtpd; jpzpTf;FiwT
m = 1.007825 + 1.008665 - 2.01410
= 0.00239 g/mol
nkhj;j gpizg;Gr; rf;jp =  m  C2
= 2.15 x 108 kJ/mol
xU epAf;fpypNahdpd; ruhrup gpizg;G rf;jp = 2.15 x 108 /2 = 1.08 x 108 kJ/mol

cau;ju tpQ;Qhd gpupTf;fhd jD\; ntspaPL - j. jNgrd; - 31 -

jpzpntz;Zld; gpizg;Gr; rf;jp khWgLk; tiuG

ruhrup gpizg;Grf;jp $ba epAf;fpypNahd; cau; cWjpAila epAf;fpypNahd; MFk;.

jpzpntz; Fiwe;jitAk;> jpzpntz; $baitAk; cWjpj;jd;ik Fiwe;jitahf

fhzg;gLk;.

epA+f;fpypNahd;fSfpilapyhd gpizg;Gtpir epA+f;fpypNahd;fSf;F ,ilg;gl;l

,ilntspapy; jq;fpAs;sJ. vdNt mZntz; $ba mZf;fs; cWjpaw;wit.

n
p tpfjk; 1 my;yJ 1 ,Yk; rw;W mjpfkhf ,Uf;Fk; mZf;fs; cWjpahditahFk;.

cau;ju tpQ;Qhd gpupTf;fhd jD\; ntspaPL - j. jNgrd; - 32 -

Jzpf;ifg; ngsjpftpay;

rlj;jpd; mbg;gil myF gw;wpa Muha;Tfspd; Gjpa gjpg;Ng Jzpf;ifg; ngsjpftpay;

MFk;. cau; ce;jj; Jzpf;iffs; rlj;jpd; fl;likg;G gw;wpa Muha;Tfspw;F
mtrpakhdJ. uj Nghl; (Rutherford)  Jzpf;iffis Muha;r;rpf;F gad;gLj;jpdhu;.
,J xU cau; ce;jj; Jzpf;ifahFk;.

cau; rf;jpj; Jzpf;if / cau; ce;jj; Jzpf;if

Jzpf; i ffs; Mu; K Lf; f pfs; gad; g Lj; j g; g l; L cau; rf; j pj; Jzpf; i ffs;
cUthf;fg;gLfpwJ.

X - ray ,y; cau; Mu;KLfYld; ,aq;Fk;

Vw;wj;Jzpfi ; ffs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpdw
; J.

mz;lf; fjpu;fs; / Cosmic Rays

tspkz;lyj;jpw;F ntspNa cUthfp tspkz;lyj;jpDs; gpuNtrpf;Fk; cau; ce;jj;

Jzpf;iffs; mz;lf;fjpu;fs; vdg;gLk;.

,aw;ifahd cau; rf;jpj; Jzpf;iffspd; Kjyhf mz;lf;fjpu;fs; tpsq;Ffpd;wJ.

cau;ju tpQ;Qhd gpupTf;fhd jD\; ntspaPL - j. jNgrd; - 33 -

mbg;gilj; Jzpf;iffs;

rlg;nghUs; MW tifahd Quarks fspdhYk; MW tifahd Leptons fspdhYk;

Mf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

Quarks ghuk; $baitahfTk;> Lepton ghuk; Fiwe;jitahfTk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

GNuhj;jd;> epAj;jpud; Quarks fshy; Mf;fg;gl;bUg;gJld; ,yj;jpud;fs; Leptons fshFk;.

GNuhj;jdpdJk; epAj;jpudpdJk; Quarks mikg;G gpd;tUkhW mikAk;.

GNuhj;jd; : uud
epAj;jpud; : udd

cau;ju tpQ;Qhd gpupTf;fhd jD\; ntspaPL - j. jNgrd; - 34 -

cjhuzkhf ePupd; cl;fl;likg;G

Quarks ,d; Vw;wq;fs;

Antiprotons, Antineutrons ,d; Quarks fl;likg;G

cau;ju tpQ;Qhd gpupTf;fhd jD\; ntspaPL - j. jNgrd; - 35 -