CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter presents the related literature and studies which coversthe study of correlation of school
allowance with the academic performanceof the respondents where part of several literature materials
will be shown tofully understand the research to be done.

Review of Related Foreign Literature

Thefinancialstatusorthesocialeconomicstatusismostcommonly determinedbycombiningbothparents’educ
ationallevel,occupational status,andtheincomelevel.Inmostofthestudiesdoneonacademic performanceof
students,itisnotsurprisingthatfinancialstatusisoneof the major factor studied while predicting academic
performance.Itisbelievedthatlowfinancialcapacitynegativelyaffectsacademic achievementbecauselesserfi
nancialstatuspreventsaccesstovital resourcesandcreatesadditionalstressathomecarriedout.Astudyon eco
nomicstatusineducationresearchandpolicyfoundthatsocialeconomic backgroundremainsoneofthemajors
ourcesofeducationalinequalityand addsthatanindividual’seducationalsuccessdependsverystronglyonthe fi
nancial support of the parents. (Guirit, 2015)
Galiher(2006)andDarling(2005),usedGPAtomeasurestudent performancebecauseitisthemainfocusoftheac
ademicperformancefor theparticularsemester.Someresearchersusedtestresultsorpreviousyear resultssinc
etheyarestudyingperformanceforthespecificsubjectoryear (HijaziandNaqvi,2006andHake,1998).Manyres
earchershavediscussed thedifferentfactorsthataffectthestudent’sacademicperformanceintheir research.T
herearetwotypesoffactorsthataffectit,theseareinternaland externalclassroomfactorsandthesefactorsstron
glyaffecttheacademic performanceoftherepondents.Internalclassroomfactorsincludestudent’s competen
ceinEnglish,classschedules,classsize,Englishtextbooks,class testresults,learningfacilities,homework,enviro
nmentoftheclass, complexityofthecoursematerial,teacher’sroleintheclass,technology usedintheclassande
xamssystems.Externalclassroomfactorsinclude extracurricularactivities,familyproblems,workandfinancial,
socialand otherproblems.Researchstudiesshowsthatstudents’performancedepends onmanyfactorssucha
slearningfacilities,genderandagedifferences,etc. thatcanaffectstudentperformance(Hansen,JoeB.,2000).H
arband El-Shaarawi(2006)foundthatthemostimportantfactorwithpositiveeffect on students' performance
is Parental Involvement. (Aramay, 2016)

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Easy steps to doing an effective review of related literature

Before you begin the RRL

1. Decide how you wish to organize your review:

There are several approaches you may take to present your literature review. Through this table, you
may understand the difference between two of the most used approaches and choose the best
approach for your manuscript:

Chronological Thematic

Related work is listed as per their dates of publication, Related work is listed as per their themes or theoretical
beginning from the earliest one. concepts.

Highlights the development in a field of study over a Highlights the existing knowledge about a topic with
period. reference to important issues/themes/perspectives.

Example: An RRL focussing on skin cancer will entail Example: An RRL focussing on skin cancer will list
examining the earliest methods of diagnosis and studies about melanoma and non-melanoma skin
treatment, and gradually progressing to the latest cancer, tanning as a cause of skin cancer, teenager
models and treatment. awareness and attitudes to skin cancer, and treatment
models.

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2. Understand the difference between a study background and a literature review:

Understand how study background and literature review are different here: INFOGRAPHIC: 6 Differences
between study background and literature review

3. Shortlist a good reference management software:

It is also recommended that you shortlist a good reference management software like Zotero to manage
your bibliographic data and related research materials.

During the literature review process and at the writing stage

1. Identify relevant literature: The first and foremost step to conduct an RRL is to identify relevant
literature. You can do this through various sources, online and offline. When going through the
resources, make notes and identify key concepts of each resource to describe in the review. Discovering
relevant work is highly important. Targeted search, following the citations of any relevant manuscript,
and using a reference manager are some of the things to remember. You may look for other useful tips
here: Tips for effective literature searching and keeping up with new publications

Basic search strategies for discovery of literature:

Define your keywords

It is very important to use targeted keywords. Break up the topic you are researching into its
main concepts, then define keywords for each concept. Next, expand the list by writing down
synonyms and alternative phrasings for each keyword. Also, use terms that you plan to include in
your own manuscript; this will indicate how relevant those terms are in the field or whether you
should use more precise terms to define your concepts.

Checklist for defining keywords

 What alternative vocabulary is used in discussion of my topic?

 Are there American and British variants of spelling or vocabulary?

 Can I identify a word-stem for truncation? E.g., child$ to find child, children, or childish.

 Are common abbreviations, acronyms or formulae used?

 What specific cases or examples am I interested in?

 What more general terms might include my topic?

 Are there categories I'd like to exclude?

Start your search

You might need to search several academic databases to make sure you’ve covered all bases.
Since each database has unique sources for obtaining data and unique processes for deciding
which journal articles to index, limiting your search to only one database may cause you to
overlook relevant articles. For example, if you restrict your search to Elsevier’s Science Direct,
you are very likely to miss relevant publications, since this database mostly indexes journals
published by Elsevier.

Sources for searching

Follow the citations
Once you have identified some relevant journal articles, an easy way to find more studies is by
looking through the reference lists of these articles (backward searching). The reference studies
are likely to be quite relevant for you as well. In addition, look at the papers that have cited the
articles since they were published (forward searching). This will help you find the newer studies
that have built upon the work.

Keep a written record of your searches

Note down the names of journals that you come across often during your searches. Over time,
you will get a good idea of which journals are most prominent in your field and which journals
you should consider publishing in. In addition, keep a list of the keywords and keyword
combinations that return the best results. This will not only reduce the time taken for future
searches but also yield a list of terminologies that are common in your field.

Use a references manager

With the huge number of studies you will probably have to sift through and track, manual
compilation of references is no longer an option. Use a reference manager like Endnote
(purchase required) or Zotero (free). Reference managers allow you to download and save
papers in your computer’s library directly from journal websites with just one button click. They
also make it very easy to organize your library and compile reference lists. Although these
programs may be difficult to use initially, skimming through their help manual or video tutorial
along with a few days of learning through trial and error are all that’s required to become
comfortable with them. In case you find yourself too busy, you can also take help from
professional publication services, for example, Editage's Literature Search Service.

Keeping up with literature

A large number of databases and publishers provide one or more of the following alerts
features: Table-of-Contents (TOC) alerts, citation alerts, and keyword alerts. These alerts are very
useful for keeping up with newly published papers and research topics. With many alert services,
 you receive alerts in the form of emails listing the title and authors of newly published papers,
and sometimes even abstracts.

2. Structure your literature review well as you write it:

Similar to other components of a manuscript like the Introduction and Method sections, literature
review is an important part of your manuscript. A literature review, especially if it is a stand-alone paper
would usually have these components:

 Introduction: You may begin your RRL by setting some context for your readers by providing
information about the field of study, the relevance of the chosen topic within the field, and the
focus of the literature review.

 Methods: In this section, you may describe the criteria used to select the sources or the way in
which the information has been presented. This makes it easier for the readers to understand
your approach.

 Body: This section is where you list all the related literature and talk about their relevance with
respect to your research. The structure of the list depends entirely upon the approach you wish
to take—chronological or thematic o any other. A chronological model would probably have
different paragraphs for different time periods, while a thematic model would have sub-topics
based on the different themes.

 Discussion and conclusion: This section summarizes the main contributions of significant studies
and discusses the questions that the review has raised about the topic and field. This is also the
section where you highlight the gaps in research that the review has sparked and the possible
suggestions for future research.

 Reference list: The reference list is a very important part of a literature review as your article is
based entirely on primary sources. The reference list should be comprehensive and page
numbers and section details should be provided wherever necessary.

However, if the literature review is part of the manuscript, then the way it is structured will depend on
journal requirements. It can be written as a single paragraph, but the paragraph can be structured to
include the Introduction, Methods, etc. but without the actual sub-headings.

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Conclusion

While a literature review can be published as an independent piece of writing or as part of a larger
article, the basis for any kind of review of literature remains the same. It allows new researchers and
busy scientists in the field to keep up to date with the latest happenings in the field and helps them to
identify potential areas of research.

If you have any further doubts related to this topic, feel free to use the comments section to ask
questions. Alternately, you can also post your question on our Q&A forum and our expert will be sure to
provide the necessary guidance.

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rrl

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Presentation on theme: "Review of Related Literature"— Presentation transcript:

1 Review of Related Literature

2 A review of related literature is the process of collecting, selecting, and reading books, journals,
reports, abstracts, and other reference materials. Summary of existing knowledge on the research
topicWhat does it mean?

3 CONTENTS Ground information about the problem and related.

Theories that explain the existence of the problem and the possible connection between certain factors
and the problemData that confirms the existence and seriousness of the problemGeneral and specific
findings of studies related to the problemRecommendations for further study given in related studies

4 Why do you need to do Review of Literature?

It helps the researcher identify and define a research problemIt helps justify the need for studying a
problem.It prevents unnecessary duplication of a studyIt can be a source of a theoretical basis for the
studyWhy do you need to do Review of Literature?

5 Why do you need to do Review of Literature?

It enables the researcher to learn how to conceptualize a research problem and properly identify and
operationally define study variablesIt helps formulate and refine research instrumentsIt provides lesson
for data analysis and interpretation.

6 When to start doing Review of Related Literature?

While the research problem is still being conceptualized, the researcher must already start reviewing
literature. In identifying and defining the research problem, the researcher must be able to show
evidences that the problem really exists and is worth investigating.

7 When to start doing Review of Related Literature?

It is important that the researcher knows what is already known about the problem or what earlier
researchers have found about it and what questions still need to be answered before the research
questions or objectives are finalized.
8 When to start doing Review of Related Literature?
Theories which the researchers use to explain the existence of a research problem and used as bases in
analyzing relationships between variables can be generated from reference books on theories or from
related studies. The researcher therefore, must have already read adequate literature at the start of the
research activity.

9 Materials Needed to be Reviewed:

General ReferencesIndexes – print collection of current article locations arranged topicallyAbstracts –
contains a brief summary of each listed articleDatabases – electronically searchable or machine readable
indexes and abstracts

10 Materials Needed to Review

Primary SourcesExamples are researches found on published journals.Secondary SourcesPublications
where authors cite the works of others. Examples are books, encyclopedias. Secondary sources are good
references for overview of the problem.Online ResourcesInternet and

11 Steps In Literature Review :

Review the precise definition of the research problem. Note the key variables specified in the study
objectives and hypothesis.Formulate “search terms” (key words or phrases)Using indexes of general
references, search for relevant primary and secondary sources guided by the search terms.

12 Steps In Literature Review :

List in a note of index card the bibliographical data of the pertinent information selected as
follows:a. authorb. titlec. name of publicationd. date of publication (include place and date)e. pages of
the article

13 Steps In Literature Review :

Read the selected reading materials, take note and summarize key points. Prepare a note card for easy
retrieval and classification. In taking note, be as brief as possible but include all relevant information
which you can use in your full review, such as : the problem, the objectives, and hypotheses, the major
findings, and conclusions

14 How To Write Review Of Literature?

Introductory PartBegin with brief introduction to the topic of interest and the significance of that
topicResearcher may suggest why he or she has a personal interest in the topic or why it is an important
topic to the communication discipline, perhaps clarifying some theory or providing a solution to a
practical problem

15 How To Write Review Of Literature?

Second SectionGenerally the longest part, comes on different pattern depending on the information that
has been collectedIn this section researcher summarizes the previous knowledge, theory and research
regarding the topic

16 How To Write Review Of Literature?

Final SectionThis section is the critical evaluation of the state of current knowledge.This is the synthesis
of the previous section indicating questions and gaps that have yet to be resolvedThe outcome of this
section will be the formulation of a specific research problem (question or hypotheses) that the
researcher will attempt to resolve in future investigation
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