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 Mathematical Logic

EXERCISE 1.1 [PAGES 6 - 8]

Exercise 1.1 | Q 1.01 | Page 6

State which of the following is the statement. Justify. In case of a statement, state its
truth value.
5 + 4 = 13

Solution: It is a statement which is false, hence its truth value is ‘F’.

Exercise 1.1 | Q 1.02 | Page 6

State which of the following is the statement. Justify. In case of a statement, state its
truth value.
x – 3 = 14

Solution: It is an open sentence, hence it is not a statement.

Exercise 1.1 | Q 1.03 | Page 6

State which of the following is the statement. Justify. In case of a statement, state its
truth value.
Close the door.

Solution: It is an imperative sentence, hence it is not a statement.

Exercise 1.1 | Q 1.04 | Page 6

State which of the following is the statement. Justify. In case of a statement, state its
truth value.
Zero is a complex number.

Solution: It is a statement which is true, hence its truth value is ‘T’.

Exercise 1.1 | Q 1.05 | Page 6

State which of the following is the statement. Justify. In case of a statement, state its
truth value.
Please get me breakfast.

Solution: It is an imperative sentence, hence it is not a statement.

Exercise 1.1 | Q 1.06 | Page 6

State which of the following is the statement. Justify. In case of a statement, state its
truth value.
Congruent triangles are similar.

Solution: It is a statement which is true, hence its truth value is ‘T’.

Exercise 1.1 | Q 1.07 | Page 6

State which of the following is the statement. Justify. In case of a statement, state its
truth value.
x2 = x

Solution: It is an open sentence, hence it is not a statement.

Exercise 1.1 | Q 1.08 | Page 8

State which of the following is the statement. Justify. In case of a statement, state its
truth value.
A quadratic equation cannot have more than two roots.

Solution: It is a statement which is true, hence its truth value is ‘T’.

Exercise 1.1 | Q 1.09 | Page 7

State which of the following is the statement. Justify. In case of a statement, state its
truth value.
Do you like Mathematics?

Solution: It is an interrogative sentence, hence it is not a statement.

Exercise 1.1 | Q 1.1 | Page 7

State which of the following is the statement. Justify. In case of a statement, state its
truth value.
The sunsets in the west

Solution: It is a statement which is true, hence its truth value is ‘T’.

Exercise 1.1 | Q 1.11 | Page 7

State which of the following is the statement. Justify. In case of a statement, state its
truth value.
All real numbers are whole numbers.

Solution: It is a statement which is false, hence its truth value is ‘F’.

Exercise 1.1 | Q 1.12 | Page 7
State which of the following is the statement. Justify. In case of a statement, state its
truth value.
Can you speak in Marathi?

Solution: It is an interrogative sentence, hence it is not a statement.

Exercise 1.1 | Q 1.13 | Page 7

State which of the following is the statement. Justify. In case of a statement, state its
truth value.
x2 – 6x – 7 = 0, when x = 7

Solution: It is a statement which is true, hence its truth value is ‘T’.

Exercise 1.1 | Q 1.14 | Page 7

State which of the following is the statement. Justify. In case of a statement, state its
truth value.
The sum of cube roots of unity is zero.

Solution: It is a statement which is true, hence its truth value is ‘T’.

Exercise 1.1 | Q 1.15 | Page 7

State which of the following is the statement. Justify. In case of a statement, state its
truth value.
It rains heavily.

Solution: It is an open sentence, hence it is not a statement.

Exercise 1.1 | Q 2.1 | Page 7

Write the following compound statement symbolically.
Nagpur is in Maharashtra and Chennai is in Tamil Nadu.
Solution: Let p: Nagpur is in Maharashtra.
Let q: Chennai is in Tamil Nadu.
Then the symbolic form of the given statement is p∧q.

Exercise 1.1 | Q 2.2 | Page 7

Write the following compound statement symbolically.
Triangle is equilateral or isosceles.
Solution: Let p: Triangle is equilateral.
Let q: Triangle is isosceles.
Then the symbolic form of the given statement is p∨q.

Exercise 1.1 | Q 2.3 | Page 7

Write the following compound statement symbolically.
The angle is right angle if and only if it is of measure 90°.
Solution: Let p: The angle is right angle.
Let q: It is of measure 90°
Then the symbolic form of the given statement is p↔q.

Exercise 1.1 | Q 2.4 | Page 7

Write the following compound statement symbolically.
Angle is neither acute nor obtuse.
Solution: Let p: Angle is acute.
Let q: Angle is obtuse.
Then the symbolic form of the given statement is ∼p∧∼q.

Exercise 1.1 | Q 2.5 | Page 7

Write the following compound statement symbolically.
If Δ ABC is right-angled at B, then m∠A + m∠C = 90°
Solution: Let p: Δ ABC is right-angled at B.
Let q: m∠A + m∠C = 90°
Then the symbolic form of the given statement is p→q.

Exercise 1.1 | Q 2.6 | Page 7

Write the following compound statement symbolically.
Hima Das wins gold medal if and only if she runs fast.
Solution: Let p: Hima Das wins gold medal
Let q: She runs fast.
Then the symbolic form of the given statement is p↔q.

Exercise 1.1 | Q 2.7 | Page 7

Write the following compound statement symbolically.
x is not irrational number but is a square of an integer.
Solution: Let p: x is not irrational number
Let q: It is a square of an integer
Then the symbolic form of the given statement is p∧q.
[Note: If p: x is irrational number, then the symbolic form of the given statement is
∼p∧q.]

Exercise 1.1 | Q 3.1 | Page 7

Write the truth values of the following.
4 is odd or 1 is prime.

Solution: Let p: 4 is odd.

q: 1 is prime.
Then the symbolic form of the given statement is p∨q.
The truth values of both p and q are F.
∴ The truth value of p∨q is F ........[F∨F ≡ F]

Exercise 1.1 | Q 3.2 | Page 7

Write the truth values of the following.
64 is a perfect square and 46 is a prime number.

Solution: Let p: 64 is a perfect square.

q: 46 is a prime number.
Then the symbolic form of the given statement is p∧q.
The truth values of p and q are T and F respectively. ∴ The truth value of p∧q is F
........[T∧F ≡ F]

Exercise 1.1 | Q 3.3 | Page 7

Write the truth values of the following.
5 is a prime number and 7 divides 94.

Solution: Let p: 5 is a prime number.

q: 7 divides 94.
Then the symbolic form of the given statement is p∧q.
The truth values of p and q are T and F respectively.
∴ The truth value of p∧q is F .........[T∧F ≡ F]
Exercise 1.1 | Q 3.4 | Page 7
Write the truth values of the following.
It is not true that 5−3i is a real number.

Solution: Let p: 5−3i is a real number.

Then the symbolic form of the given statement is ∼p.
The truth values of p is F.
∴ The truth values of ∼ p is T .........[∼ F ≡ T]

Exercise 1.1 | Q 3.5 | Page 7

Write the truth value of the following.
If 3 × 5 = 8 then 3 + 5 = 15.

Solution: Let p: 3 × 5 = 8
q: 3 + 5 = 15
Then the symbolic form of the given statement is p→q.
The truth values of both p and q are F.
∴ The truth value of p→q is T ........[F→F ≡ T]

Exercise 1.1 | Q 3.6 | Page 7

Write the truth value of the following.
Milk is white if and only if sky is blue.

Solution: Let p: Milk is white.

q: Sky is blue
Then the symbolic form of the given statement is p↔q.
The truth values of both p and q are T.
∴ The truth value of p↔q is T .......[T↔T ≡ T]

Exercise 1.1 | Q 3.7 | Page 7

Write the truth values of the following.
24 is a composite number or 17 is a prime number.

Solution: Let p: 24 is a composite number.

q: 17 is a prime number.
Then the symbolic form of the given statement is p∨q.
The truth values of both p and q are T.
∴ The truth value of p∨q is T ........[T∨T ≡ T]

Exercise 1.1 | Q 4.1 | Page 7

If the statement p, q are true statement and r, s are false statement then determine the
truth value of the following:
p ∨ (q ∧ r)

Solution: Truth values of p and q are T and truth values of r and s are F.
p ∨ (q ∧ r) ≡ T ∨ (T ∧ F)
≡T∨F≡T
Hence the truth value of the given statement is true.

Exercise 1.1 | Q 4.2 | Page 7

If the statement p, q are true statement and r, s are false statement then determine the
truth value of the following:
(p → q) ∨ (r → s)

Solution: Truth values of p and q are T and truth values of r and s are F.
(p → q) ∨ (r → s) ≡ (T → T) ∨ (F → F)
≡T∨T≡ T
Hence the truth value of the given statement is true.

Exercise 1.1 | Q 4.3 | Page 7

If the statement p, q are true statement and r, s are false statement then determine the
truth value of the following:
(q ∧ r) ∨ (∼ p ∧ s)
Solution: Truth values of p and q are T and truth values of r and s are F.
(q ∧ r) ∨ (∼ p ∧ s) ≡ (T ∧ F) ∨ (∼ T ∧ F)
≡ F ∨ (F ∧ F)
≡F∨F≡F
Hence the truth value of the given statement is false.

Exercise 1.1 | Q 4.4 | Page 7

If the statement p, q are true statement and r, s are false statement then determine the
truth value of the following:
(p → q) ∧ ∼ r
Solution: Truth values of p and q are T and truth values of r and s are F.
(p → q) ∧ (∼ r) ≡ (T → T) ∧ (∼ F)
≡T∧T≡T
Hence the truth value of the given statement is true.

Exercise 1.1 | Q 4.5 | Page 7

If the statement p, q are true statement and r, s are false statement then determine the
truth value of the following:
(∼ r ↔ p) → ∼ q
Solution: Truth values of p and q are T and truth values of r and s are F.
(∼ r ↔ p) → (∼ q) ≡ ( ∼ F ↔ T) → (∼ T)
≡ (T ↔ T) →F
≡ T→ F ≡ F
Hence the truth value of the given statement is false.

Exercise 1.1 | Q 4.6 | Page 7

If the statement p, q are true statement and r, s are false statement then determine the
truth value of the following:
[∼ p ∧ (∼ q ∧ r)] ∨ [(q ∧ r) ∨ (p ∧ r)]
Solution: Truth values of p and q are T and truth values of r and s are F.
[∼ p ∧ (∼ q ∧ r)] ∨ [(q ∧ r) ∨ (p ∧ r)]
≡ [∼ T ∧ (∼ T ∧ F)] ∨ [(T ∧ F) ∨ (T ∧ F)]
≡ [F ∧ (F ∧ F)] ∨ [F ∨ F]
≡ (F ∧ F) ∨ F
≡F∨F≡F
Hence the truth value of the given statement is false.

Exercise 1.1 | Q 4.7 | Page 7

If the statement p, q are true statement and r, s are false statement then determine the
truth value of the following:
[(∼ p ∧ q) ∧ ∼ r] ∨ [(q → p) → (∼ s ∨ r)]
Solution: Truth values of p and q are T and truth values of r and s are F.
[(∼ p ∧ q) ∧ (∼ r)] ∨ [(q → p) → (∼ s ∨ r)]
≡ [(∼ T ∧ T) ∧ (∼ F)] ∨ [(T → T) → (∼ F ∨ F)]
≡ [(F ∧ T) ∧ T] ∨ [T → (T ∨ F)]
≡ (F ∧ T) ∨ (T → T)
≡F∨T≡T
Hence the truth value of the given statement is true.
Exercise 1.1 | Q 4.8 | Page 7
If the statement p, q are true statement and r, s are false statement then determine the
truth value of the following:
∼ [(∼ p ∧ r) ∨ (s → ∼ q)] ↔ (p ∧ r)
Solution: Truth values of p and q are T and truth values of r and s are F.
∼ [(∼ p ∧ r) ∨ (s → ∼ q)] ↔ (p ∧ r)
≡ ∼ [(∼ T ∧ F) ∨ (F → ∼ T)] ↔ (T ∧ F)
≡ ∼ [(F ∧ F) ∨ (F → F)] ↔F
≡ ∼ (F ∨ T) ↔ F
≡∼T↔F
≡F↔F≡T
Hence the truth value of the given statement is true.

Exercise 1.1 | Q 5.1 | Page 7

Write the negation of the following.
Tirupati is in Andhra Pradesh.

Solution: The negation of the given statement is:

Tirupati is not in Andhra Pradesh.

Exercise 1.1 | Q 5.2 | Page 7

Write the negation of the following.
3 is not a root of the equation x2 + 3x – 18 = 0

Solution: The negation of the given statement is:

3 is a root of the equation x2 + 3x – 18 = 0

Exercise 1.1 | Q 5.3 | Page 7

Write the negation of the following.

√2 is a rational number.
Solution: The negation of the given statement is:
√2 is not a rational number.

Exercise 1.1 | Q 5.4 | Page 7

Write the negation of the following.
Polygon ABCDE is a pentagon.
Solution: The negation of the given statement is:
Polygon ABCDE is not a pentagon.

Exercise 1.1 | Q 5.5 | Page 7

Write the negation of the following.
7+3>5
Solution: 7 + 3 ≯5
EXERCISE 1.2 [PAGE 13]

Exercise 1.2 | Q 1.01 | Page 13

Construct the truth table of the following statement pattern.
[(p → q) ∧ q] → p

Solution: Here are two statements and three connectives.

∴ There are 2 × 2 = 4 rows and 2 + 3 = 5 columns in the truth table.
p q p→q (p → q) ∧ q [(p → q) ∧ q] → p

T T T T T
T F F F T
F T T T F
F F T F T

Exercise 1.2 | Q 1.02 | Page 13

Construct the truth table of the following statement pattern.
(p ∧ ∼q) ↔ (p → q)

Solution:
p q ∼q p∧∼q p→q (p ∧ ∼ q) ↔ (p →
q)
T T F F T F
T F T T F F
F T F F T F
F F T F T F
Exercise 1.2 | Q 1.03 | Page 13
Construct the truth table of the following statement pattern.
(p ∧ q) ↔ (q ∨ r)

Solution:
p q r p∧q q∨r (p ∧ q) ↔ (q ∨ r)

T T T T T T
T T F T T T
T F T F T F
T F F F F T
F T T F T F
F T F F T F
F F T F T F
F F F F F T

Exercise 1.2 | Q 1.04 | Page 13

Construct the truth table of the following statement pattern.
p → [∼ (q ∧ r)]

Solution:
p q r q∧r ∼ (q)∧ r) p → [∼ (q ∧ r)]

T T T T F F
T T F F T T
T F T F T T
T F F F T T
F T T T F T
F T F F T T
F F T F T T
F F F F T T

Exercise 1.2 | Q 1.05 | Page 13

Construct the truth table of the following statement pattern.
∼ p ∧ [(p ∨ ∼ q) ∧ q]

Solution:
p q ∼p ∼q p∨∼q (p ∨ ∼ q) ∧ q ∼ p ∧ [p ∨ ∼ q] ∧ q
T T F F T T F
T F F T T F F
F T T F F F F
F F T T T F F

Exercise 1.2 | Q 1.06 | Page 13

Construct the truth table of the following statement pattern.
(∼ p → ∼ q) ∧ (∼ q → ∼ p)

Solution:
p q ∼p ∼q ∼p→∼q ∼q→∼p (∼ p → ∼ q) ∧ (∼ q
→ ∼ p)
T T F F T T T
T F F T T F F
F T T F F T F
F F T T T T T

Exercise 1.2 | Q 1.07 | Page 13

Construct the truth table of the following statement pattern.
(q → p) ∨ (∼ p ↔ q)

Solution:
p q ∼p q→p ∼p↔q (q → p) ∨ (∼ p ↔ q)

T T F T F T
T F F T T T
F T T F T T
F F T T F T

Exercise 1.2 | Q 1.08 | Page 13

Construct the truth table of the following statement pattern.
[p → (q → r)] ↔ [(p ∧ q) → r]

Solution:
p q r q→r p → (q → r) p∧q (p ∧ q) → r [p → (q → r)] ↔ [(p ∧ q) →
r]

T T T T T T T T
T T F F F T F T
T F T T T F T T
T F F T T F T T
F T T T T F T T
F T F F T F T T
F F T T T F T T
F F F T T F T T

Exercise 1.2 | Q 1.09 | Page 13

Construct the truth table of the following statement pattern.
p → [∼ (q ∧ r)]

Solution:
p q r q∧r ∼ (q)∧ r) p → [∼ (q ∧ r)]

T T T T F F
T T F F T T
T F T F T T
T F F F T T
F T T T F T
F T F F T T
F F T F T T
F F F F T T
Exercise 1.2 | Q 1.1 | Page 13
Construct the truth table of the following statement pattern.
(p ∨ ∼ q) → (r ∧ p)

Solution:
p q r ∼q p∨∼q r∧p (p ∨ ∼ q) → (r ∧ p)
T T T F T T T
T T F F T F F
T F T T T T T
T F F T T F F
F T T F F F T
F T F F F F T
F F T T T F F
F F F T T F F

Exercise 1.2 | Q 2.01 | Page 13

Using truth table, prove that ~ p ∧ q ≡ (p ∨ q) ∧ ~ p

Solution:
1 2 3 4 5 6

p q ~p ~p ∧ q p∨q (p∨q) ∧~p

T T F F T F

T F F F T F

F T T T T T

F F T F F F

The entries in columns 4 and 6 are identical

∴ ~p ∧ q ≡ (p ∨ q) ∧ ~ p

Exercise 1.2 | Q 2.02 | Page 13

Using the truth table prove the following logical equivalence.
∼ (p ∨ q) ∨ (∼ p ∧ q) ≡ ∼ p
Solution:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
p q ∼p p∨q ∼ (p ∨ q) ∼p∧q ∼ (p ∨ q) ∨ (∼ p ∧
q)
T T F T F F F
T F F T F F F
F T T T F T T
F F T F T F T

The entries in columns 3 and 7 are identical.

∴ ∼ (p ∨ q) ∨ (∼ p ∧ q) ≡ ∼ p

Exercise 1.2 | Q 2.03 | Page 13

Using the truth table prove the following logical equivalence.
p ↔ q ≡ ∼ [(p ∨ q) ∧ ∼ (p ∧ q)]

Solution:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
p q p↔q p∨q p∧q ∼ (p ∧ q) (p ∨ q) ∧ ∼ (p ∧ q) ∼ [(p ∨ q) ∧ ∼ (p
∧ q)]

T T T T T F F T
T F F T F T T F
F T F T F T T F
F F T F F T F T

The entries in columns 3 and 8 are identical.

∴ p ↔ q ≡ ∼ [(p ∨ q) ∧ ∼ (p ∧ q)]

Exercise 1.2 | Q 2.04 | Page 13

Using the truth table prove the following logical equivalence.
p → (q → p) ≡ ∼ p → (p → q)

Solution:
 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
p q q→p p → (q → p) ∼p p→q ∼ p → (p → q)
T T T T F T T
T F T T F F T
F T F T T T T
F F T T T T T

The entries in columns 4 and 7 are identical.

∴ p → (q → p) ≡ ∼ p → (p → q)

Exercise 1.2 | Q 2.05 | Page 13

Using the truth table prove the following logical equivalence.
(p ∨ q) → r ≡ (p → r) ∧ (q → r)

Solution:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
p q r p∨q (p ∨ q) → r p→r q→r (p → r) ∧ (q → r)

T T T T T T T T
T T F T F F F F
T F T T T T T T

T F F T F F T F
F T T T T T T T
F T F T F T F F

F F T F T T T T
F F F F T T T T

The entries in columns 5 and 8 are identical.

∴ (p ∨ q) → r ≡ (p → r) ∧ (q → r)

Exercise 1.2 | Q 2.06 | Page 13

Using the truth table prove the following logical equivalence.
p → (q ∧ r) ≡ (p → q) ∧ (p → r)

Solution:
 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
p q r q∧r p → (q ∧ r) p→q p→r (p → q) ∧ (p → r)
T T T T T T T T
T T F F F T F F
T F T F F F T F
T F F F F F F F
F T T T T T T T
F T F F T T T T
F F T F T T T T
F F F F T T T T

The entries in columns 5 and 8 are identical.

∴ p → (q ∧ r) ≡ (p → q) ∧ (p → r)

Exercise 1.2 | Q 2.07 | Page 13

Using the truth table prove the following logical equivalence.
p → (q ∧ r) ≡ (p ∧ q) (p → r)

Solution:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
p q r q∧r p → (q ∧ r) (p ∧ q) (p → r) (p ∧ q) (p →
r)
T T T T T T T T
T T F F F T F F
T F T F F F T F
T F F F F F F F
F T T T T T T T
F T F F T T T T
F F T F T T T T
F F F F T T T T

The entries in columns 5 and 8 are identical.

∴ p → (q ∧ r) ≡ (p ∧ q) (p → r)
Exercise 1.2 | Q 2.08 | Page 13
Using the truth table prove the following logical equivalence.
p ∧ (q ∨ r) ≡ (p ∧ q) ∨ (p ∧ r)

Solution:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
p q r q∨r p ∧ (q ∨ r) p∧q p∧r (p ∧ q) ∨ (p ∧
r)

T T T T T T T T
T T F T T T F T
T F T T T F T T
T F F F F F F F
F T T T F F F F
F T F T F F F F
F F T T F F F F
F F F F F F F F

The entries in columns 5 and 8 are identical.

∴ p ∧ (q ∨ r) ≡ (p ∧ q) ∨ (p ∧ r)

Exercise 1.2 | Q 2.09 | Page 13

Using the truth table prove the following logical equivalence.
[∼ (p ∨ q) ∨ (p ∨ q)] ∧ r ≡ r

Solution:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
p q r p∨r ∼ (p ∨ q) ∼ (p ∨ q) ∨ (p ∨ q) [∼ (p ∨ q) ∨ (p ∨ q)] ∧ r
T T T T F T T
T T F T F T F
T F T T F T T
T F F T F T F
F T T T F T T
F T F T F T F
 F F T F T T T
F F F F T T F

The entries in columns 3 and 7 are identical.

∴ [∼ (p ∨ q) ∨ (p ∨ q)] ∧ r ≡ r

Exercise 1.2 | Q 2.1 | Page 13

Using the truth table proves the following logical equivalence.
∼ (p ↔ q) ≡ (p ∧ ∼ q) ∨ (q ∧ ∼ p)

Solution:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
p q ∼p ∼q p↔q ∼ (p ↔ q) p∧∼q q∧∼p (p ∧ ∼ q) ∨ (q ∧ ∼
p)
T T F F T F F F F
T F F T F T T F T
F T T F F T F T T
F F T T T F F F F

The entries in columns 6 and 9 are identical.

∴ ∼ (p ↔ q) ≡ (p ∧ ∼ q) ∨ (q ∧ ∼ p)

Exercise 1.2 | Q 3.01 | Page 13

Examine whether the following statement pattern is a tautology or a contradiction or a
contingency.
(p ∧ q) → (q ∨ p)

Solution:
p q p∧q q∨p (p ∧ q) → (q ∨ p)
T T T T T
T F F T T
F T F T T
F F F F T
All the entries in the last column of the above truth table are T.
∴ (p ∧ q) → (q ∨ p) is a tautology.

Exercise 1.2 | Q 3.02 | Page 13

Examine whether the following statement pattern is a tautology or a contradiction or a
contingency.
(p → q) ↔ (∼ p ∨ q)

Solution:
p q ∼p p→q ∼p∨q (p → q) ↔ (∼ p ∨ q)
T T F T T T
T F F F F T
F T T T T T
F F T T T T

All the entries in the last column of the above truth table are T.
∴ (p → q) ↔ (∼ p ∨ q) is a tautology.

Exercise 1.2 | Q 3.03 | Page 13

Discuss the statement pattern, using truth table : ~(~p ∧ ~q) v q

Solution: Consider the statement pattern: ∼ (∼ p ∧ ∼ q) ∨ q

Thus the truth table of the given logical statement: ~(~p ∧ ~q) ∨ q
p q ~p ~q ~p∧~q ~(~p ~(~p ∧ ~q)
∧ ~q) ∨q
T T F F F T T

T F F T F T T

F T T F F T T

F F T T T F F

The above statement is contingency.

Exercise 1.2 | Q 3.04 | Page 13

Examine whether the following logical statement pattern is a tautology, contradiction, or

contingency.
[(p → q) ∧ q] → p

Solution: Consider the statement pattern : [ ( p → q ) ∧ q ] → p

No. of rows = 2n = 2 × 2 = 4
No. of column = m + n = 3 + 2 = 5
Thus the truth table of the given logical statement :
[(p → q) ∧ q] → p
p q p→q (p → q) ∧ q [(p → q) ∧ q] → p

T T T T T

T F F F T

F T T T F

F F T F T

From the above truth table we can say that given logical statement: [(p → q) ∧ q] → p is
contingency.

Exercise 1.2 | Q 3.05 | Page 13

Examine whether the following statement pattern is a tautology or a contradiction or a
contingency.
[(p → q) ∧ ∼ q] → ∼ p

Solution:
p q ∼p ∼q p→q (p → q) ∧ ∼ q [(p → q) ∧ ∼ q] → ∼ p
T T F F T F T
T F F T F F T
F T T F T F T
F F T T T T T

All the entries in the last column of the above truth table are T.
∴ [(p → q) ∧ ∼ q] → ∼ p is a tautology.

Exercise 1.2 | Q 3.06 | Page 13

Examine whether the following statement pattern is a tautology or a contradiction or a
contingency.
(p ↔ q) ∧ (p → ∼ q)

Solution:
 p q ∼q p↔q p→∼q (p ↔ q) ∧ (p → ∼ q)

T T F T F F
T F T F T F
F T F F T F
F F T T T T

The entries in the last column of the above truth table are neither all T nor all F.
∴ (p ↔ q) ∧ (p → ∼ q) is a contingency.

Exercise 1.2 | Q 3.07 | Page 13

Examine whether the following statement pattern is a tautology or a contradiction or a
contingency.
∼ (∼ q ∧ p) ∧ q

Solution:
p q ∼q ∼q∧p ∼ (∼ q ∧ p) ∼ (∼ q ∧ p) ∧ q

T T F F T T
T F T T F F
F T F F T T
F F T F T F

The entries in the last column of the above truth table are neither all T nor all F.
∴ ∼ (∼ q ∧ p) ∧ q is a contingency.

Exercise 1.2 | Q 3.08 | Page 13

Examine whether the following statement pattern is a tautology or a contradiction or a
contingency.
(p ∧ ∼ q) ↔ (p → q)

Solution:
p q ∼q p∧∼q p→q (p ∧ ∼ q) ↔ (p → q)

T T F F T F

T F T T F F
 F T F F T F

F F T F T F

All the entries in the last column of the above truth table are F.
∴ (p ∧ ∼ q) ↔ (p → q) is a contradiction.
[Note: Answer in the textbook is incorrect]

Exercise 1.2 | Q 3.09 | Page 13

Examine whether the following statement pattern is a tautology or a contradiction or a
contingency.
(∼ p → q) ∧ (p ∧ r)

Solution:
p q r ∼p ∼p→q p∧r (∼ p → q) ∧ (p ∧ r)

T T T F T T T
T T F F T F F
T F T F T T T
T F F F T F F
F T T T T F F
F T F T T F F
F F T T F F F
F F F T F F F

The entries in the last column of the above truth table are neither all T nor all F.
∴ (∼ p → q) ∧ (p ∧ r) is a contingency.

Exercise 1.2 | Q 3.1 | Page 13

Examine whether the following statement pattern is a tautology or a contradiction or a
contingency.
[p → (∼ q ∨ r)] ↔ ∼ [p → (q → r)]

Solution:
p q r ∼q ∼q∨ p → (∼ q ∨ q→ p → (q → ∼[p → (q → [p → (∼ q ∨ r)]
r r) r r) r)] ↔ [p → (q →
r)]
T T T F T T T T F F
T T F F F F F F T F
 T F T T T T T T F F
T F F T T T T T F F
F T T F T T T T F F
F T F F F T F T F F
F F T T T T T T F F
F F F T T T T T F F
All the entries in the last column of the above truth table are F.
∴ [p → (∼ q ∨ r)] ↔ ∼ [p → (q → r)] is a contradiction.
EXERCISE 1.3 [PAGES 17 - 18]

Exercise 1.3 | Q 1.1 | Page 17

If A = {3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 12}, determine the truth value of the following.
∃ x ∈ A such that x – 8 = 1

Solution: Clearly x = 9 ∈ A satisfies x − 8 = 1. So the given statement is true, hence its

truth value is T.

Exercise 1.3 | Q 1.2 | Page 17

If A = {3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 12}, determine the truth value of the following.
∀ x ∈ A, x2 + x is an even number

Solution: For each x ∈ A, x2 + x is an even number. So the given statement is true,

hence its truth value is T.

Exercise 1.3 | Q 1.3 | Page 17

If A = {3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 12}, determine the truth value of the following.
∃ x ∈ A such that x2 < 0

Solution: There is no x ∈ A which satisfies x2 < 0. So the given statement is false,

hence its truth value is F.

Exercise 1.3 | Q 1.4 | Page 17

If A = {3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 12}, determine the truth value of the following.
∀ x ∈ A, x is an even number

Solution: x = 3 ∈ A, x = 5 ∈ A, x = 7 ∈ A, x = 9 ∈ A, x = 11 ∈ A do not satisfy x is an

even number. So the given statement is false, hence its truth value is F.

Exercise 1.3 | Q 1.5 | Page 17

If A = {3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 12}, determine the truth value of the following.
∃ x ∈ A such that 3x + 8 > 40

Solution: Clearly x = 11 ∈ A and x = 12 ∈ A satisfies 3x + 8 > 40. So the given

statement is true, hence its truth value is T.

Exercise 1.3 | Q 1.6 | Page 17

If A = {3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 12}, determine the truth value of the following.
∀ x ∈ A, 2x + 9 > 14

Solution: For each x ∈ A, 2x + 9 > 14. So the given statement is true, hence its truth
value is T.

Exercise 1.3 | Q 2.01 | Page 17

Write the dual of the following.
p ∨ (q ∧ r)

Solution: The dual of the given statement pattern is:

p ∧ (q ∨ r)

Exercise 1.3 | Q 2.02 | Page 17

Write the dual of the following.
p ∧ (q ∧ r)

Solution: The dual of the given statement pattern is:

p ∨ (q ∨ r)

Exercise 1.3 | Q 2.03 | Page 17

Write the dual of the following.
(p ∨ q) ∧ (r ∨ s)

Solution: The dual of the given statement pattern is:

(p ∧ q) ∨ (r ∧ s)

Exercise 1.3 | Q 2.04 | Page 17

Write the dual of the following.
p∧∼q
Solution: The dual of the given statement pattern is:
p∨∼q

Exercise 1.3 | Q 2.05 | Page 17

Write the dual of the following.
(∼ p ∨ q) ∧ (∼ r ∧ s)

Solution: The dual of the given statement pattern is:

(∼ p ∧ q) ∨ (∼ r ∨ s)

Exercise 1.3 | Q 2.06 | Page 17

Write the dual of the following.
∼ p ∧ (∼ q ∧ (p ∨ q) ∧ ∼ r)

Solution: The dual of the given statement pattern is:

∼ p ∨ (∼ q ∨ (p ∧ q) ∨ ∼ r)

Exercise 1.3 | Q 2.07 | Page 17

Write the dual of the following.
[∼ (p ∨ q)] ∧ [p ∨ ∼ (q ∧ ∼ s)]

Solution: The dual of the given statement pattern is:

[∼ (p ∧ q)] ∨ [p ∧ ∼ (q ∨ ∼ s)]

Exercise 1.3 | Q 2.08 | Page 17

Write the dual of the following.
c ∨ {p ∧ (q ∨ r)}

Solution: The dual of the given statement pattern is:

t ∧ {p ∨ (q ∧ r)}

Exercise 1.3 | Q 2.09 | Page 17

Write the dual of the following.
∼ p ∨ (q ∧ r) ∧ t

Solution: The dual of the given statement pattern is:

∼ p ∧ (q ∨ r) ∨ c
Exercise 1.3 | Q 2.1 | Page 17
Write the dual of the following.
(p ∨ q) ∨ c

Solution: The dual of the given statement pattern is:

(p ∧ q) ∧ t

Exercise 1.3 | Q 3.1 | Page 18

Write the negation of the following.
x + 8 > 11 or y – 3 = 6

Solution: Let p: x + 8 > 11,

q: y − 3 = 6
Then the symbolic form of the given statement is p∨q.
Since ∼ (p v q) ≡ ∼ p ∧ ∼ q, the negation of the given statement is:
x + 8 ≯ 11 and y − 3 ≠ 6.
OR
x + 8 ≤ 11 and y − 3 ≠ 6.

Exercise 1.3 | Q 3.2 | Page 18

Write the negation of the following.
11 < 15 and 25 > 20

Solution: Let p: 11 < 15,

q: 25 > 20
Then the symbolic form of the given statement is p∧q.
Since ∼ (p ∧ q) ≡ ∼ p ∨ q, the negation of the given statement is:
11 ≥ 15 or 25 ≤ 20

Exercise 1.3 | Q 3.3 | Page 18

Write the negation of the following.
Quadrilateral is a square if and only if it is a rhombus.

Solution: Let p: Quadrilateral is a square.

q: It is a rhombus.
Then the symbolic form of the given statement is p↔q.
Since ∼ (p ↔ q) ≡ (p ∧ ∼ q) ∨ (q ∧ ∼ p), the negation of the given statement is:
Quadrilateral is a square but it is not a rhombus or quadrilateral is a rhombus but it is
not a square.

Exercise 1.3 | Q 3.4 | Page 18

Write the negation of the following.
It is cold and raining.

Solution: Let p: It is cold.

q: It is raining.
Then the symbolic form of the given statement is p∧q.
Since ∼ (p ∧ q) ≡ ∼ p ∨ q, the negation of the given statement is:
It is not cold or not raining.

Exercise 1.3 | Q 3.5 | Page 18

Write the negation of the following.
If it is raining then we will go and play football.

Solution: Let p: It is raining.

q: We will go.
r: We play football.
Then the symbolic form of the given statement is p → (q ∧ r).
Since ∼ [p → (q ∧ r)] ≡ p ∧ ∼ (q ∧ r) ≡ p ∧ (∼ q ∨ ∼ r), the negation of the given
statement is:
It is raining and we will not go or not play football.

Exercise 1.3 | Q 3.6 | Page 18

Write the negation of the following.

√2 is a rational number.
Solution: The negation of the given statement is:

√2 is not a rational number.

Exercise 1.3 | Q 3.7 | Page 18

Write the negation of the following.
All-natural numbers are whole numbers.

Solution: The negation of the given statement is:

Some natural numbers are not whole numbers.

Exercise 1.3 | Q 3.8 | Page 18

Write the negation of the following.
∀ n ∈ N, n2 + n + 2 is divisible by 4.

Solution: The negation of the given statement is:

∃ n ∈ N, such that n2 + n + 2 is not divisible by 4.

Exercise 1.3 | Q 3.9 | Page 18

Write the negation of the following.
∃ x ∈ N such that x – 17 < 20

Solution: The negation of the given statement is:

∀ x ∈ N, x − 17 ≥ 20

Exercise 1.3 | Q 4.1 | Page 18

Write converse, inverse and contrapositive of the following statement.
If x < y then x2 < y2 (x, y ∈ R)

Solution: Let p: x < y,

q: x2 < y2
Then the symbolic form of the given statement is p → q.
Converse: q → p is the converse of p → q.
i.e. If x2 < y2, then x < y.
Inverse: ∼ p → ∼ q is the inverse of p → q.
i.e. If x ≥ y, then x2 ≥ y2.
OR
If x ≮ y, then x2 ≮ y2.
Contrapositive: ∼ q → p is the contrapositive of p → q
i.e. If x2 ≥ y2, then x ≥ y.
OR
If x2 ≮ y2, then x ≮ y.
Exercise 1.3 | Q 4.2 | Page 18
Write converse, inverse and contrapositive of the following statement.
A family becomes literate if the woman in it is literate.

Solution: Let p: The woman in the family is literate.

q: A family becomes literate.
Then the symbolic form of the given statement is p → q.
Converse: q → p is the converse of p → q.
i.e. If a family becomes literate, then the woman in it is literate.
Inverse: ∼ p → ∼ q is the inverse of p → q.
i.e. If the woman in the family is not literate, then the family does not become literate.
Contrapositive: ∼ q → ∼ p is the contrapositive of p → q.
i.e. If a family does not become literate, then the woman in it is not literate.

Exercise 1.3 | Q 4.3 | Page 18

Write converse, inverse and contrapositive of the following statement.
If surface area decreases then pressure increases.

Solution: Let p: The surface area decreases.

q: The pressure increases.
Then the symbolic form of the given statement is p → q.
Converse: q → p is the converse of p → q.
i.e. If the pressure increases, then the surface area decreases.
Inverse: ∼ p → ∼ q is the inverse of p → q.
i.e. If the surface area does not decrease, then the pressure does not increase.
Contrapositive: ∼ q → ∼ p is the contrapositive of p → q.
i.e. If the pressure does not increase, then the surface area does not decrease.

Exercise 1.3 | Q 4.4 | Page 18

Write converse, inverse and contrapositive of the following statement.
If voltage increases then current decreases.

Solution: Let p: Voltage increases.

q: Current decreases.
Then the symbolic form of the given statement is p → q.
Converse: q → p is the converse of p → q.
i.e. If current decreases, then voltage increases. Inverse: ∼ p → ∼ q is the inverse of p
→ q.
i.e. If voltage does not increase, then-current does not decrease.
Contrapositive: ∼ q → p, is the contrapositive of p → q.
i.e. If current does not decrease, then voltage does not increase.
EXERCISE 1.4 [PAGE 21]

Exercise 1.4 | Q 1.1 | Page 21

Using the rule of negation write the negation of the following with justification.
∼q→p

Solution: The negation of is ∼ q → p is

∼ (∼ q → p) ≡ ∼ q ∧ ∼ p ...(Negation of implication)

Exercise 1.4 | Q 1.2 | Page 21

Using the rule of negation write the negation of the following with justification.
p∧∼q

Solution: The negation of p ∧ ∼ q is

∼ (p ∧ ∼ q) ≡ ∼ p ∨ ∼ (∼ q) .........(Negation of conjunction)
≡ ∼ p ∨ q .............(Negation of negation)

Exercise 1.4 | Q 1.3 | Page 21

Using the rule of negation write the negation of the following with justification.
p∨∼q

Solution: The negation of p ∨ ∼ q is

∼ (p ∨ ∼ q) ≡ ∼ p ∧ ∼ (∼ q) .........(Negation of disjunction)
≡ ∼ p ∧ q ...........(Negation of negation)

Exercise 1.4 | Q 1.4 | Page 21

Using the rule of negation write the negation of the following with justification.
(p ∨ ∼ q) ∧ r
Solution: The negation of (p ∨ ∼ q) ∧ r is
∼ [(p ∨ ∼ q) ∧ r] ≡ (p ∨ ∼ q) ∨ ∼ r .........(Negation of conjunction)
≡ [∼ p ∧ ∼ (∼ q)] ∨ ∼ r ......(Negation of disjunction) ≡ (∼ p ∧ q) ∨ ∼ r ...........(Negation of
negation)

Exercise 1.4 | Q 1.5 | Page 21

Using the rule of negation write the negation of the following with justification.
p → (p ∨ ∼ q)

Solution: The negation of p → (p ∨ ∼ q) is

∼ [p → (p ∨ ∼ q)] ≡ p ∧ ∼ (p ∨ ∼ q) .......(Negation of implication)
≡ p ∧ [∼ p ∧ ∼ (∼ q)] .....(Negation of disjunction)
≡ p ∧ (∼ p ∧ q) ...........(Negation of negation)

Exercise 1.4 | Q 1.6 | Page 21

Using the rule of negation write the negation of the following with justification.
∼ (p ∧ q) ∨ (p ∨ ∼ q)

Solution: The negation of ∼ (p ∧ q) ∨ (p ∨ ∼ q) is

∼ [∼ (p ∧ q) ∨ (p ∨ ∼ q)] ≡ ∼ [∼ (p ∧ q)] ∧ ∼ (p ∨ ∼ q) ...........(Negation of disjunction)
≡ ∼ [∼ (p ∧ q)] ∧ [∼ p ∧ ∼ (∼ q)] .........(Negation of disjunction)
≡ (p ∧ q) ∧ (∼ p ∧ q) ...........(Negation of negation)

Exercise 1.4 | Q 1.7 | Page 21

Using the rule of negation write the negation of the following with justification.
(p ∨ ∼ q) → (p ∧ ∼ q)

Solution: The negation of (p ∨ ∼ q) → (p ∧ ∼ q) is

∼ [(p ∨ ∼ q) → (p ∧ ∼ q)] ≡ (p ∨ ∼ q) ∧ ∼ (p ∧ ∼ q) ..........(Negation of implication)
≡ (p ∨ ∼ q) ∧ [∼ p ∨ ∼ (∼ q)] .............(Negation of conjunction)
≡ (p ∨ ∼ q) ∧ (∼ p ∨ q) .........(Negation of negation)

Exercise 1.4 | Q 1.8 | Page 21

Using the rule of negation write the negation of the following with justification.
(∼ p ∨ ∼ q) ∨ (p ∧ ∼ q)
Solution: The negation of (∼ p ∨ ∼ q) ∨ (p ∧ ∼ q) is
∼ [(∼ p ∨ ∼ q) ∨ (p ∧ ∼ q)] ≡ ∼ (∼ p ∨ ∼ q) ∧ ∼ (p ∧ ∼ q) ..............(Negation of
disjunction)
≡ [∼ (∼ p) ∧ ∼ (∼ q)] ∧ [∼ p ∨ ∼ (∼ q)] ...(Negation of disjunction and conjunction)
≡ (p ∧ q) ∧ (∼ p ∨ q) ...........(Negation of negation)

Exercise 1.4 | Q 2.1 | Page 21

Rewrite the following statement without using if ...... then.
If a man is a judge then he is honest.

Solution: Since p → q ≡ ∼ p ∨ q, the given statement can be written as:

A man is not a judge or he is honest.

Exercise 1.4 | Q 2.2 | Page 21

Rewrite the following statement without using if ...... then.
It 2 is a rational number then √2 is irrational number.

Solution:

Since p → q ≡ ∼ p ∨ q, the given statement can be written as:

2 is not a rational number or √2 is irrational number.

Exercise 1.4 | Q 2.3 | Page 21

Rewrite the following statement without using if ...... then.
It f(2) = 0 then f(x) is divisible by (x – 2).

Solution: Since p → q ≡ ∼ p ∨ q, the given statement can be written as:

f(2) ≠ 0 or f(x) is divisible by (x – 2).

Exercise 1.4 | Q 3.1 | Page 21

Without using the truth table show that P ↔ q ≡ (p ∧ q) ∨ (~ p ∧ ~ q)

Solution: L.H.S = p ↔ q
≡ (p → q) ∧ (q → p) ........(Biconditional Law)
≡ (∼ p ∨ q) ∧ (∼ q ∨ p) ........(Conditional Law)
≡ [∼ p ∧ (∼ q ∨ p)] ∨ [q ∧ (∼ q ∨ p)] ....(Distributive Law)
≡ [(∼ p ∧ ∼ q)] ∨ (∼ p ∧ p)] ∨ [(q ∧ ∼ q) ∨ (q ∧ p)] .........(Distributive Law)
≡ [(∼ p ∧ ∼ q) ∨ F] ∨ [F ∨ (q ∧ p)] ........(Complement Law)
≡ (∼ p ∧ ∼ q) ∨ (q ∧ p) .......(Identity Law)
≡ (∼ p ∧ ∼ q) ∨ (p ∧ q) ........(Commutative Law)
≡ (p ∧ q) ∨ (∼ p ∧ ∼ q) ........(Commutative Law)
≡ R.H.S.

Exercise 1.4 | Q 3.2 | Page 21

Without using truth table prove that:
(p ∨ q) ∧ (p ∨ ∼ q) ≡ p
Solution: L.H.S. = (p ∨ q) ∧ (p ∨ ∼ q)
≡ p ∨ (q ∧ ∼ q) ..........(Distributive Law)
≡ p ∨ F .........(Complement Law)
≡ p .........(Identity Law)
= R.H.S.

Exercise 1.4 | Q 3.3 | Page 21

Without using truth table prove that:
(p ∧ q) ∨ (∼ p ∧ q) ∨ (p ∧ ∼ q) ≡ p ∨ q

Solution: L.H.S. = (p ∧ q) ∨ (∼ p ∧ q) ∨ (p ∧ ∼ q)

≡ [(p ∨ ∼ p) ∧ q] ∨ (p ∧ ∼ q) ..........(Distributive Law)

≡ (T ∧ q) ∨ (p ∧ ∼ q) .........(Complement Law)

≡ q ∨ (p ∧ ∼ q) ...........(Identity Law)

≡ (q ∨ p) ∧ (q ∨ ∼ q) .........(Distributive Law)

≡ (q ∨ p) ∧ T ..........(Complement Law)

≡ q ∨ p ..........(Identity Law)

≡ p ∨ q ......(Commutative Law)

= R.H.S.

Exercise 1.4 | Q 3.4 | Page 21

Without using truth table prove that:
∼ [(p ∨ ∼ q) → (p ∧ ∼ q)] ≡ (p ∨ ∼ q) ∧ (∼ p ∨ q)
Solution: L.H.S. = ∼ [(p ∨ ∼ q) → (p ∧ ∼ q)]
≡ (p ∨ ∼ q) → (p ∧ ∼ q) .......(Negation of implication)
≡ (p ∨ ∼ q) ∧ [∼ p ∨ ∼ (∼ q)] ......(Negation of conjunction)
≡ (p ∨ ∼ q) ∧ (∼ p ∨ q) .......(Negation of negation)
= R.H.S.
EXERCISE 1.5 [PAGES 29 - 30]

Exercise 1.5 | Q 1.1 | Page 29

Express the following circuit in the symbolic form of logic and writ the input-output table.

Solution: Let p: the switch S1 is closed

q: the switch S2 is closed
r: the switch S3 is closed
∼ p: the switch S1′ is closed or the switch S1 is open
∼ q: the switch S2′ is closed or the switch S2 is open
∼ r: the switch S3′ is closed or the switch S3 is open
l: the lamp L is on

The symbolic form of the given circuit is:

p ∨ (q ∧ r) ≡ l
l is generally dropped and it can be expressed as:
p ∨ (q ∧ r)

Input-Output Table
p q r q∧r p ∨ (q ∧ r)
1 1 1 1
1 1 0 1
 1 0 0 1
1 0 0 1
0 1 1 1
0 1 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0

Exercise 1.5 | Q 1.2 | Page 29

Express the following circuit in the symbolic form of logic and writ the input-output table.

Solution: Let p: the switch S1 is closed

q: the switch S2 is closed
r: the switch S3 is closed
∼ p: the switch S1′ is closed or the switch S1 is open
∼ q: the switch S2′ is closed or the switch S2 is open
∼ r: the switch S3′ is closed or the switch S3 is open
l: the lamp L is on
The symbolic form of the given circuit is:
(∼ p ∧ q) ∨ (p ∧ ∼ q)
Input-Output Table
p q ∼p ∼q ∼p∧q p∧∼q (∼ p ∧ q) ∨ (p ∧ ∼ q)
1 1 0 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 1 0 1 1
0 1 1 0 1 0 1
0 0 1 1 0 0 0
Exercise 1.5 | Q 1.3 | Page 29

Express the following circuit in the symbolic form of logic and writ the input-output table.
Solution: Let p: the switch S1 is closed
q: the switch S2 is closed
r: the switch S3 is closed
∼ p: the switch S1′ is closed or the switch S1 is open
∼ q: the switch S2′ is closed or the switch S2 is open
∼ r: the switch S3′ is closed or the switch S3 is open
l: the lamp L is on

The symbolic form of the given circuit is:

[p ∧ (∼ q ∨ r)] ∨ (∼ q ∧ ∼ r)

Input-Output Table
p q r ∼q ∼r ∼q∨r p∧(∼q∨r) ∼q∧∼r [p∧(∼q∨r)]
∨ (∼q∧∼r)
1 1 1 1 0 1
1 1 0 0 0 0
1 0 1 1 0 1
1 0 1 1 1 1
0 1 1 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 1 1

Exercise 1.5 | Q 1.4 | Page 29

Express the following circuit in the symbolic form of logic and writ the input-output table.
Solution: Let p: the switch S1 is closed
q: the switch S2 is closed
r: the switch S3 is closed
∼ p: the switch S1′ is closed or the switch S1 is open
∼ q: the switch S2′ is closed or the switch S2 is open
∼ r: the switch S3′ is closed or the switch S3 is open
l: the lamp L is on

The symbolic form of the given circuit is:

(p∨q)∧q∧(r∨∼ p)

Input-Output Table
p q r ∼p p∨q r∨∼p (p∨q)∧q∧(r∨∼p)
1 1 0 1 1 1
1 1 0 1 0 0
1 0 0 1 1 0
1 0 0 1 0 0
0 1 1 1 1 1
0 1 1 1 1 1
0 0 1 0 1 0
0 0 1 0 1 0

[Note: Answer in the textbook is incorrect.]

Exercise 1.5 | Q 1.5 | Page 29

Express the following circuit in the symbolic form of logic and writ the input-output table.
Solution: Let p: the switch S1 is closed
q: the switch S2 is closed
r: the switch S3 is closed
∼ p: the switch S1′ is closed or the switch S1 is open
∼ q: the switch S2′ is closed or the switch S2 is open
∼ r: the switch S3′ is closed or the switch S3 is open
l: the lamp L is on

The symbolic form of the given circuit is:

[p∨(∼p∧∼q)]∨(p∧q)

Input-Output Table
p q ∼p ∼q ∼p∧∼q p∨(∼p∧∼q) p∧q [p∨(∼p∧∼q)]∨(p∧q)
1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1
1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1
0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1

Exercise 1.5 | Q 1.6 | Page 29

Express the following circuit in the symbolic form of logic and writ the input-output table.

Solution: Let p: the switch S1 is closed

q: the switch S2 is closed
 r: the switch S3 is closed
∼ p: the switch S1′ is closed or the switch S1 is open
∼ q: the switch S2′ is closed or the switch S2 is open
∼ r: the switch S3′ is closed or the switch S3 is open
l: the lamp L is on

The symbolic form of the given circuit is:

(p ∨ q) ∧ (q ∨ r) ∧ (r ∨ p)

Input-Output Table
p q r p∨q q∨r r∨p (p∨q)∧(q∨r)∧(r∨p)
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 0 1 1 1 1
1 0 1 1 1 1 1
1 0 0 1 0 1 0
0 1 1 1 1 1 1
0 1 0 1 1 0 0
0 0 1 0 1 1 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Exercise 1.5 | Q 2.1 | Page 30

Construct the switching circuit of the following:
(∼ p ∧ q) ∨ (p ∧ ∼ r)
Solution: Let p: the switch S1 is closed
q: the switch S2 is closed
r: the switch S3 is closed
∼ p: the switch S1′ is closed or the switch S1 is open
∼ q: the switch S2′ is closed or the switch S2 is open
∼ r: the switch S3′ is closed or the switch S3 is open.
Then the switching circuit corresponding to the given statement pattern is:

Exercise 1.5 | Q 2.2 | Page 30

Construct the switching circuit of the following:
(p ∧ q) ∨ [∼ p ∧ (∼ q ∨ p ∨ r)]
Solution: Let p: the switch S1 is closed
q: the switch S2 is closed
r: the switch S3 is closed
∼ p: the switch S1′ is closed or the switch S1 is open
∼ q: the switch S2′ is closed or the switch S2 is open
∼ r: the switch S3′ is closed or the switch S3 is open.
Then the switching circuit corresponding to the given statement pattern is:

Exercise 1.5 | Q 2.3 | Page 30

Construct the switching circuit of the following:
(p ∧ r) ∨ (∼ q ∧ ∼ r)] ∧ (∼ p ∧ ∼ r)
Solution: Let p: the switch S1 is closed
q: the switch S2 is closed
r: the switch S3 is closed
∼ p: the switch S1′ is closed or the switch S1 is open
∼ q: the switch S2′ is closed or the switch S2 is open
∼ r: the switch S3′ is closed or the switch S3 is open.
Then the switching circuit corresponding to the given statement pattern is:

Exercise 1.5 | Q 2.4 | Page 30

Construct the switching circuit of the following:
(p ∧ ∼ q ∧ r) ∨ [p ∧ (∼ q ∨ ∼ r)]
Solution: Let p: the switch S1 is closed
q: the switch S2 is closed
 r: the switch S3 is closed
∼ p: the switch S1′ is closed or the switch S1 is open
∼ q: the switch S2′ is closed or the switch S2 is open
∼ r: the switch S3′ is closed or the switch S3 is open.
Then the switching circuit corresponding to the given statement pattern is:

Exercise 1.5 | Q 2.5 | Page 30

Construct the switching circuit of the following:
p ∨ (∼ p) ∨ (∼ q) ∨ (p ∧ q)
Solution: Let p: the switch S1 is closed
q: the switch S2 is closed
r: the switch S3 is closed
∼ p: the switch S1′ is closed or the switch S1 is open
∼ q: the switch S2′ is closed or the switch S2 is open
∼ r: the switch S3′ is closed or the switch S3 is open.
Then the switching circuit corresponding to the given statement pattern is:

Exercise 1.5 | Q 2.6 | Page 30

Construct the switching circuit of the following:
(p ∧ q) ∨ (∼ p) ∨ (p ∧ ∼ q)
Solution: Let p: the switch S1 is closed
q: the switch S2 is closed
r: the switch S3 is closed
∼ p: the switch S1′ is closed or the switch S1 is open
 ∼ q: the switch S2′ is closed or the switch S2 is open
∼ r: the switch S3′ is closed or the switch S3 is open.
Then the switching circuit corresponding to the given statement pattern is:

Exercise 1.5 | Q 3.1 | Page 30

Give an alternative equivalent simple circuit for the following circuit:

Solution: Let p: the switch S1 is closed

q: the switch S2 is closed
∼ p: the switch S1′ is closed or the switch S1 is open
Then the symbolic form of the given circuit is
p ∧ (∼ p ∨ q).
Using the laws of logic, we have,
p ∧ (∼ p ∨ q)
≡ (p ∧ ∼ p) ∨ (p ∧ q) .........(By Distributive Law)
≡ F ∨ (p ∧ q) ...........(By Complement Law)
≡ p ∧ q .........(By Identity Law)
Hence, the alternative equivalent simple circuit is:
Exercise 1.5 | Q 3.2 | Page 30

Give an alternative equivalent simple circuit for the following circuit:

Solution: Let p: the switch S1 is closed

q: the switch S2 is closed
r: the switch S3 is closed
∼ q: the switch S2′ is closed or the switch S2 is open
∼ r: the switch S3′ is closed or the switch S3 is open.
Then the symbolic form of the given circuit is:
[p ∧ (q ∨ r)] ∨ (∼ r ∧ ∼ q ∧ p)
Using the laws of logic, we have
[p ∧ (q ∨ r)] ∨ (∼ r ∧ ∼ q ∧ p)
≡ [p ∧ (q ∨ r)] ∨ [∼ (r ∨ q) ∧ p] .......(By De Morgan’s Law)
≡ [p ∧ (q ∨ r)] ∨ [p ∧ ∼ (q ∨ r)] ......(By Commutative Law)
≡ p ∧ [(q ∨ r) ∨ ∼ (q ∨ r)] ...........(By Distributive Law)
≡ p ∧ T ...........(By Complement Law)
≡ p .........(By Identity Law)
Hence, the alternative equivalent simple circuit is

Exercise 1.5 | Q 4.1 | Page 30

find the symbolic fom of the following switching circuit, construct its switching table and
interpret it.

Solution: Let
p: The switch S1 is closed,
q: The switch S2 is closed.
Switching circuit is (pv~q)v(~p∧q)
The switching table
p q ~p ~q pv~q ~p∧ q (pv~q)v(~p∧q)
1 1 0 0 1 0 1
1 0 0 1 1 0 1
0 1 1 0 0 1 1
0 0 1 1 1 0 1

From the last column of switching table we conclude that the current will always
flow through the circuit.

Exercise 1.5 | Q 4.2 | Page 30

Write the symbolic form of the following switching circuit construct its switching table
and interpret it.

Solution: Let p: the switch S1 is closed

q: the switch S2 is closed
∼ p: the switch S1‘ is closed or the switch S1 is open.
 ∼ q: the switch S2′ is closed or the switch S2 is open.
Then the symbolic form of the given circuit is:
p ∨ (∼ p ∧ ∼ q) ∨ (p ∧ q)

Switching Table
p q ∼p ∼q ∼p∧∼q p∧q p∨(∼p∧∼q)∨(p∧q)
1 1 0 0 0 1 1
1 0 0 1 0 0 1
0 1 1 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 1 1 0 1

Since the final column contains ‘0’ when p is 0 and q is ‘1’, otherwise it contains ‘1’.
Hence, the lamp will not glow when S1 is OFF and S2 is ON, otherwise, the lamp will
glow.

Exercise 1.5 | Q 4.3 | Page 30

Write the symbolic form of the following switching circuit construct its switching table
and interpret it.

Solution: Let p: the switch S1 is closed

q: the switch S2 is closed
r: the switch S3 is closed
∼ q: the switch S2′ is closed or the switch S2 is open
∼ r: the switch S3′ is closed or the switch S3 is open
Then the symbolic form of the given circuit is:
[p ∨ (∼ q) ∨ (∼ r)] ∧ [p ∨ (q ∧ r)]
Switching Table
p q r ∼q ∼r p∨(∼q)∨(∼r) q∧r p∨(q∧r) Final
column
(I) (II) (I) ∧
(II)
1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1
1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1
 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1
1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1
0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0
0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0
0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0
From the switching table, the ‘final column’ and the column of p are identical. Hence, the
lamp will glow which S1 is ‘ON’.

Exercise 1.5 | Q 5.1 | Page 30

Obtain the simple logical expression of the following. Draw the corresponding switching
circuit.
p ∨ (q ∧ ∼ q)
Solution: Using the laws of logic, we have,
p ∨ (q ∧ ∼ q)
≡ p ∨ F .......(By Complement Law)
≡ p ...........(By Identity Law)
Hence, the simple logical expression of the given expression is p.
Let p: the switch S1 is closed
Then the corresponding switching circuit is:

Exercise 1.5 | Q 5.2 | Page 30

Obtain the simple logical expression of the following. Draw the corresponding switching
circuit.
(∼ p ∧ q) ∨ (∼ p ∧ ∼ q) ∨ (p ∧ ∼ q)

Solution: Using the laws of logic, we have,

(∼ p ∧ q) ∨ (∼ p ∧ ∼ q) ∨ (p ∧ ∼ q)
≡ [∼ P ∧ (q ∨ ∼ q)] ∨ (p ∧ ∼ q) .......(By Distributive Law)
≡ (∼ p ∧ T) ∨ (p ∧ ∼ q) .......(By Complement Law)
≡ ∼ p ∨ (p ∧ ∼ q) ..........(By Identity Law)
≡ (∼ p ∨ p) ∧ (∼ p ∧ ∼ q) ........(By Distributive Law)
≡ T ∧ (∼ p ∧ ∼ q) ..........(By Complement Law)
≡ ∼ p ∨ ∼ q ............(By Identity Law)
Hence, the simple logical expression of the given expression is ∼ p ∨ ∼ q.
Let p: the switch S1 is closed
q: the switch S2 is closed
∼ p: the switch S1′ is closed or the switch S1 is open
∼ q: the switch S2′ is closed or the switch S2 is open.
Then the corresponding switching circuit is:

Exercise 1.5 | Q 5.3 | Page 30

Obtain the simple logical expression of the following. Draw the corresponding switching
circuit.
[p ∨ ( ∼ q) ∨ (∼ r)] ∧ [p ∨ (q ∧ r)]

Solution: Using the laws of logic, we have,

[p ∨ ( ∼ q) ∨ (∼ r)] ∧ [p ∨ (q ∧ r)]
≡ [p ∨ {∼ (q ∧ r)}] ∧ [p ∨ (q ∧ r)] ......(By De Morgan’s Law)
≡ p ∨ [∼ (q ∧ r) ∧ (q ∧ r)] .........(By Distributive Law)
≡ p ∨ F ........(By Complement Law)
≡ p .............(By Identity Law)
Hence, the simple logical expression of the given expression is p.
Let p: the switch S1 is closed
Then the corresponding switching circuit is:

Exercise 1.5 | Q 5.4 | Page 30

 Obtain the simple logical expression of the following. Draw the corresponding switching
circuit.
(p ∧ q ∧ ∼ p) ∨ (∼ p ∧ q ∧ r) ∨ (p ∧ q ∧ r)

Solution: Using the laws of logic, we have,

(p ∧ q ∧ ∼ p) ∨ (∼ p ∧ q ∧ r) ∨ (p ∧ q ∧ r)
≡ (p ∧∼ p ∧ q) ∨ (∼ p ∧ q ∧ r) ∨ (p ∧ q ∧ r) .......(By Commutative Law)
≡ (F ∧ q) ∨ (∼ p ∧ q ∧ r) ∨ (p ∧ q ∧ r) ...............(By Complement Law)
≡ F ∨ (∼ p ∧ q ∧ r) ∨ (p ∧ q ∧ r) ............(By Identity Law)
≡ (∼ p ∧ q ∧ r) ∨ (p ∧ q ∧ r) .........(By Identity Law)
≡ (∼ p ∨ p) ∧ (q ∧ r) ......(By Distributive Law)
≡ T ∧ (q ∧ r) ........(By Complement Law)
≡ q ∧ r .........(By Identity Law)
Hence, the simple logical expression of the given expression is q ∧ r.
Let q: the switch S2 is closed
r: the switch S3 is closed.
Then the corresponding switching circuit is:

MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISE 1 [PAGES 32 - 35]

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 1.1 | Page 32

Select and write the correct answer from the given alternative of the following question:
If p ∧ q is false and p ∨ q is true, then __________ is not true.

1. p ∨ q
2. p ↔ q
3. ∼p ∨ ∼q
4. q ∨ ∼p
Solution: If p ∧ q is false and p ∨ q is true, then p ↔ q is not true.

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 1.2 | Page 32

 Select and write the correct answer from the given alternative of the following question:
(p ∧ q) → r is logically equivalent to ________ .

1. p → (q → r)
2. (p ∧ q) → ∼r
3. (∼p ∨ ∼q) → ∼r
4. (p ∨ q) → r
Solution: (p ∧ q) → r is logically equivalent to p → (q → r).

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 1.3 | Page 32

Select and write the correct answer from the given alternative of the following question:
Inverse of statement pattern (p ∨ q) → (p ∧ q) is ________ .

1. (p ∧ q) → (p ∨ q)
2. ∼ (p ∨ q) → (p ∧ q)
3. (∼p ∧ ∼q) → (∼p ∨ ∼q)
4. (∼p ∨ ∼q) → (∼p ∧ ∼q)
Solution: Inverse of statement pattern (p ∨ q) → (p ∧ q) is (∼p ∧ ∼q) → (∼p ∨ ∼q).

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 1.4 | Page 32

Select and write the correct answer from the given alternative of the following question:
If p ∧ q is F, p → q is F then the truth values of p and q are ________.

1. T, T
2. T, F
3. F, T
4. F, F
Solution: If p ∧ q is F, p → q is F then the truth values of p and q are T, F.

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 1.5 | Page 32

Select and write the correct answer from the given alternative of the following question:
The negation of inverse of ∼p → q is ________.

1. q ∧ p
2. ∼p ∧ ∼q
3. p ∧ q
4. ∼q → ∼p
Solution: The negation of inverse of ∼p → q is q ∧ p.

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 1.6 | Page 32

Select and write the correct answer from the given alternative of the following question:
The negation of p ∧ (q → r) is ________.
1. ∼p ∧ (∼q → ∼r)
2. p ∨ (∼q ∨ r)
3. ∼p ∧ (∼q → ∼r)
4. ∼p ∨ (∼q ∧ ∼r)
Solution: ∀ x ∈ A, x + 6 ≥ 9

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 1.7 | Page 32

Select and write the correct answer from the given alternative of the following question:
If A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} then which of the following is not true?

1. ∃ x ∈ A such that x + 3 = 8
2. ∃ x ∈ A such that x + 2 < 9
3. ∀ x ∈ A, x + 6 ≥ 9
4. ∃ x ∈ A such that x + 6 < 10
Solution: ∀ x ∈ A, x + 6 ≥ 9

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 2.1 | Page 33

Which of the following sentence is the statement in logic? Justify. Write down the truth
value of the statement:
4! = 24.

Solution: It is a statement which is true, hence its truth value is ‘T’.

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 2.2 | Page 33

Which of the following sentence is the statement in logic? Justify. Write down the truth
value of the statement:
π is an irrational number.

Solution: It is a statement which is true, hence its truth value is ‘T’.

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 2.3 | Page 33

Which of the following sentence is the statement in logic? Justify. Write down the truth
value of the statement:
India is a country and Himalayas is a river.

Solution: It is a statement which is false, hence its truth value is ‘F’. ...........[T ∧ F ≡ F]

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 2.4 | Page 33

Which of the following sentence is the statement in logic? Justify. Write down the truth
value of the statement:
Please get me a glass of water.

Solution: It is an imperative sentence, hence it is not a statement.

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 2.5 | Page 33

Which of the following sentence is the statement in logic? Justify. Write down the truth
value of the statement:
cos2θ − sin2θ = cos2θ for all θ∈R.

Solution: It is a statement which is true, hence its truth value is ‘T’.

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 2.6 | Page 33

Which of the following sentence is the statement in logic? Justify. Write down the truth
value of the statement:
If x is a whole number then x + 6 = 0.

Solution: It is a statement which is false, hence its truth value is ‘F’.

[Note: Answer in the textbook is incorrect.]

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 3.1 | Page 33

Write the truth value of the following statement:

√5 is an irrational but 3√5 is a complex number.
Solution: Let p: 5 is an irrational.
q: 35 is a complex number.
Then the symbolic form of the given statement is p∧q.
The truth values of p and q are T and F respectively.
∴ The truth value of p∧q is F. ...........[T∧F ≡ F]
[Note: Answer in the textbook is incorrect.]
Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 3.2 | Page 33
Write the truth value of the following statement:
∀ n ∈ N, n2 + n is even number while n2 – n is an odd number.

Solution: Let p: ∀ n ∈ N, n2 + n is an even number.

q: ∀ n ∈ N, n2 − n is an odd number.
Then the symbolic form of the given statement is p∧q.
The truth values of p and q are T and F respectively. ∴ The truth value of p∧q is F.
..........[T∧F ≡ F].

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 3.3 | Page 33

Write the truth value of the following statement:
∃ n ∈ N such that n + 5 > 10.

Solution: ∃ n ∈ N, such that n + 5 > 10 is a true statement, hence its truth value is T.
(All n ≥ 6, where n ∈ N, satisfy n + 5 > 10).

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 3.4 | Page 33

Write the truth value of the following statement:
The square of any even number is odd or the cube of any odd number is odd.

Solution: Let p: The square of any even number is odd.

q: The cube of any odd number is odd.
Then the symbolic form of the given statement is p∨q.
The truth values of p and q are F and T respectively.
∴ The truth value of p∨q is T. ........[F∨T ≡ T]

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 3.5 | Page 33

Write the truth value of the following statement:
In ΔABC if all sides are equal then its all angles are equal.

Solution: Let p: ABC is a triangle and all its sides are equal.
q: It's all angles are equal.
Then the symbolic form of the given statement is p→q.
If the truth value of p is T, then the truth value of q is T.
∴ The truth value of p→q is T ........[T→T ≡ T].
Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 3.6 | Page 33
Write the truth value of the following statement:
∀ n ∈ N, n + 6 > 8.

Solution: ∀ n ∈ N, n + 6 > 8 is a false statement, hence its truth value is F.

(n = 1 ∈ N, n = 2 ∈ N do not satisfy n + 6 > 8).

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 4.1 | Page 33

If A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}, determine the truth value of the following statement:
∃ x ∈ A such that x + 8 = 15

Solution: Clearly x = 7 ∈ A satisfies x + 8 = 15. So the given statement is true, hence its
truth value is T.

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 4.2 | Page 33

If A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}, determine the truth value of the following statement:
∀ x ∈ A, x + 5 < 12.

Solution: There is no x ∈ A which satisfies x + 5 < 12. So the given statement is false,
hence its truth value is F.

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 4.3 | Page 33

If A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}, determine the truth value of the following statement:
∃ x ∈ A, such that x + 7 ≥ 11.

Solution: Clearly x = 1 ∈ A, x = 2 ∈ A and x = 3 ∈ A satisfies x + 7 ≥ 11. So the given

statement is true, hence its truth value is T.

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 4.4 | Page 33

If A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}, determine the truth value of the following statement:
∀ x ∈ A, 3x ≤ 25.

Solution: x = 9 ∈ A does not satisfy 3x ≤ 25 So the given statement is false, hence its
truth value is F.

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 5.1 | Page 33

Write the negation of the following:
∀ n ∈ A, n + 7 > 6.

Solution: The negation of the given statement is:

∃ n ∈ A, such that n + 7 ≤ 6.
OR
∃ n ∈ A, such that n + 7≯ 6.

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 5.2 | Page 33

Write the negation of the following:
∃ x ∈ A, such that x + 9 ≤ 15.

Solution: The negation of the given statement is:

∀ x ∈ A, x + 9 > 15.

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 5.3 | Page 33

Write the negation of the following:
Some triangles are equilateral triangle.

Solution: The negation of the given statement is:

All triangles are not equilateral triangles.

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 6.1 | Page 33

Construct the truth table of the following:
p → (q → p)

Solution:
p q q→p p → (q → p)
T T T T
T F T T
F T F T
F F T T

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 6.2 | Page 33

Construct the truth table of the following:
(∼p ∨ ∼q) ↔ [∼(p ∧ q)]

Solution:
 p q ∼p ∼q ∼p ∨ ∼q p∧q ∼ (p∧q) (∼p ∨ ∼q) ↔ [∼ (p∧q)]

T T F F F T F T
T F F T T F T T
F T T F T F T T
F F T T T F T T

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 6.3 | Page 33

Construct the truth table of the following:
∼ (∼p ∧ ∼q) ∨ q

Solution:
p q ∼p ∼q ∼p ∧ ∼q ∼ (∼P ∧ ∼q) ∼ (∼p ∧ ∼q) ∨ q

T T F F F T T
T F F T F T T
F T T F F T T
F F T T T F F
[Note: Answer in the textbook is incorrect.]

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 6.4 | Page 33

Construct the truth table of the following:
[(p ∧ q) ∨ r] ∧ [∼r ∨ (p ∧ q)]

Solution:
p q r p∧q (p∧q) ∨ r ∼r ∼r ∨ (p∧q) [(p∧q) ∨ r] ∧ [∼r ∨ (p∧q)]
T T T T T F T T
T T F T T T T T
T F T F T F F F
T F F F F T T F
F T T F T F F F
F T F F F T T F
F F T F T F F F
F F F F F T T F
Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 6.5 | Page 33
Construct the truth table of the following:
[(∼p ∨ q) ∧ (q → r)] → (p → r)

Solution:
p q r ∼p ∼p ∨ q q→r (∼p∨q) ∧ (q→r) p→r [(∼p∨q) ∧ (q→r)] →
(p→r)
T T T F T T T T T

T T F F T F F F T

T F T F F T F T T

T F F F F T F F T

F T T T T T T T T

F T F T T F F T T

F F T T T T T T T

F F F T T T T T T

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 7.1 | Page 33

Examine whether the following statement pattern is a tautology or a contradiction or a
contingency.
[(p → q) ∧ ∼ q] → ∼ p

Solution:
p q ∼p ∼q p→q (p → q) ∧ ∼ q [(p → q) ∧ ∼ q] → ∼ p
T T F F T F T
T F F T F F T
F T T F T F T
F F T T T T T

All the entries in the last column of the above truth table are T.
∴ [(p → q) ∧ ∼ q] → ∼ p is a tautology.

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 7.2 | Page 33

Determine whether the following statement pattern is a tautology, contradiction, or
contingency:
[(p ∨ q) ∧ ∼p] ∧ ∼q

Solution:
p q ∼p ∼q p∨q (p∨q) ∧ ∼p [(p∨q) ∧ ∼p] ∧ ∼q

T T F F T F F
T F F T T F F
F T T F T T F
F T T T F F F

All the entries in the last column of the above truth table are F.
∴ [(p ∨ q) ∧ ∼p] ∧ ∼q is a contradiction.

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 7.3 | Page 33

Determine whether the following statement pattern is a tautology, contradiction, or
contingency:
(p → q) ∧ (p ∧ ∼q)

Solution:
p q ∼q p→q p ∧ ∼q (p → q) ∧ (p ∧ ∼q)

T T F T F F

T F T F T F

F T F T F F

F F T T F F

All the entries in the last column of the above truth table are F.
∴ (p → q) ∧ (p ∧ ∼q) is a contradiction.

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 7.4 | Page 33

Determine whether the following statement pattern is a tautology, contradiction or
contingency:
[p → (q → r)] ↔ [(p ∧ q) → r]
Solution:
p q r q→r p → (q → r) p∧q (p ∧ q) → r [p → (q → r)] ↔ [(p ∧ q) → r]

T T T T T T T T
T T F F F T F T
T F T T T F T T
T F F T T F T T
F T T T T F T T
F T F F T F T T
F F T T T F T T
F F F T T F T T

All the entries in the last column of the above truth table are T.
∴ [p → (q → r)] ↔ [(p ∧ q) → r] is a tautology.

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 7.5 | Page 33

Determine whether the following statement pattern is a tautology, contradiction or
contingency:
[(p ∧ (p → q)] → q
Solution:
p q p→q p ∧ (p → q) [p ∧ (p → q)] → r

T T T T T

T F F F T

F T T F T

F F T F T

All the entries in the last column of the above truth table are T.
∴ [(p ∧ (p → q)] → q is a tautology.

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 7.6 | Page 33

Determine whether the following statement pattern is a tautology, contradiction or
contingency:
(p ∧ q) ∨ (∼p ∧ q) ∨ (p ∨ ∼q) ∨ (∼p ∧ ∼q)

Solution:
p q ∼p ∼q p∧q ∼p ∧ q p ∨ ∼q ∼p ∧ ∼q (I) ∨ (II) ∨ (III) ∨ (IV)

(I) (II) (III) (IV)

T T F F T F T F T

T F F T F F T F T

F T T F F T F F T

F F T T F F T T T

All the entries in the last column of the above truth table are T.
∴ (p ∧ q) ∨ (∼p ∧ q) ∨ (p ∨ ∼q) ∨ (∼p ∧ ∼q) is a tautology.

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 7.7 | Page 33

Determine whether the following statement pattern is a tautology, contradiction or
contingency:
[(p ∨ ∼q) ∨ (∼p ∧ q)] ∧ r

Solution:
p q r ∼p ∼q p ∨ ∼q ∼p ∧ q (p ∨ ∼q) ∨ (∼p ∧ q) (I) ∧ r
(I)
T T T F F T F T T
T T F F F T F T F
T F T F T T F T T
T F F F T T F T F
F T T T F F T T T
F T F T F F T T F
F F T T T T F T T
F F F T T T F T F

The entries in the last column are neither all T nor all F.
∴ [(p ∨ ∼q) ∨ (∼p ∧ q)] ∧ r is a contingency.
Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 7.8 | Page 33
Determine whether the following statement pattern is a tautology, contradiction or
contingency:
(p → q) ∨ (q → p)

Solution:
p q p→q q→p (p → q) ∨ (q → p)
T T T T T
T F F T T
F T T F T
F F T T T

All the entries in the last column of the above truth table are T.
∴ (p → q) ∨ (q → p) is a tautology.

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 8.1 | Page 34

Determine the truth values of p and q in the following case:
(p ∨ q) is T and (p ∧ q) is T

Solution:
p q p∨q p∧q
T T T T
T F T F
F T T F
F F F F

Since p ∨ q and p ∧ q both are T, from the table, the truth values of both p and q are T.

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 8.2 | Page 34

Determine the truth values of p and q in the following case:
(p ∨ q) is T and (p ∨ q) → q is F

Solution:
p q p∨q (p ∨ q) → q
T T T T
 T F T F
F T T T
F F F T

Since the truth values of (p ∨ q) is T and (p ∨ q) → q is F, from the table, the truth
values of p and q are T and F respectively.

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 8.3 | Page 34

Determine the truth values of p and q in the following case:
(p ∧ q) is F and (p ∧ q) → q is T

Solution:
p q p∧q (p ∧ q) → q
T T T T
T F F T
F T F T
F F F T

Since the truth values of (p ∧ q) is F and (p ∧ q) → q is T, from the table, the truth
values of p and q are either T and F respectively or F and T respectively or both F.

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 9.1 | Page 34

Using the truth table, prove the following logical equivalence :
p ↔ q ≡ (p ∧ q) ∨ (~p ∧ ~q)

Solution:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
A B
p q p↔q p∧q ~p ~q ~p ∧ ~q AVB
T T T T F F F T
T F F F F T F F
F T F F T F F F
F F T F T T T T

By column number 3 and 8

p ↔ q ≡ (p ∧ q) ∨ (~p ∧ ~q)
Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 9.2 | Page 34
Using truth table, prove the following logical equivalence :
(p ∧ q) → r ≡ p → (q → r)

Solution:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
p q r p∧q (p∧q)→r q→r p→(q→r)
T T T T T T T
T T F T F F F
T F T F T T T
T F F F T T T
F T T F T T T
F T F F T F T
F F T F T T T
F F F F T T
T

The entries in columns 5 and 7 are identical.

∴ (p ∧ q) → r ≡ p → (q → r).

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 10.1 | Page 34

Using rules in logic, prove the following:
p ↔ q ≡ ∼(p ∧ ∼q) ∨ ∼(q ∧ ∼p)

Solution: By the rules of negation of biconditional,

∼ (p ↔ q) ≡ (p ∧ ∼q) ∨ (q ∧ ∼p)
∴ ∼ [(p ∧ ∼q) ∧ (q ∧ ∼p)] ≡ p ↔ q
∴ ∼ (p ∧ ∼q) ∧ ∼ (q ∧ ∼p) ≡ p ↔ q .......(Negation of disjunction)
∴ p ↔ q ≡ ∼(p ∧ ∼q) ∧ ∼(q ∧ ∼p).

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 10.2 | Page 34

Using rules in logic, prove the following:
∼p ∧ q ≡ (p ∨ q) ∧ ∼p

Solution: (p ∨ q) ∧ ∼p
≡ (p ∧ ∼p) ∨ (q ∧ ∼p) .....(Distributive Law)
≡ F ∨ (q ∧ ∼p) ...........(Complement Law)
≡ q ∧ ∼p ...........(Identity Law)
≡ ∼p ∧ q .............(Commutative Law)
∴ ∼p ∧ q ≡ (p ∨ q) ∧ ∼p

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 10.3 | Page 34

Using rules in logic, prove the following:
∼ (p ∨ q) ∨ (∼p ∧ q) ≡ ∼p

Solution: ∼ (p ∨ q) ∨ (∼p ∧ q)
≡ (∼p ∧ ∼q) ∨ (∼p ∧ q) ..........(Negation of disjunction)
≡ ∼p ∧ (∼q ∨ q) ........(Distributive Law)
≡ ∼p ∧ T ............(Complement Law)
≡ ∼p ............(Identity Law)
∴ ∼ (p ∨ q) ∨ (∼p ∧ q) ≡ ∼p

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 11.1 | Page 34

Using the rules in logic, write the negation of the following:
(p ∨ q) ∧ (q ∨ ∼r)

Solution: The negation of (p ∨ q) ∧ (q ∨ ∼r) is

∼ [(p ∨ q) ∧ (q ∨ ∼r)]
≡ ∼(p ∨ q) ∨ ∼(q ∨ ∼r) .....(Negation of conjunction)
≡ (∼p ∧ ∼q) ∨ [∼q ∧ ∼(∼r)] ...............(Negation of disjunction
≡ (∼p ∧ ∼q) ∨ (∼q ∧ r) ...........(Negation of negation)
≡ (∼q ∧ ∼p) ∨ (∼q ∧ r) ..........(Commutative law)
≡ (∼q) ∧ (∼p ∨ r) ..........(Distributive Law)

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 11.2 | Page 34

Using the rules in logic, write the negation of the following:
p ∧ (q ∨ r)

Solution: The negation of p ∧ (q ∨ r) is

∼ [p ∧ (q ∨ r)]
≡ ∼p ∨ ∼(q ∨ r) ..........(Negation of conjunction)
≡ ∼p ∨ (∼q ∧ ∼r) ..........(Negation of disjunction)
Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 11.3 | Page 34
Using the rules in logic, write the negation of the following:
(p → q) ∧ r

Solution: The negation of (p → q) ∧ r is

∼ [(p → r) ∧ r]
≡ ∼ (p → q) ∨ (∼r) ............(Negation of conjunction)
≡ (p ∧ ∼q) ∨ (∼r) ........(Negation of implication)
[Note: Answer in the textbook is incorrect.]

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 11.4 | Page 34

Using the rules in logic, write the negation of the following:
(∼p ∧ q) ∨ (p ∧ ∼q)

Solution: The negation of (∼p ∧ q) ∨ (p ∧ ∼q) is

∼ [(∼p ∧ q) ∨ (p ∧ ∼q)]
≡ ∼ (p ∧ q) ∧ ∼(p ∧ ∼q) ....(Negation of disjunction)
≡ [∼ (∼p) ∨ ∼q] ∧ [∼p ∨ ∼(∼q)] ........(Negation of conjunction)
≡ (p ∨ ∼q) ∧ (∼p ∨ q) .......(Negation of negation)

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 12.1 | Page 34

Express the following circuit in the symbolic form. Prepare the switching table:

Solution:

Let p: the switch S1 is closed

q: the switch S2 is closed
∼p: the switch S1′ is closed or the switch S1 is open
∼q: the switch S2′ is closed or the switch S2 is open.
Then the symbolic form of the given circuit is:
(p∧q) ∨ (∼p) ∨ (p ∧ ∼q)

Switching Table
p q ∼p ∼q p∧q p ∧ ∼q (p∧q) ∨ (∼p) ∨ (p ∧ ∼q)
1 1 0 0 1 0 1
1 0 0 1 0 1 1
0 1 1 0 0 0 1
0 0 1 1 0 0 1

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 12.2 | Page 34

Express the following circuit in the symbolic form. Prepare the switching table:

Solution: Let p: the switch S1 is closed

q: the switch S2 is closed
r: the switch S3 is closed
Then the symbolic form of the given statement is:
(p∨q) ∧ (p∨q)
Switching Table
p q r p∨q p∨r (p∨q) ∧ (p∨q)
1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 0 1 1 1
1 0 1 1 1 1
1 0 0 1 1 1
0 1 1 1 1 1
0 1 0 1 0 0
0 0 1 0 1 0
0 0 0 0 0 0
Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 13.1 | Page 34
Simplify the following so that the new circuit has a minimum number of switches. Also,
draw the simplified circuit.

Solution: Let p: the switch S1 is closed

q: the switch S2 is closed
∼p: the switch S1′ is closed or the switch S1 is open
∼q: the switch S2′ is closed or the switch S2 is open.
Then the given circuit in symbolic form is:
(p ∧ q) ∨ (∼p ∧ q) ∨ (∼p ∧ ∼q)
Using the laws of logic, we have,
(p ∧ ∼q) ∨ (∼p ∧ q) ∨ (∼p ∧ ∼q)
≡ (p ∧ ∼q) ∨ [(∼p ∧ q) ∨ (∼p ∧ ∼q)] ............(By Associative Law)
≡ (p ∧ ∼q) ∨ [∼p ∧ (q ∨ ∼q)] ..........(By Distributive Law)
≡ (p ∧ ∼q) ∨ (∼p ∧ T) ............(By Complement Law)
≡ (p ∧ ∼q) ∨ ∼p ...........(By Identity Law)
≡ (p ∨ ∼p) ∧ (∼q ∨ ∼p) .........(By Distributive Law)
≡ T ∧ (∼q ∨ ∼p) .........(By Complement Law)
≡ ∼q ∨ ∼p ........(By Identity Law)
≡ ∼p ∨ ∼q .............(By Commutative Law)
Hence, the simplified circuit for the given circuit is:

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 13.2 | Page 34

Simplify the following so that the new circuit has a minimum number of switches. Also,
draw the simplified circuit.
Solution: Let p: the switch S1 is closed
q: the switch S2 is closed
r: the switch S3 is closed
s: the switch S4 is closed
t: the switch S5 is closed
∼p: the switch S1′ is closed or the switch S1 is open
∼q: the switch S2′ is closed or the switch S2 is open
∼r: the switch S3′ is closed or the switch S3 is open
∼s: the switch S4′ is closed or the switch S4 is open
∼t: the switch S5′ is closed or the switch S5 is open.
Then the given circuit in symbolic form is:
[(p ∧ q) ∨ ∼r ∨ ∼s ∨ ∼t] ∧ [(p ∧ q) ∨ (r ∧ s ∧t )]
Using the laws of logic, we have,
[(p ∧ q) ∨ ∼r ∨ ∼s ∨ ∼t] ∧ [(p ∧ q) ∨ (r ∧ s ∧t )]
≡ [(p ∧ q) ∨ ∼ (r ∧ s ∧ t)] ∧ [(p ∧ q) ∨ (r ∧ s ∧ t)] .........(By De Morgan’s Law)
≡ (p ∧ q) ∨ [∼ (r ∧ s ∧ t) ∧ (r ∧ s ∧ t)] ......(By Distributive Law)
≡ (p ∧ q) ∨ F ...........(By Complement Law)
≡ p ∧ q .......(By Identity Law)
Hence, the alternative simplified circuit is:

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 14.1 | Page 35

Check whether the following switching circuits are logically equivalent - Justify.
(i)
(ii)

Solution: Let p: the switch S1 is closed

q: the switch S2 is closed
r: the switch S3 is closed
The symbolic form of the given switching circuits is p ∧ (q ∨ r) and (p ∧ q) ∨ (p ∧ r)
respectively.
By Distributive Law, p ∧ (q ∨ r) ≡ (p ∧ q) ∨ (p ∧ r)
Hence, the given switching circuits are logically equivalent.

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 14.2 | Page 35

Check whether the following switching circuits are logically equivalent - Justify.
(i)

(ii)

Solution: Let p: the switch S1 is closed

q: the switch S2 is closed
r: the switch S3 is closed
The symbolic form of the given switching circuits are
(p ∨ q) ∧ (p ∨ r) and p ∨ (q ∧ r)
By Distributive Law,
p ∨ (q ∧ r) ≡ (p ∨ q) ∧ (p ∨ r)
Hence, the given switching circuits are logically equivalent.

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 15 | Page 35

Give alternative arrangement of the switching following circuit, has minimum switches.

Solution: Let p: the switch S1 is closed

q: the switch S2 is closed
r: the switch S3 is closed
∼p: the switch S1′ is closed or the switch S1 is open.
∼q: the switch S2′ is closed or the switch S2 is open.
Then the symbolic form of the given circuit is:
(p ∧ q ∧ ∼p) ∨ (∼p ∧ q ∧ r) ∨ (p ∧ q ∧ r) v (p ∧ ∼q ∧ r)
Using the laws of logic, we have,
(p ∧ q ∧ ∼p) ∨ (∼p ∧ q ∧ r) ∨ (p ∧ q ∧ r) v (p ∧ ∼q ∧ r)
≡ (p ∧ ∼p ∧ q) ∨ (∼p ∧ q ∧ r) ∨ (p ∧ q ∧ r) ∨ (p ∧ ∼ q ∧ r) ...........(By Commutative Law)
≡ (F ∧ q) ∨ (∼p ∧ q ∧ r) ∨ (p ∧ q ∧ r) ∨ (p ∧ ∼q ∧ r) ..............(By Complement Law)
≡ F ∨ (∼p ∧ q ∧ r) ∨ (p ∧ q ∧ r) ∨ (p ∧ ∼q ∧ r) .......(By Identity Law)
≡ (∼p ∧ q ∧ r) ∨ (p ∧ q ∧ r) ∨ (p ∧ ∼q ∧ r) ..........(By Identity Law)
≡ [(∼p ∨ p) ∧ (q ∧ r)] ∨ (p ∧ ∼q ∧ r) ....(By Distributive Law)
≡ [T ∧ (q ∧ r)] ∨ (p ∧ ∼q ∧ r) ......(By Complement Law)
≡ (q ∧ r) ∨ (p ∧ ∼q ∧ r) .........(By Identity Law)
≡ [q ∨ (p ∧ ∼q)] ∧ r .........(By Distributive Law)
≡ [(q ∨ p) ∧ (q ∨ ∼q)] ∧ r ........(By Distributive Law)
≡ (q ∨ p) ∧ T] ∧ r ........(By Complement Law)
≡ (q ∨ p) ∧ r .......(By Identity Law)
≡ (p ∨ q) ∧ r ..........(By Commutative Law)
∴ the alternative arrangement of the new circuit with minimum switches is:

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 16 | Page 35

Simplify the following so that the new circuit.

Solution:

Let p: the switch S1 is closed

q: the switch S2 is closed
∼p: the switch S1′ is closed or the switch S1 is open
∼q: the switch S2′ is closed or the switch S2 is open.
Then the symbolic form of the given switching circuit is:
(∼p ∨ q) ∨ (p ∨ ∼q) ∨ (p ∨ q)
Using the laws of logic, we have,
(∼p ∨ q) ∨ (p ∨ ∼q) ∨ (p ∨ q)
≡ (∼p ∨ q ∨ p ∨ q) ∨ (p ∨q)
≡ [(∼p ∨ p) ∨ (q ∨ q)] ∨ (p ∨ q) ......(By Commutative Law)
≡ (T ∨ T) ∨ (p ∨ q) ..........(By Complement Law)
≡ T ∨ (p ∨ q) .......(By Identity Law)
≡ T .......(By Identity Law)
∴ the current always flows whether the switches are open or closed. So, it is not
necessary to use any switch in the circuit.
∴ the simplified form of the given circuit is:

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 17 | Page 35

Represent the following switching circuit in symbolic form and construct its switching
table. Write your conclusion from the switching table.

Solution:
Let p: the switch S1 is closed
q: the switch S2 is closed
r: the switch S3 is closed
∼ q: the switch S2′ is closed or the switch S2 is open
∼ r: the switch S3′ is closed or the switch S3 is open
Then the symbolic form of the given circuit is:
[p ∨ (∼ q) ∨ (∼ r)] ∧ [p ∨ (q ∧ r)]
Switching Table
 p q r ∼q ∼r p∨(∼q)∨(∼r) q∧r p∨(q∧r) Final
column

(I) (II) (I) ∧ (II)

1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1
1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1
1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1
1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1
0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0
0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0
0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0

From the table, the ‘final column’ and the column of p are identical. Hence, the given
circuit is equivalent to the simple circuit with only one switch S1.
∴ the simplified form of the given circuit is:
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EXERCISE 2.1 [PAGES 39 - 40]

Exercise 2.1 | Q 1 | Page 39

Apply the given elementary transformation of the following matrix.

Solution:

Exercise 2.1 | Q 2 | Page 39

Apply the given elementary transformation of the following matrix.

Solution:

Exercise 2.1 | Q 3 | Page 39

Apply the given elementary transformation of the following matrix.
What do you observe?

Solution:

Exercise 2.1 | Q 4 | Page 39

Apply the given elementary transformation of the following matrix.

Find the addition of the two new matrices.

Solution:
Exercise 2.1 | Q 5 | Page 39
Apply the given elementary transformation of the following matrix.

Solution:
Exercise 2.1 | Q 6 | Page 39
Apply the given elementary transformation of the following matrix.

What do you conclude.

Solution:
We conclude from (i) and (ii) the matrix remains the same by interchanging the order of
the elementary transformations. Hence, the transformations are commutative.

Exercise 2.1 | Q 7 | Page 39

Apply the given elementary transformation of the following matrix.

Use suitable transformation on to convert it into an upper triangular matrix.

Solution:

Exercise 2.1 | Q 8 | Page 39

Solution:

Exercise 2.1 | Q 9 | Page 40

Solution:

R2 → R2 − 2R1
R3 → R3 − 3R1

EXERCISE 2.2 [PAGES 51 - 52]

Exercise 2.2 | Q 1.1 | Page 51

Solution:
Here, a11 = −1, M11 = 4
∴ A11 = (− 1)1+1(4) = 4
a12 = 2, M12 = −3
∴ A12 = (−1)1+2(−3) = 3
a21 = −3, M21 = 2
∴ A21 = (−1)2+1(2) = −2
a22 = 4, M22 = −1
∴ A22 = (−1)2+2(−1) = −1

Exercise 2.2 | Q 1.2 | Page 51

Solution:
Exercise 2.2 | Q 2.1 | Page 51
Find the matrix of the co-factor for the following matrix.

Solution:

Here, a11 = 1, M11 = − 1

∴ A11 = (− 1)1+1(− 1) = − 1
a12 = 3, M12 = 4
∴ A12 = (− 1)1+2(4) = − 4
a21 = 4, M21 = 3
∴ A21 = (− 1)2+1(3) = − 3
a22 = − 1, M22 = 1
∴ A22 = (− 1)2+2(1) = 1

Exercise 2.2 | Q 2.2 | Page 51

Find the matrix of the co-factor for the following matrix.

Solution:
Exercise 2.2 | Q 3.1 | Page 51
Find the adjoint of the following matrix.

Solution:

Here, a11 = 2, M11 = 5

∴ A11 = (− 1)1+1(5) = 5
a12 = − 3, M12 = 3
∴ A12 = (− 1)1+2(3) = − 3
a21 = 3, M21 = − 3
∴ A21 = (− 1)2+1(− 3) = 3
a22 = 5, M22 = 2
∴ A22 = (− 1)2+2 = 2
Exercise 2.2 | Q 3.2 | Page 51

Solution:
Exercise 2.2 | Q 4 | Page 51
If ∴ verify that A (adj A) = (adj A) A = | A | I
Solution:
Exercise 2.2 | Q 5.1 | Page 52
Find the inverse of the following matrix by the adjoint method.

Solution:

∴ A−1 exists.
First we have to find the co-factor matrix
= [Aij]2×2′ where Aij = (− 1)i+jMij
Now, A11 = (− 1)1+1M11 = 2
A12 = (− 1)1+2M12 = − (− 3) = 3
A21 = (− 1)2+1M21 = − 5
A22 = (− 1)2+2M22 = − 1
Hence, the co-factor matrix

Exercise 2.2 | Q 5.2 | Page 52

Find the inverse of the following matrix by the adjoint method.
Solution:

∴ A−1 exist
First we have to find the co-factor matrix
= [Aij]2×2′, where Aij = (−1)i+jMij
Now, A11 = (− 1)1+1M11 = 3
A12 = (− 1)1+2M12 = − 4
A21 = (− 1)2+1M21 = (− 2) = 2
A22 = (− 1)2+2M22 = 2
Hence, the co-factor matrix

Exercise 2.2 | Q 5.3 | Page 52

Find the inverse of the following matrix by the adjoint method.

Solution:
Exercise 2.2 | Q 5.4 | Page 52
Find the inverses of the following matrices by the adjoint method:

Solution:
Exercise 2.2 | Q 6.1 | Page 52
Find the inverse of the following matrix.

Solution:
Exercise 2.2 | Q 6.2 | Page 52
Find the inverse of the following matrix.

Solution:
Exercise 2.2 | Q 6.3 | Page 52

Solution:
Exercise 2.2 | Q 6.4 | Page 52

Solution:
MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISE 2 (A) [PAGES 52 - 54]

Miscellaneous exercise 2 (A) | Q 1 | Page 52

Solution:

Miscellaneous exercise 2 (A) | Q 2 | Page 52

Solution:
Miscellaneous exercise 2 (A) | Q 3.1 | Page 52
Check whether the following matrix is invertible or not:

Solution:

Miscellaneous exercise 2 (A) | Q 3.2 | Page 52

Check whether the following matrix is invertible or not:
Solution:

Miscellaneous exercise 2 (A) | Q 3.3 | Page 52

Check whether the following matrix is invertible or not:

Solution:

Miscellaneous exercise 2 (A) | Q 3.4 | Page 52

Check whether the following matrix is invertible or not:

Solution:
Miscellaneous exercise 2 (A) | Q 3.5 | Page 52
Check whether the following matrix is invertible or not:

Solution:

Miscellaneous exercise 2 (A) | Q 3.6 | Page 52

Check whether the following matrix is invertible or not:

Solution:
Miscellaneous exercise 2 (A) | Q 3.7 | Page 52
Check whether the following matrix is invertible or not:

Solution:

Miscellaneous exercise 2 (A) | Q 3.8 | Page 52

Check whether the following matrix is invertible or not:

Solution:

Miscellaneous exercise 2 (A) | Q 3.9 | Page 52

Check whether the following matrix is invertible or not:

Solution:
Miscellaneous exercise 2 (A) | Q 4 | Page 52

Solution:
Miscellaneous exercise 2 (A) | Q 5 | Page 52

Solution:
Miscellaneous exercise 2 (A) | Q 6 | Page 53

Solution: We will reduce the matrix A to the identity matrix by using row
transformations. During this process, I will be converted to matrix X.
We have AX = I
Miscellaneous exercise 2 (A) | Q 7.01 | Page 53
Find the inverse of the following matrix (if they exist):

Solution:
Miscellaneous exercise 2 (A) | Q 7.02 | Page 53
Find the inverse of the following matrix (if they exist):

Solution:
Miscellaneous exercise 2 (A) | Q 7.03 | Page 53
Find the inverse of the following matrix (if they exist):

Solution:
Miscellaneous exercise 2 (A) | Q 7.04 | Page 53
Find the inverse of the following matrix (if they exist):

Solution:
By R1 - R2, we get,

Miscellaneous exercise 2 (A) | Q 7.05 | Page 53

Find the inverse of the following matrix (if they exist):

Solution:
Miscellaneous exercise 2 (A) | Q 7.06 | Page 53
Find the inverse of the following matrix (if they exist):
Solution:

Miscellaneous exercise 2 (A) | Q 7.07 | Page 53

Find the inverse of the following matrix (if they exist):

Solution:
Miscellaneous exercise 2 (A) | Q 7.08 | Page 53
Find the inverse of the following matrix (if they exist).

Solution:
Miscellaneous exercise 2 (A) | Q 7.09 | Page 53
Find the inverse of the following matrix (if they exist):

Solution:
Miscellaneous exercise 2 (A) | Q 7.1 | Page 54
Find the inverse of the following matrix by elementary row transformations if it exists.

Solution:
Miscellaneous exercise 2 (A) | Q 8.1 | Page 53

Solution:

By R1 + sin θ × R2, we get,

Miscellaneous exercise 2 (A) | Q 8.2 | Page 53

Solution:
Miscellaneous exercise 2 (A) | Q 9 | Page 53

Solution:
Miscellaneous exercise 2 (A) | Q 10 | Page 53
Solution:
Miscellaneous exercise 2 (A) | Q 11 | Page 53
Find the matrix X such that

Solution:
AX = B
Miscellaneous exercise 2 (A) | Q 12 | Page 53

Solution:
Miscellaneous exercise 2 (A) | Q 13 | Page 54

Solution:
Miscellaneous exercise 2 (A) | Q 14 | Page 54

Solution:
Miscellaneous exercise 2 (A) | Q 15 | Page 54
Find the inverse of matrix A by using adjoint method; where

Solution 1:
Minors Co-factors
M11 = -4 A11 = -4
M12 = -3 A12 = 3
M13 = -2 A13 = -2
M21 = -2 A21 = 2
M22 = 0 A22 = 0
M23 = 2 A23 = -2
M31 = -2 A31 = -2
M32 = 3 A32 = -3
M33 = 2 A33 = 2

Solution 2:
Miscellaneous exercise 2 (A) | Q 16 | Page 54
Find A-1 by the adjoint method and by elementary transformations, if

Solution:
Miscellaneous exercise 2 (A) | Q 17 | Page 54

Solution:
Miscellaneous exercise 2 (A) | Q 18 | Page 54

Solution:
Miscellaneous exercise 2 (A) | Q 19.1 | Page 54
Show with the usual notation that for any matrix

Solution:
Miscellaneous exercise 2 (A) | Q 19.2 | Page 54
Show with the usual notation that for any matrix

Solution:
Miscellaneous exercise 2 (A) | Q 20 | Page 54

Solution:
EXERCISE 2.3 [PAGES 59 - 60]

Exercise 2.3 | Q 1.1 | Page 59

Solve the following equations by inversion method.
x + 2y = 2, 2x + 3y = 3

Solution:
Exercise 2.3 | Q 1.2 | Page 59
Solve the following equations by inversion method:
x + y = 4, 2x - y = 5

Solution:
Exercise 2.3 | Q 1.3 | Page 59
Solve the following equations by inversion method.
2x + 6y = 8, x + 3y = 5

Solution:
Exercise 2.3 | Q 2.1 | Page 60
Solve the following equations by the reduction method.
2x + y = 5, 3x + 5y = – 3

Solution: The given equations can be written in the matrix form as:
By equality of matrices,
2x + y = 5 ........(1)
7y = − 21.............(2)
From (2), y = − 3
Substituting y = − 3 in (1), we get,
2x − 3 = 5
∴ 2x = 8
∴x=4
Hence, x = 4, y = − 3 is the required solution.

Exercise 2.3 | Q 2.2 | Page 60

Solve the following equations by the reduction method.
x + 3y = 2, 3x + 5y = 4

Solution: The given equations can be written in the matrix form as:
Exercise 2.3 | Q 2.3 | Page 60
Solve the following equations by the reduction method.
3x – y = 1, 4x + y = 6

Solution: The given equations can be written in the matrix form as:
Substituting y = 2 in (1), we get,
12x − 8 = 4
∴ 12x = 12
∴x=1
Hence, x = 1, y = 2 is the required solution.

Exercise 2.3 | Q 2.4 | Page 60

Solve the following equations by the reduction method.
5x + 2y = 4, 7x + 3y = 5
Solution: 5x + 2y = 4 ...............(1)
7x + 3y = 5 ...............(2)
Multiplying Eq. (1) with 7 and Eq. (2) with 5
35x + 14 y = 28
35x + 15 y = 25
− −
− 1y = 3
y=−3
Put y = − 3 into Eq. (1)
5x + 2y = 4
5x + 2(− 3) = 4
5x − 6 = 4
5x = 4 + 6
5x = 10
x = 10/5
x=2
Hence, x = 2, y = − 3 is the required solution.

Exercise 2.3 | Q 3 | Page 60

The cost of 4 dozen pencils, 3 dozen pens and 2 dozen erasers is Rs. 60. The cost of 2
dozen pencils, 4 dozen pens and 6 dozen erasers is Rs. 90 whereas the cost of 6
dozen pencils, 2 dozen pens and 3 dozen erasers is Rs. 70. Find the cost of each item
per dozen by using matrices.
Solution: Let Rs.’x’, Rs.’y’ and Rs.’z’ be the cost of one dozen pencils, one dozen pens
and one dozen erasers.
Thus, the system of equations are:
∴ Cost of one dozen pencils, one dozen pens and one dozen erasers is Rs. 5, Rs. 8 and
Rs. 8 respectively
Exercise 2.3 | Q 4 | Page 60
If three numbers are added, their sum is 2. If two times the second number is subtracted
from the sum of first and third numbers we get 8 and if three times the first number is
added to the sum of second and third numbers we get 4. Find the numbers using
matrices.
Solution: Let the three numbers x , y , z.
From given condition, we have
x + y + z = 2 .......(1)
x + z - 2y = 8
x - 2y + z = 8 ......(2)
And
3x + y + z = 4 .....(3)
Given all equation can be written in matrix form as ,
Exercise 2.3 | Q 5 | Page 60
The total cost of 3 T.V. sets and 2 V.C.R.’s is ₹ 35,000. The shopkeeper wants a profit
of ₹ 1000 per T.V. set and ₹ 500 per V.C.R. He sells 2 T.V. sets and 1 V.C.R. and gets
the total revenue as ₹ 21,500. Find the cost price and the selling price of a T.V. set and
a V.C.R.
Solution: Let the cost of each T.V. set be ₹ x and each V.C.R. be ₹ y. Then the total
cost of 3 T.V. sets and 2 V.C.R.’s is ₹ (3x + 2y) which is given to be ₹35,000.
∴ 3x + 2y = 35000
The shopkeeper wants profit of ₹ 1000 per T.V. set and of ₹ 500 per V.C.R.
∴ the selling price of each T.V. set is ₹ (x + 1000) and each V.C.R. is ₹ (y + 500).
∴ selling price of 2 T.V. set and 1 V.C.R. is
₹ [2(x + 1000) + (y + 500)] which is given to be ₹ 21500
∴ 2(x + 1000) + (y + 500) = 21500
∴ 2x + 2000 + y + 500 = 21500
∴ 2x + y = 19000
Hence, the system of linear equations is
3x + 2y = 35000
2x + y = 19000
These equations can be written in the matrix form as:
 By equality of matrices,
2x + y = 19000 ....(1)
- x = - 3000 ....(2)
From (2), x = 3000
Substituting x = 3000 in (1), we get,
2(3000) + y = 19000
∴ y = 13000
∴ the cost price of one T.V. set is ₹ 3000 and of one V.C.R. is ₹ 13000 and the selling
price of one T.V. set is ₹ 4000 and of one V.C.R. is ₹ 13500.
MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISE 2 (B) [PAGES 61 - 63]

Miscellaneous exercise 2 (B) | Q 1.01 | Page 61

Choose the correct answer from the given alternatives in the following question:

1. a = - 2, b = 1
2. a = 2, b = 4
3. a = 2, b = - 1
4. a = 1, b = - 2
Solution: a = - 2, b = 1
Miscellaneous exercise 2 (B) | Q 1.02 | Page 61
Choose the correct answer from the given alternatives in the following question:

Solution:

Miscellaneous exercise 2 (B) | Q 1.03 | Page 61

Choose the correct answer from the given alternatives in the following question:

1. 1
2. -1
3. 0
4. -3
Solution: - 3
 Miscellaneous exercise 2 (B) | Q 1.04 | Page 61
Choose the correct answer from the given alternatives in the following question:

Solution:

Miscellaneous exercise 2 (B) | Q 1.05 | Page 62

Choose the correct answer from the given alternatives in the following question:

1. 2
2. - 2
3. 10
4. - 10
Solution: - 2
Miscellaneous exercise 2 (B) | Q 1.06 | Page 62
 Choose the correct answer from the given alternatives in the following question:

1. 0
2. ± 1
3. 2
4. 3
Solution:

Miscellaneous exercise 2 (B) | Q 1.07 | Page 62

Choose the correct answer from the given alternatives in the following question:

Solution:
 Miscellaneous exercise 2 (B) | Q 1.08 | Page 62
Choose the correct answer from the given alternatives in the following question:

1. F(- α)
2. F(α-1)
3. F(2α)
4. none of these
Solution: F(- α)
Miscellaneous exercise 2 (B) | Q 1.09 | Page 62
Choose the correct answer from the given alternatives in the following question:

1. 1
2. A
3. A'
4. - I
Solution: A
Miscellaneous exercise 2 (B) | Q 1.1 | Page 63
Choose the correct answer from the given alternatives in the following question:
The inverse of a symmetric matrix is
1. symmetric
2. non-symmetric
3. null matrix
4. diagonal matrix
Solution: symmetric
 Miscellaneous exercise 2 (B) | Q 1.11 | Page 63
Choose the correct answer from the given alternatives in the following question:

1. 20
2. 10
3. 30
4. 40
Solution: 10
Miscellaneous exercise 2 (B) | Q 1.12 | Page 63
Choose the correct answer from the given alternatives in the following question:

Solution:
MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISE 2 (B) [PAGE 63]

Miscellaneous exercise 2 (B) | Q 1.1 | Page 63

Solve the following equation by the method of inversion:
2x - y = - 2, 3x + 4y = 3

Solution: The given equations can be written in the matrix form as:

\
Miscellaneous exercise 2 (B) | Q 1.2 | Page 63
Solve the following equations by the method of inversion:
x + y+ z = 1, 2x + 3y + 2x = 2, ax + ay + 2az = 4, a ≠ 0.

Solution:
Miscellaneous exercise 2 (B) | Q 1.3 | Page 63
Solve the following equations by the method of inversion:
5x - y + 4z = 5, 2x + 3y + 5z = 2, 5x - 2y + 6z = - 1

Solution:
Miscellaneous exercise 2 (B) | Q 1.4 | Page 63
Solve the following equations by the method of inversion:
2x - y = - 2, 3x + 4y = 3

Solution:
x = 2, y = - 3 is the required solution.
Miscellaneous exercise 2 (B) | Q 1.5 | Page 63
Solve the following equations by the method of inversion:
x + y + z = - 1, y + z = 2, x + y - z = 3

Solution:
Miscellaneous exercise 2 (B) | Q 2.1 | Page 63
Express the following equations in matrix form and solve them by the method of
reduction:
x - y + z = 1, 2x - y = 1, 3x + 3y - 4z = 2

Solution:
x - y + z = 1 ...(1)
y - 2z = - 1 ....(2)
5z = 5 ...(3)
From (3), z = 1
Substituting z = 1 in (2), we get,
y-2=-1
∴y=1
Substituting y = 1, z = 1 in (1), we get,
x-1+1=1
∴x=1
Hence, x = 1, y = 1, z = 1 is the required solution.

Miscellaneous exercise 2 (B) | Q 2.2 | Page 63

Express the following equations in matrix form and solve them by the method of
reduction:
x + y = 1, y + z = 3, z + x = 3.

Solution:
Miscellaneous exercise 2 (B) | Q 2.3 | Page 63
Express the following equations in matrix form and solve them by the method of
reduction:
2x - y + z = 1, x + 2y + 3x = 8, 3x + y - 4z = 1.

Solution:
By equality of matrices,
x + 2y + 3z = 8 ...(1)
- 5y - 5z = - 15 ....(2)
- 8z = - 8 ....(3)
From (3), z = 1
Substituting z = 1 in (2), we get,
- 5y - 5 = - 15
∴ - 5y = - 10
∴y=2
Substituting y = 2, z = 1 in (1), we get,
x+4+3=8
∴x=1
Hence, x = 1, y = 2, z = 1 is the required solution.

Miscellaneous exercise 2 (B) | Q 2.5 | Page 63

Express the following equations in matrix form and solve them by the method of
reduction:
x + 2y + z = 8, 2x + 3y - z = 11, 3x - y - 2z = 5.
Solution:

By equality of matrices,
x + 2y + z = 8 ...(1)
- y - 3z = - 5 ....(2)
16z = 16 ...(3)
From (3), z = 1
Substituting z = 1 in (2), we get,
- y - 3 = - 5,
∴y=2
Substituting y = 2, z = 1 in (1), we get,
x+4+1=8
∴x=3
Hence, x = 3, y = 2, z = 1 is the required solution.

Miscellaneous exercise 2 (B) | Q 2.6 | Page 63

Express the following equations in matrix form and solve them by the method of
reduction:
x + 3y + 2z = 6, 3x - 2y + 5z = 5, 2x - 3y + 6z = 7

Solution:
x=-1
Hence, x = -1, y = 1, z = 2 is the required solution.

Miscellaneous exercise 2 (B) | Q 3 | Page 63

The sum of three numbers is 6. If we multiply the third number by 3 and add it to the
second number we get 11. By adding first and third numbers we get a number, which is
double than the second number. Use this information and find a system of linear
equations. Find these three numbers using matrices.
Solution: Let the first , second & third number be x, y, z respectively
Given,
∴x+y+z=6
y + 3z = 11
x + z = 2y or x - 2y + z = 0
Step 1
write equation as AX = B

So, |A| ≠0
∴ The system of equation is consistent & has a unique solutions
Now , AX = B
X = A-1 B

= 1 (1+6)-0(1+2)+1(3-1)
=7+2
=9≠0
Since determinant is not equal to O , A-1 exists
Now find adj (A)
now AX = B
X = A-1 B
Step 3
Calculating X= A-1 B
Calculating A-1

A11 = 1 × 1-3×(-2)=1+6=7
A12 = - [0×1-3×1]=-(-3)=3
A13 =- 0×(-2) -1×1=-1
A21 = [1×1-(-2)×1]=-[1+2]=-3
A22=1×1-1×1=1-1=0
A23 = [1×(-2)-1×1]=-[-2-1]=-(-3)=3
A31 = 1×3-1×1=3-1=2
A32 =-[1×3-0×1]=-[3-0]=-3
A33=1×1-1×0=1-0=1
Miscellaneous exercise 2 (B) | Q 4 | Page 63
The cost of 4 pencils, 3 pens, and 2 books is ₹ 150. The cost of 1 pencil, 2 pens, and 3
books is ₹ 125. The cost of 6 pencils, 2 pens, and 3 books is ₹ 175. Find the cost of
each item by using matrices.
Solution: Let the cost of 1 pencil, 1 pen and 1 book be ₹ x, ₹ y, ₹ z respectively.
According to the given conditions,
4x + 3y + 2z = 150
x + 2y + 3z = 125
6x + 2y + 3z = 175
The equations can be written in matrix form as:
By equality of matrices,
x + 2y + 3z = 125 ...(1)
- 5y - 10z = - 350 ...(2)
5z = 125 ...(3)
From (3), z = 25
Substituting z = 25 in (2), we get
- 5y - 10(25) = - 350
∴ - 5y = - 350 + 250 = - 100
∴ y = 20
Substituting y = 20, z = 25 in (1), we get
x + 2(20) + 3(25) = 125
∴ x = 125 - 40 - 75 = 10
∴ x = 10, y = 20, y = 25
Hence, the cost of 1 pencil is ₹ 10, 1 pen is ₹ 20 and 1 book is ₹ 25.
[Note: Answer to cost of a pen in the textbook is incorrect.]

Miscellaneous exercise 2 (B) | Q 5 | Page 63

The sum of three numbers is 6. Thrice the third number when added to the first number,
gives 7. On adding three times the first number to the sum of second and third numbers,
we get 12. Find the three number by using matrices.
Solution: Let the numbers be x, y and z. According to the given conditions, x + y + z =
6
3z + x = 7, i.e. x + 3z = 7
and 3x + y + z = 12
Hence, the system of linear equations is
x+y+z=6
x + 3z = 7
3x + y + z = 12
These equations can be written in matrix form as:

By equality of matrices,
x+y+z=6 ...(1)
- y + 2z = 1 ...(2)
- 3y = - 5 ...(3)
Miscellaneous exercise 2 (B) | Q 6 | Page 63
The sum of three numbers is 2. If twice the second number is added to the sum of first
and third, the sum is 1. By adding second and third number to five times the first
number, we get 6. Find the three numbers by using matrices.
Solution:
Miscellaneous exercise 2 (B) | Q 7 | Page 63
An amount of ₹ 5000 is invested in three types of investments, at interest rates 6%, 7%,
8% per annum respectively. The total annual income from these investments is ₹ 350. If
the total annual income from the first two investments is ₹ 70 more than the income
from the third, find the amount of each investment using matrix method.
Solution: Let the amounts in three investments by ₹ x, ₹ y and ₹ z respectively.
Then x + y + z = 5000
Since the rate of interest in these investments are 6%, 7%and 8% respectively, the
annual income of the three investments are 6x/100,7y/100, and 8z/100 respectively.
By equality of matrices,
x + y + z = 5000 ...(1)
y + 2z = 5000 ....(2)
- 16z = - 28000 ...(3)
From (3), z = 1750
Substituting z = 1750 in (2), we get,
y + 2(1750) = 5000
∴ y = 5000 - 3500 = 1500
Substituting y = 1500, z = 1750 in (1), we get,
x + 1500 + 1750 = 5000
∴ x = 5000 - 3250 = 1750
∴ x = 1750, y = 1500, z = 1750
Hence, the amounts of the three investments are ₹ 1750, ₹ 1500 and ₹ 1750
respectively.
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 Trigonometric Functions

EXERCISE 3.1 [PAGE 75]

Exercise 3.1 | Q 1.1 | Page 75

Find the principal solution of the following equation:

cosθ = 1/2
Solution:

Exercise 3.1 | Q 1.2 | Page 75

Find the principal solution of the following equation:

Secθ = 2/ √3
Solution:
Exercise 3.1 | Q 1.3 | Page 75
Find the principal solution of the following equation :
cotθ = √3

Solution:
Exercise 3.1 | Q 1.4 | Page 75
Find the principal solution of the following equation:
cotθ = 0

Solution:

Exercise 3.1 | Q 2.1 | Page 75

Find the principal solution of the following equation:

sin θ = - 1/2
Solution:
Exercise 3.1 | Q 2.2 | Page 75
Find the principal solution of the following equation:
tan θ = – 1

Solution:
Exercise 3.1 | Q 2.3 | Page 75

Find the principal solution of the following equation:

√3cosecθ+ 2 = 0
Solution:

Exercise 3.1 | Q 3.1 | Page 75

Find the general solution of the following equation:

sinθ = 1/2.
Solution:
Exercise 3.1 | Q 3.2 | Page 75

Find the general solution of the following equation :

cosθ = √38/2
Solution:

Exercise 3.1 | Q 3.3 | Page 75

Find the general solution of the following equation:

tan θ = 1/√3
Solution:

Exercise 3.1 | Q 3.4 | Page 75

Find the general solution of the following equation:
cot θ = 0.

Solution:

Exercise 3.1 | Q 4.1 | Page 75

Find the general solution of the following equation:
sec θ = √2.

Solution:

Exercise 3.1 | Q 4.2 | Page 75

Find the general solution of the following equation:
cosec θ = - √2.
Solution: The general solution of sin θ = sin α is
θ = nπ + (–1)nα, n ∈ Z.
Now,
Cosec θ = - √2

Exercise 3.1 | Q 4.3 | Page 75

Find the general solution of the following equation:
tan θ = - 1

Solution:
Exercise 3.1 | Q 5.1 | Page 75
Find the general solution of the following equation:
sin 2θ = 1/2

Solution:

Exercise 3.1 | Q 5.2 | Page 75

Find the general solution of the following equation:

tan 2θ/3 = √3.
Solution:
Exercise 3.1 | Q 5.3 | Page 75
Find the general solution of the following equation:
cot 4θ = – 1
Solution: The general solution of tan θ = tan α is
θ = nπ + α, n ∈ Z
Now,
cot 4θ = – 1
∴ tan 4θ = – 1
Exercise 3.1 | Q 6.1 | Page 75
Find the general solution of the following equation:
4cos2θ = 3.

Solution:

Exercise 3.1 | Q 6.2 | Page 75

Find the general solution of the following equation:
4sin2θ = 1.

Solution:
Exercise 3.1 | Q 6.3 | Page 75
Find the general solution of the following equation:
cos 4θ = cos 2θ
Solution: The general solution of cos θ = cos α is
θ = 2nπ ± α, n ∈ Z.

∴ the general solution of cos 4θ = cos 2θ is given by

4θ = 2nπ ± 2θ, n ∈ Z

Taking positive sign, we get

4θ = 2nπ + 2θ, n ∈ Z

∴ 2θ = 2nπ, n ∈ Z

∴ θ = nπ, n ∈ Z
Taking negative sign, we get
4θ = 2nπ – 2θ, n ∈ Z

∴ 6θ = 2nπ, n ∈ Z

∴ sin 3θ. sin θ = 0

∴ either sin 3θ = 0 or sin θ = 0
The general solution of sin θ = 0 is θ = nπ, n ∈ Z.
∴ the required general solution is given by
3θ = nπ, n ∈ Z or θ = nπ, n ∈ Z
i.e. θ = nπ/3, n ∈ Z or θ = nπ, n ∈ Z.

Exercise 3.1 | Q 7.1 | Page 75

Find the general solution of the following equation:
sin θ = tan θ.

Solution:
∴ sinθ cosθ = sinθ
∴ sinθ cosθ – sinθ = 0
∴ sinθ (cosθ – 1) = 0
∴ either sinθ = 0 or cosθ – 1 = 0
∴ either sinθ = 0 or cosθ = 1
∴ either sinθ = 0 or cosθ = cos0 ...[∵ cos 0 = 1]
The general solution of sin θ = 0 is θ = nπ, n ∈ Z and cosθ = cos α is θ = 2nπ ± α,
where n ∈ Z.
∴ the required general solution is given by
θ = nπ, n ∈ Z or θ = 2nπ ± 0, n ∈ Z
∴ θ = nπ, n ∈ Z or θ = 2nπ, n ∈ Z.

Exercise 3.1 | Q 7.2 | Page 75

Find the general solution of the following equation:
tan3θ = 3 tanθ.

Solution: tan3θ = 3tanθ

∴ tan3θ - 3tanθ = 0
∴ tanθ (tan2θ - 3) = 0
∴ either tanθ = 0 or tan2θ - 3 = 0
∴ either tanθ = 0 or tan2θ = 3
∴ either tanθ = 0 or tan2θ = (√3)2

Exercise 3.1 | Q 7.3 | Page 75

Find the general solution of the following equation:
cos θ + sin θ = 1.

Solution:
The general solution of sin θ = 0 is θ = nπ, n ∈ Z and tan θ = tan α is θ = nπ + α, n ∈ Z.
∴ the required general solution is

Exercise 3.1 | Q 8.1 | Page 75

State whether the following equation have solution or not?
cos 2θ = – 1
Solution: cos 2θ = – 1
Since – 1 ≤ cosθ ≤ 1 for any θ,
cos 2θ = – 1 has solution.

Exercise 3.1 | Q 8.2 | Page 75

State whether the following equation has a solution or not?
cos2θ = – 1.

Solution: cos2θ = – 1
This is not possible because cos2θ ≥ 0 for any θ.
∴ cos2θ = – 1 does not have any solution.

Exercise 3.1 | Q 8.3 | Page 75

State whether the following equation has a solution or not?
2sinθ = 3
Solution: 2sinθ = 3
∴ sinθ = 3/2
This is not possible because – 1 ≤ sinθ ≤1 for any θ.
∴ 2 sinθ = 3 does not have any solution.

Exercise 3.1 | Q 8.4 | Page 75

State whether the following equation have solution or not?
3 tanθ = 5

Solution: 3 tanθ = 5
∴ tanθ = 5/3
This is possible because tanθ is any real number.
∴ 3 tanθ = 5 has solution.

EXERCISE 3.2 [PAGE 88]

Exercise 3.2 | Q 1.1 | Page 88

Find the Cartesian co-ordinates of the point whose polar co-ordinates are :
Solution:

Exercise 3.2 | Q 1.2 | Page 88

Find the Cartesian co-ordinates of the point whose polar co-ordinates are :
(4, π/2)
Solution:
The cartesian coordinates of the given point are (0, 4).
Solution is not available.

Exercise 3.2 | Q 1.3 | Page 88

Find the Cartesian co-ordinates of the point whose polar co-ordinates are:

Solution:
Exercise 3.2 | Q 1.4 | Page 88

Find the Cartesian co-ordinates of the point whose polar co-ordinates are:

Solution:
Exercise 3.2 | Q 2.1 | Page 88

Find the polar co-ordinates of the point whose Cartesian co-ordinates are.
(√2, √2)
Solution:

Exercise 3.2 | Q 2.2 | Page 88

Find the polar co-ordinates of the point whose Cartesian co-ordinates are.
Solution: Here x = 0 and y = 2
∴ the point lies on the positive side of Y-axis.
Let the polar coordinates be (r, θ)
Then, r2 = x2 + y2

Exercise 3.2 | Q 2.3 | Page 88

Find the polar co-ordinates of the point whose Cartesian co-ordinates are.
(1, - √3)
Solution: Here x = 1 and y = - √3
∴ the point lies in the fourth quadrant.
Let the polar coordinates be (r, θ).
Then r2 = x2 + y2 = (1)2 + (- √3)2 = 1 + 3 = 4
∴r=2 ...[ ∵ r > 0]

Exercise 3.2 | Q 2.4 | Page 88

Find the polar co-ordinates of the point whose Cartesian co-ordinates are.

Solution: The polar coordinates of the given point are (3, π/3).
Solution is not available.

Exercise 3.2 | Q 3 | Page 88

In ΔABC, if ∠A = 45°, ∠B = 60° then find the ratio of its sides.

Solution: By the sine rule,
Exercise 3.2 | Q 4 | Page 88

Solution:
Exercise 3.2 | Q 5 | Page 88

Solution:
Exercise 3.2 | Q 6 | Page 88

In Δ ABC, prove that a3 sin(B – C) + b3sin(C – A) + c3sin(A – B) = 0

Solution: By the sine rule,

Exercise 3.2 | Q 7 | Page 88

In ΔABC, if cot A, cot B, cot C are in A.P. then show that a2, b2, c2 are also in A.P.
Solution:
Exercise 3.2 | Q 8 | Page 88

In ΔABC, if a cos A = b cos B then prove that the triangle is either a right angled or an
isosceles traingle.
Solution: Using the sine rule,
a = k sin A and b = k sin B
∴ a cos A = b cos B gives
k sinA cosA = k sinB cosB
∴ 2sinA cosA = 2sinB cosB
∴ sin 2A = sin 2B
∴ sin2A – sin2B = 0
∴ 2cos(A + B).sin(A – B) = 0
∴ 2cos(π – C).sin(A – B) = 0 ...[∵ A + B + C = π]
∴ - 2cosC. sin(A – B) = 0
∴ cosC = 0 OR sin(A – B) = 0
∴ C = 90° OR A – B = 0
∴ C = 90° OR A = B
∴ the triangle is either rightangled or an isosceles triangle.

Exercise 3.2 | Q 9 | Page 88

With usual notations prove that 2(bc cosA + ac cosB + ab cosC) = a 2 + b2 + c2 .

Solution:

Exercise 3.2 | Q 10.1 | Page 88

In ΔABC, if a = 18, b = 24, c = 30 then find the values of cosA

Solution: Given: a = 18, b = 24 and c = 30
∴ 2s = a + b + c
= 18 + 24 + 30
= 72
∴ s = 36

Exercise 3.2 | Q 10.2 | Page 88

In ΔABC, if a = 18, b = 24, c = 30 then find the values of sin A/2.

Solution: Given: a = 18, b = 24 and c = 30
∴ 2s = a + b + c
= 18 + 24 + 30
= 72
∴ s = 36
Exercise 3.2 | Q 10.3 | Page 88

In ΔABC, if a = 18, b = 24, c = 30 then find the values of cos A/2

Solution: Given: a = 18, b = 24 and c = 30
∴ 2s = a + b + c
= 18 + 24 + 30
= 72
∴ s = 36

Exercise 3.2 | Q 10.4 | Page 88

In ΔABC, if a = 18, b = 24, c = 30 then find the values of tan A/2

Solution: Given : a = 18, b = 24 and c = 30
∴ 2s = a + b + c
= 18 + 24 + 30
= 72
∴ s = 36

Exercise 3.2 | Q 10.5 | Page 88

In ΔABC, if a = 18, b = 24, c = 30 then find the values of A(ΔABC)

Solution:
Exercise 3.2 | Q 10.6 | Page 88

In ΔABC, if a = 18, b = 24, c = 30 then find the values of sinA

Solution: Given : a = 18, b = 24 and c = 30
∴ 2s = a + b + c
= 18 + 24 + 30
= 72
∴ s = 36

Exercise 3.2 | Q 11 | Page 88

In ΔABC prove that (b+c-a)tan A/2=(c+a-b)tan B/2=(a+b-c)tan C/2.

Solution:
Exercise 3.2 | Q 12 | Page 88

Solution:
EXERCISE 3.3 [PAGES 102 - 103]

Exercise 3.3 | Q 1.1 | Page 102

Find the principal value of the following: sin-1(1/2)

Solution:
Exercise 3.3 | Q 1.2 | Page 102

Find the principal value of the following: cosec- 1(2)

Solution:

Exercise 3.3 | Q 1.3 | Page 102

Find the principal value of the following: tan-1(– 1)

Solution:

Exercise 3.3 | Q 1.4 | Page 102

Find the principal value of the following: tan- 1( - √3)
Solution:

Exercise 3.3 | Q 1.5 | Page 102

Solution:
Exercise 3.3 | Q 1.6 | Page 102

Solution:

Exercise 3.3 | Q 2.1 | Page 102

Solution:
Exercise 3.3 | Q 2.2 | Page 102

Solution:
Exercise 3.3 | Q 2.3 | Page 102

Solution:
Exercise 3.3 | Q 2.4 | Page 103

Solution:
Exercise 3.3 | Q 3.1 | Page 103

Solution:
Exercise 3.3 | Q 3.2 | Page 103

Solution:
Exercise 3.3 | Q 3.3 | Page 103

Solution:
Exercise 3.3 | Q 3.4 | Page 103

Solution:
Exercise 3.3 | Q 3.5 | Page 103

Solution:
Exercise 3.3 | Q 3.6 | Page 103

Solution:
Exercise 3.3 | Q 3.7 | Page 103

Solution:
Exercise 3.3 | Q 3.8 | Page 103

Solution:

MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISE 3 [PAGES 106 - 108]

Miscellaneous exercise 3 | Q 1.01 | Page 106

Solution:

Miscellaneous exercise 3 | Q 1.02 | Page 106

Solution:

Miscellaneous exercise 3 | Q 1.03 | Page 106

Solution:

Miscellaneous exercise 3 | Q 1.04 | Page 106

Solution:

Miscellaneous exercise 3 | Q 1.05 | Page 106

Solution:
Miscellaneous exercise 3 | Q 1.06 | Page 106

Solution:

Miscellaneous exercise 3 | Q 1.07 | Page 107

Solution: In Δ ABC if ∠A = 45°, ∠B = 60°, then the ratio of its sides are 2: √6: √3 + 1.

Miscellaneous exercise 3 | Q 1.08 | Page 107

Solution:

Miscellaneous exercise 3 | Q 1.09 | Page 107

Select the correct option from the given alternatives:

In ΔABC, ac cos B - bc cos A = _______
1. a2 - b2
2. b2 - c2
3. c2 - a2
4. a2 - b2 - c2
Solution: In ΔABC, ac cos B - bc cos A = a2 - b2.

Miscellaneous exercise 3 | Q 1.1 | Page 107

Select the correct option from the given alternatives:

If in a triangle, the angles are in A.P. and b: c = √3: √2, then A is equal to
1. 30°
2. 60°
3. 75°
4. 45°
Solution: If in a triangle, the angles are in A.P. and b: c = √3: √2, then A is equal to 75°.

Miscellaneous exercise 3 | Q 1.11 | Page 107

Solution:

Miscellaneous exercise 3 | Q 1.12 | Page 107

Select the correct option from the given alternatives:

The value of cot (tan-12x + cot-12x) is
1. 0
 2. 2x
3. π + 2x
4. π - 2x
Solution: The value of cot (tan-12x + cot-12x) is 0.

Miscellaneous exercise 3 | Q 1.13 | Page 107

Solution:

Miscellaneous exercise 3 | Q 1.14 | Page 107

 1. 63/65
2. 62/65
3. 61/65
4. 60/65
Solution:

Miscellaneous exercise 3 | Q 1.15 | Page 107

Select the correct option from the given alternatives:

If tan-1(2x) + tan-1(3x) = π/4, then x = _____
1. - 1
2. 16
3. 26
4. 32
Solution:

Miscellaneous exercise 3 | Q 1.16 | Page 108

Solution:

Miscellaneous exercise 3 | Q 1.17 | Page 108

Solution:

Miscellaneous exercise 3 | Q 1.18 | Page 108

Solution:

Miscellaneous exercise 3 | Q 1.19 | Page 108

Solution:
Miscellaneous exercise 3 | Q 1.2 | Page 108

Select the correct option from the given alternatives:

If tan θ + tan 2θ + tan 3θ = tan θ.tan 2θ. tan 3θ, then the general value of the θ is
1. nπ
2. nπ/6
3. nπ±π/4
4. nπ/2
Solution: If tan θ + tan 2θ + tan 3θ = tan θ.tan 2θ. tan 3θ, then the general value of the
θ is nπ/6

Miscellaneous exercise 3 | Q 1.21 | Page 108

Select the correct option from the given alternatives:

In any ΔABC, if acos B = bcos A, then the triangle is
1. equilateral triangle
2. isosceles triangle
3. scalene
4. right-angled
Solution: In any ΔABC, if acos B = bcos A, then the triangle is isosceles triangle.
MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISE 3 [PAGES 108 - 111]

Miscellaneous exercise 3 | Q 1.1 | Page 108

Find the principal solutions of the following equation:

sin 2θ = - 1/2
Solution:
Miscellaneous exercise 3 | Q 1.2 | Page 108
Find the principal solutions of the following equation:
tan 3θ = - 1

Solution:
Miscellaneous exercise 3 | Q 1.3 | Page 108
Find the principal solutions of the following equation:
cot θ = 0

Solution:
Miscellaneous exercise 3 | Q 2.1 | Page 108

Find the principal solutions of the following equation:

sin 2θ = - 1/√2.
Solution:

Miscellaneous exercise 3 | Q 2.2 | Page 108

Find the principal solutions of the following equation:

tan 5θ = -1
Solution:

Miscellaneous exercise 3 | Q 2.3 | Page 108

Find the principal solutions of the following equation:
cot 2θ = 0.

Solution:

Miscellaneous exercise 3 | Q 3.1 | Page 109

State whether the following equation has a solution or not?

cos 2θ = 1/3
Solution:
Miscellaneous exercise 3 | Q 3.2 | Page 109
State whether the following equation has a solution or not?
cos2θ = – 1.

Solution: cos2θ = – 1
This is not possible because cos2θ ≥ 0 for any θ.
∴ cos2θ = – 1 does not have any solution.

Miscellaneous exercise 3 | Q 3.3 | Page 109

State whether the following equation has a solution or not?
2sinθ = 3
Solution: 2sinθ = 3
∴ sinθ = 3/2
This is not possible because – 1 ≤ sinθ ≤1 for any θ.
∴ 2 sinθ = 3 does not have any solution.

Miscellaneous exercise 3 | Q 3.4 | Page 109

State whether the following equation has a solution or not?
3 sin θ = 5.
Solution: ∴ sin θ = 5/3
This is not possible because -1 ≤ sin θ ≤ 1 for any θ.
∴ 3 sin θ = 5 does not have any solution.

Miscellaneous exercise 3 | Q 4.1 | Page 109

Find the general solutions of the following equation:

Solution:

Miscellaneous exercise 3 | Q 4.2 | Page 109

Find the general solutions of the following equation:

tan2θ=3
Solution: The general solution of tan2θ = tan2α is θ = nπ ± α, n ∈ Z.
Miscellaneous exercise 3 | Q 4.3 | Page 109
Find the general solutions of the following equation:
sin θ - cos θ = 1
Solution: sin θ - cos θ = 1
cos θ - sin θ = - 1
Miscellaneous exercise 3 | Q 4.4 | Page 109
Find the general solutions of the following equation:
sin2 θ - cos2 θ = 1
Solution: sin2 θ - cos2 θ = 1
∴ cos2 θ - sin2 θ = - 1
∴ cos2θ = cos π .....(1)
The general solution of cos θ = cos α is
θ = 2nπ ± α, n ∈ Z.
∴ the general solution of (1) is given by
2θ = 2nπ ± π, n ∈ Z.
∴ θ = nπ ± π/2, n ∈ Z

Miscellaneous exercise 3 | Q 5 | Page 109

Solution:
Miscellaneous exercise 3 | Q 6 | Page 109
Solution:

Miscellaneous exercise 3 | Q 7 | Page 109

Solution:
Miscellaneous exercise 3 | Q 8 | Page 109

In Δ ABC, if cos A = sin B - cos C then show that it is a right-angled triangle.

Solution:

∴A-C=B
∴A=B+C
∴ A + B + C = 180° gives
∴ A + A = 180°
∴ 2A = 180°
∴ A = 90°
∴ Δ ABC is a right angled triangle.

Miscellaneous exercise 3 | Q 9 | Page 109

Solution: By sine rule,

∴ sin A . sin (B - C) = sin C. sin (A - B)

∴ sin [π - (B + C)]. sin (B - C)
= sin [π - (A + B)]. sin(A - B) .....[∵ A + B + C = π]
∴ sin (B + C). sin (B - C) = sin (A + B). sin (A - B)
∴ sin2B - sin2C = sin2A - sin2B
∴ 2 sin2B = sin2A + sin2C
∴ 2k2b2 = k2a2 + k2c2
∴ 2b2 = a2 + c2
Hence, a2, b2, c2 are in A.P.

Miscellaneous exercise 3 | Q 10 | Page 109

Solve the triangle in which a = (√3+1), b = (√3-1) and ∠C = 60°.

Solution:
∴ sin A = sin 60° cos 45° + cos 60° sin 45° and
sin B = sin 60° cos 45° - cos 60° sin 45°
∴ sin A = sin (60° + 45°) = sin 105°
and sin B = sin (60° - 45°) = sin 15°
∴ A = 105° and B = 15°
Hence, A = 105°, B = 15° and C = √6 units

Miscellaneous exercise 3 | Q 11.1 | Page 109

In any Δ ABC, prove the following:
a sin A - b sin B = c sin (A - B)

Solution:

= k × sin (A + B) × sin (A - B)
= k sin (π - C). sin (A - B) … [∴ A + B + C = π]

= k sin C. sin (A - B)

= c sin (A - B)

= RHS.

Miscellaneous exercise 3 | Q 11.2 | Page 109

Solution:
Miscellaneous exercise 3 | Q 11.3 | Page 109
In any Δ ABC, prove the following:
a2 sin (B - C) = (b2 - c2) sin A.

Solution:

= k2 x sin(B + C) x sin (B - C) x sin A

= k2 . sin (π - A). sin (B - C). sin A ....[∵ A + B + C = π]
= k2. sin A. sin (B - C). sin A
= (k sin A)2. sin(B - C)
= a2 sin (B - C)
= LHS

Miscellaneous exercise 3 | Q 11.4 | Page 109

In any Δ ABC, prove the following:
ac cos B - bc cos A = a2 - b2

Solution: LHS = ac cos B - bc cos A = a2 - b2

Miscellaneous exercise 3 | Q 11.5 | Page 109

Solution:
Miscellaneous exercise 3 | Q 11.6 | Page 109

Solution:
Miscellaneous exercise 3 | Q 11.7 | Page 109

Solution:
Miscellaneous exercise 3 | Q 12 | Page 109

In Δ ABC, if a, b, c are in A.P., then show that cot A/2,cot B/2,cot C/2 are also in A.P.
Solution: a, b, c are in A.P.
∴ 2b = a + c ....(1)
Now,
Miscellaneous exercise 3 | Q 13 | Page 109

Solution:
Miscellaneous exercise 3 | Q 14 | Page 110

Solution:
∴ sin A cos B = cos A sin B

∴ sin A cos B - cos A sin B = 0

∴ sin (A - B) = 0 = sin 0

∴A-B=0

∴A=B

∴ the triangle is an isosceles triangle.

Miscellaneous exercise 3 | Q 15 | Page 110

In Δ ABC, if sin2 A + sin2 B = sin2 C, then show that the triangle is a right-angled
triangle.
Solution:
Miscellaneous exercise 3 | Q 16 | Page 110

In Δ ABC, prove that a2 (cos2 B - cos2 C) + b2 (cos2 C - cos2 A) + c2 (cos2 A - cos2 B) =

0.
Solution:
Miscellaneous exercise 3 | Q 17 | Page 110

With the usual notations, show that

(c2 - a2 + b2) tan A = (a2 - b2 + c2) tan B = (b2 - c2 + a2) tan C
Solution:
Miscellaneous exercise 3 | Q 18 | Page 110

Solution:
Miscellaneous exercise 3 | Q 19 | Page 110

Solution:
Miscellaneous exercise 3 | Q 20 | Page 110

Solution:
Miscellaneous exercise 3 | Q 21 | Page 110

Solution:
Miscellaneous exercise 3 | Q 22 | Page 110

Solution:
Miscellaneous exercise 3 | Q 23 | Page 110

Solution:
Miscellaneous exercise 3 | Q 24 | Page 110

Solution:

Miscellaneous exercise 3 | Q 25 | Page 110

Solution:
Miscellaneous exercise 3 | Q 26 | Page 110

If 2 tan-1(cos x) = tan-1(2 cosec x), then find the value of x.

Solution:
Miscellaneous exercise 3 | Q 27 | Page 110

Solution:
Miscellaneous exercise 3 | Q 28 | Page 110

If sin-1(1 - x) - 2 sin-1x = π/2, then find the value of x.

Solution:
Miscellaneous exercise 3 | Q 29 | Page 110

If tan-12x + tan-13x = π/4, then find the value of x.

Solution:

∴ 5x = 1 - 6x2
∴ 6x2 + 5x - 1 = 0
∴ 6x2 + 6x - x - 1 = 0
∴ 6x(x + 1) - 1(x + 1) = 0
∴ (x + 1)(6x - 1) = 0
∴ x = -1 or x = 1/6
But x > 0 ∴ x ≠ - 1
Hence, x = 1/6

Miscellaneous exercise 3 | Q 30 | Page 110

Solution:

Miscellaneous exercise 3 | Q 31 | Page 110

Solution:
Miscellaneous exercise 3 | Q 32 | Page 110

Solution:
Miscellaneous exercise 3 | Q 33 | Page 111

Solution:

Miscellaneous exercise 3 | Q 34 | Page 111

Solution:
Miscellaneous exercise 3 | Q 35.1 | Page 111

Solution:

Miscellaneous exercise 3 | Q 35.2 | Page 111

Solution:
Miscellaneous exercise 3 | Q 36 | Page 111

Solution:
Miscellaneous exercise 3 | Q 37 | Page 111

Solution:

Miscellaneous exercise 3 | Q 38 | Page 111

Solution:
Miscellaneous exercise 3 | Q 39 | Page 111

If cos-1 x + cos-1y + cos-1z = 3π, then show that x2 + y2 + z2 + 2xyz = 1.

Solution: 0 ≤ cos-1x ≤ π and
cos-1x + cos-1 y + cos-1z = 3π
∴ cos-1x = π, cos-1y = π and cos-1z = π
∴ x = y = z = cos π = - 1
∴ x2 + y2 + z2 + 2xyz
= (- 1)2 + (- 1)2 + (- 1)2 + 2(- 1)(- 1)(- 1)
=1+1+1-2
=3-2
= 1.
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 Pair of Straight Lines

EXERCISE 4.1 [PAGES 119 - 120]

Exercise 4.1 | Q 1.1 | Page 119

Find the combined equation of the following pair of line:
2x + y = 0 and 3x - y = 0
Solution: The combined equation of the lines 2x + y = 0 and 3x - y = 0 is
(2x + y)(3x - y) = 0
∴ 6x2 - 2xy + 3xy - y2 = 0
∴ 6x2 + xy - y2 = 0

Exercise 4.1 | Q 1.2 | Page 119

Find the combined equation of the following pair of line:
x + 2y - 1 = 0 and x - 3y + 2 = 0

Solution: The combined equation of the lines x + 2y - 1 = 0 and x - 3y + 2 = 0 is

(x + 2y - 1)(x - 3y + 2) = 0

∴ x2 - 3xy + 2x + 2xy - 6y2 + 4y - x + 3y - 2 = 0

∴ x2 - xy - 6y2 + x + 7y - 2 = 0

Exercise 4.1 | Q 1.3 | Page 119

Find the combined equation of the following pair of line:
passing through (2, 3) and parallel to the coordinate axes.
Solution: Equations of the coordinate axes are x = 0 and y = 0
∴ The equations of the lines passing through (2, 3) and parallel to the coordinate axes
are x = 2 and y = 3.
i.e. x - 2 = 0 and y - 3 = 0
∴ their combined equation is
(x - 2)(y - 3) = 0
∴ xy - 3x - 2y + 6 = 0

Exercise 4.1 | Q 1.4 | Page 119

Find the combined equation of the following pair of line:
passing through (2, 3) and perpendicular to the lines 3x + 2y - 1 = 0 and x - 3y + 2 = 0
Solution: Let L1 and L2 be the lines passing through the point (2, 3) and perpendicular
to the lines 3x + 2y - 1 = 0 and x - 3y + 2 = 0 respectively.

∴ slopes of the lines L1 and L2 pass through the point (2, 3), their equations are
y - 3 = 2/3(x - 2) and y - 3 = -3(x - 2)
∴ 3y - 9 = 2x - 4 and y - 3 = - 3x + 6
∴ 2x - 3y + 5 = 0 and 3x + y - 9 = 0
their combined equation is
(2x - 3y + 5)(3x + y - 9) = 0
∴ 6x2 + 2xy - 18x - 9xy - 3y2 + 27y + 15x + 5y - 45 = 0
∴ 6x2 - 7xy - 3y2 - 3x + 32y - 45 = 0

Exercise 4.1 | Q 1.5 | Page 119

Find the combined equation of the following pair of line:
passing through (-1, 2), one is parallel to x + 3y - 1 = 0 and other is perpendicular to 2x -
3y - 1 = 0
Solution: Let L1 be the line passing through the point (-1, 2) and parallel to the line x +
3y - 1 = 0 whose slope is – 1/3.
∴ slope of the line L1 is – 1/3
∴ equation of the line L1 is
y - 2 = – 1/3 (x + 1)
∴ 3y - 6 = - x - 1
∴ x + 3y - 5 = 0
Let L1 be the line passing through (-1, 2) and perpendicular to the line 2x - 3y - 1 = 0
whose slope is

∴ slope of the line L2 is – 1/3

∴ equation of the line L2 is
y - 2 = – 1/3 (x + 1)
∴ 2y - 4 = - 3x - 3
∴ 3x + 2y - 1 = 0
Hence, the equations of the required lines are
x + 3y - 5 = 0 and 3x + 2y - 1 = 0
∴ their combined equation is
(x + 3y - 5)(3x + 2y - 1) = 0
∴ 3x2 + 2xy - x + 9xy + 6y2 - 3y - 15x - 10y + 5 = 0
∴ 3x2 + 11xy + 6y2 - 16x - 13y + 5 = 0

Exercise 4.1 | Q 2.1 | Page 119

Find the separate equation of the line represented by the following equation:
3y2 + 7xy = 0
Solution: 3y2 + 7xy = 0
∴ y(3y + 7x) = 0
∴ the separate equations of the lines are y = 0 and 7x + 3y = 0

Exercise 4.1 | Q 2.2 | Page 119

Find the separate equation of the line represented by the following equation:
5y2 + 9y2 = 0

Solution:

Exercise 4.1 | Q 2.3 | Page 119

Find the separate equation of the line represented by the following equation:
x2 - 4xy = 0
Solution: x2 - 4xy = 0
∴ x (x - 4y) = 0
∴ the separate equations of the lines are x = 0 and x - 4y = 0

Exercise 4.1 | Q 2.4 | Page 119

Find the separate equations of the lines represented by the equation 3x2-10xy-8y2=0
Solution:

Exercise 4.1 | Q 2.5 | Page 119

Find the separate equation of the line represented by the following equation:

Solution:

Exercise 4.1 | Q 2.6 | Page 119

Find the separate equation of the line represented by the following equation:
x2 + 2(cosec α)xy + y2 = 0
Solution: x2 + 2(cosec α)xy + y2 = 0
i.e. y2 + 2(cosec α)xy + x2 = 0
Dividing by x2, we get,

Exercise 4.1 | Q 2.7 | Page 119

Find the separate equation of the line represented by the following equation:
x2 + 2xy tan α - y2 = 0

Solution:
Exercise 4.1 | Q 3.1 | Page 119
Find the combined equation of the pair of a line passing through the origin and
perpendicular to the line represented by following equation:
5x2 - 8xy + 3y2 = 0
Solution: Comparing the equation 5x2 - 8xy + 3y2 = 0 with ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0, we get,
a = 5, 2h = - 8, b= 3
Let m1 and m2 be the slopes of the lines represented by 5x2 - 8xy + 3y2 = 0
Exercise 4.1 | Q 3.2 | Page 119
Find the combined equation of the pair of a line passing through the origin and
perpendicular to the line represented by the following equation:
5x2 + 2xy - 3y2 = 0
Solution: Comparing the equation 5x2 + 2xy - 3y2 = 0 with ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0, we
get,
a = 5, 2h = 2, b= - 3
Let m1 and m2 be the slopes of the lines represented by 5x2 + 2xy - 3y2 = 0
Exercise 4.1 | Q 3.3 | Page 119
Find the combined equation of the pair of a line passing through the origin and
perpendicular to the line represented by the following equation:
xy + y2 = 0
Solution: Comparing the equation xy + y2 = 0 with ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0, we get,
a = 0, 2h = 1, b= 1
Let m1 and m2 be the slopes of the lines represented by xy + y2 = 0

i.e. m1y = - x and m2y = - x

i.e. x + m1y = 0 and x + m2y = 0
∴ their combined equation is
(x + m1y)(x + m2y) = 0
∴ x2 + (m1 + m2)xy + m1m2y2 = 0

Exercise 4.1 | Q 3.4 | Page 119

Find the combined equation of the pair of a line passing through the origin and
perpendicular to the line represented by the following equation:
3x2 - 4xy = 0
Solution: Consider 3x2 - 4xy = 0
∴ x(3x - 4y) = 0
∴ separate equations of the lines are x = 0 and 3x - 4y = 0
Let m1 and m2 be the slopes of these lines.

∴ their combined equation is

y(4x + 3y) = 0
∴ 4xy + 3y2 = 0

Exercise 4.1 | Q 4.1 | Page 119

Find k, if the sum of the slopes of the lines represented by x2 + kxy - 3y2 = 0 is twice
their product.
Solution: Comparing the equation x2 + kxy - 3y2 = 0 with ax2 + 2hxy - by2 = 0, we get, a
= 1, 2h = k, b = - 3.
Let m1 and m2 be the slopes of the lines represented by x2 + kxy - 3y2 = 0

Exercise 4.1 | Q 4.2 | Page 119

Find k, the slopes of the lines represented by 3x2 + kxy - y2 = 0 differ by 4.
Solution: Comparing the equation 3x2 + kxy - y2 = 0 with ax2 + 2hxy - by2 = 0, we get, a
= 3, 2h = k, b = -1.
Let m1 and m2 be the slopes of the lines represented by 3x2 + kxy - y2 = 0

∴ (m1 - m2)2 = (m1 + m2)2 - 4m1m2

= k2 - 4 (- 3)
= k2 + 12 ....(1)
But |m1 - m2| = 4
∴ (m1 - m2)2 = 16 ....(2)
∴ from (1) and (2), k2 + 12 = 16
∴ k2 = 4
∴k=±2

Exercise 4.1 | Q 4.3 | Page 119

Find k, the slope of one of the lines given by kx2 + 4xy - y2 = 0 exceeds the slope of the
other by 8.
Solution: Comparing the equation kx2 + 4xy - y2 = 0 with ax2 + 2hxy - by2 = 0, we get, a
= k, 2h = 4, b = -1.
Let m1 and m2 be the slopes of the lines represented by kx2 + 4xy - y2 = 0

We are given that m2 = m1 + 8

∴ m1 + m1 + 8 = 4
∴ 2m1 = - 4 ∴ m1 = - 2 ...(1)
Also, m1(m1 + 8) = - k
(-2)(- 2 + 8) = - k ...[By (1)]
∴ (-2)(6) = - k
∴ - 12 = - k
∴ k = 12

Exercise 4.1 | Q 5.1 | Page 120

Find the condition that the line 4x + 5y = 0 coincides with one of the lines given by ax 2 +
2hxy + by2 = 0
Solution: The auxiliary equation of the lines represented by ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0 is
bm2 + 2hm + a = 0
Given that 4x + 5y = 0 is one of the lines represented by ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0
Exercise 4.1 | Q 5.2 | Page 120
Find the condition that the line 3x + y = 0 may be perpendicular to one of the lines given
by ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0
Solution: The auxiliary equation of the lines represented by ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0 is
bm2 + 2hm + a = 0
Exercise 4.1 | Q 6 | Page 120
If one of the lines given by ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0 is perpendicular to px + qy = 0, show
that ap2 + 2hpq + bq2 = 0.
Solution: To prove: ap2 + 2hpq + bq2 = 0.
Let the slope of the pair of straight lines ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0 be m1 and m2

Exercise 4.1 | Q 7 | Page 120

Find the combined equation of the pair of lines through the origin and making an
equilateral triangle with the line y = 3.
Solution: Let OA and OB be the lines through the origin making an angle of 60° with
the line y = 3.
∴ OA and OB make an angle of 60° and 120° with the positive direction of the X-axis.
Exercise 4.1 | Q 8 | Page 120
If the slope of one of the lines given by ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0 is four times the other,
show that 16h2 = 25ab.
Solution: Let m1 and m2 be the slopes of the lines given by ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0
Exercise 4.1 | Q 9 | Page 120
If one of the lines given by ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0 bisect an angle between the coordinate
axes, then show that (a + b)2 = 4h2 .
Solution: The auxiliary equation of the lines given by ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0 is bm2 + 2hm
+ a = 0.
Since one of the lines bisects an angle between the coordinate axes, that line makes an
angle of 45° or 135° with the positive direction of X-axis.
∴ the slope of that line = tan 45° or tan 135°
∴ m = tan 45° = 1
or m = tan 135° = tan (180° - 45°)
= - tan 45° = - 1
∴ m = ± 1 are the roots of the auxiliary equation bm2 + 2hm + a = 0.
∴ b(±1)2 + 2h(±1) + a = 0
∴ b ± 2h + a = 0
∴ a + b = ± 2h
∴ (a + b)2 = 4h2
This is the required condition.
EXERCISE 4.2 [PAGE 124]

Exercise 4.2 | Q 1 | Page 124

. Show that the lines represented by 3x2 - 4xy - 3y2 = 0 are perpendicular to each other.
Solution: Comparing the equation 3x2 - 4xy - 3y2 = 0 with ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0, we get,
a = 3, 2h = -4, b = -3.
Since a + b = 3 + (- 3) = 0, the lines represented by 3x2 - 4xy - 3y2 = 0 are perpendicular
to each other.

Exercise 4.2 | Q 2 | Page 124

Show that the lines represented by x2 + 6xy + 9y2 = 0 are coincident.
Solution: Comparing the equation x2 + 6xy + 9y2 = 0 with ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0, we get,
a = 1, 2h = 6 i.e. h = 3 and b = 9.
Since h2 - ab = (3)2 - 1(9)
= 9 - 9 = 0,
the lines represented by x2 + 6xy + 9y2 = 0 are coincident.

Exercise 4.2 | Q 3 | Page 124

Find the value of k if lines represented by kx2 + 4xy - 4y2 = 0 are perpendicular to each
other.
Solution: Comparing the equation kx2 + 4xy - 4y2 = 0 with ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0, we get,
a = k, 2h = 4 and b = - 4.
Since lines represented by kx2 + 4xy - 4y2 = 0 are perpendicular to each other,
a+b=0
∴k-4=0
∴k=4

Exercise 4.2 | Q 4.1 | Page 124

Find the measure of the acute angle between the line represented by:

Solution:
Exercise 4.2 | Q 4.2 | Page 124
Find the measure of the acute angle between the line represented by:
4x2 + 5xy + y2 = 0
Solution: Comparing the equation
4x2 + 5xy + y2 = 0 with
ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0, we get,
a = 4, 2h = 5 i.e. h = 5/2 and b = 1
Let θ be the acute angle between the lines.
Exercise 4.2 | Q 4.3 | Page 124
Find the measure of the acute angle between the line represented by:
2x2 + 7xy + 3y2 = 0
Solution: Comparing the equation
2x2 + 7xy + 3y2 = 0 with
ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0, we get,
a = 2, 2h = 7 i.e. h = 7/2 and b = 3
Let θ be the acute angle between the lines.
Exercise 4.2 | Q 4.4 | Page 124
Find the measure of the acute angle between the line represented by:
(a2 + 3b2)x2 + 8abxy + (b2 - 3a2)y2 = 0
Solution: Comparing the equation
(a2 + 3b2)x2 + 8abxy + (b2 - 3a2)y2 = 0 with
Ax2 + 2Hxy + By2 = 0, we have,
A = a2 + 3b2, H = 4ab and B = b2 - 3a2
∴ H2 - AB = 16a2b2 - (a2 - 3b2)(b2 - 3a2)
= 16a2b2 + (a2 - 3b2)(3a2 - b2)
= 16a2b2 + 3a4 - 10a2b2 + 3b4
= 3a4 + 6a2b2 +3b4
= 3(a4 + 2a2b2 + b4)
= 3(a2 + b2)2
Exercise 4.2 | Q 5 | Page 124
Find the combined equation of lines passing through the origin each of which making an
angle of 30° with the line 3x + 2y - 11 = 0
Solution: The slope of the line 3x + 2y - 11 = 0 is m1 = - 3/2
Let m be the slope of one of the lines making an angle of 30° with the line 3x + 2y - 11 =
0
The angle between the lines having slopes m and m1 is 30°.
∴ (2 - 3m)2 = 3(2m + 2)2
∴ 4 - 12m + 9m2 = 3(4m2 + 12m + 9)
∴ 4 - 12m + 9m2 = 12m2 + 36m + 27
∴ 3m2 + 48m + 23 = 0
This is the auxiliary equation of the two lines and their joint equation is obtained by
putting m = y/x
∴ the combined equation of the two lines is

Exercise 4.2 | Q 6 | Page 124

If the angle between the lines represented by ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0 is equal to the angle
between the lines 2x2 - 5xy + 3y2 = 0, then show that 100 (h2 - ab) = (a + b)2.
Solution:
Exercise 4.2 | Q 7 | Page 124
Find the combined equation of lines passing through the origin and each of which
making an angle of 60° with the Y-axis.
Solution:
Let OA and OB be the lines through the origin making an angle of 60° with the Y-axis.
Then OA and OB make an angle of 30° and 150° with the positive direction of X-axis.

i.e. x2 - 3y2 = 0
EXERCISE 4.3 [PAGES 127 - 128]
Exercise 4.3 | Q 1.1 | Page 127
Find the joint equation of the pair of the line through the point (2, -1) and parallel to the
lines represented by 2x2 + 3xy - 9y2 = 0.
Solution: The combined equation of the given lines is
2x2 + 3xy - 9y2 = 0
i.e. 2x2 + 6xy - 3xy - 9y2 = 0
i.e. 2x(x + 3y) - 3y(x + 3y) = 0
i.e. (x + 3y)(2x - 3y) = 0
∴ their separate equations are
x + 3y = 0 and 2x - 3y = 0

i.e. 3y + 3 = - x + 2 and 3y + 3 = 2x - 4
i.e. x + 3y + 1 = 0 and 2x - 3y - 7 = 0
∴ the joint equation of these lines is
(x + 3y + 1)(2x - 3y - 7) = 0
∴ 2x2 - 3xy - 7x + 6xy - 9y2 - 21y + 2x - 3y - 7 = 0
∴ 2x2 + 3xy - 9y2 - 5x - 24y - 7 = 0

Exercise 4.3 | Q 1.2 | Page 127

Find the joint equation of the pair of the line through the point (2, -3) and parallel to the
lines represented by x2 + xy - y2 = 0.
Solution: The combined equation of the given lines is
x2 + xy - y2 = 0 ....(1)
with ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0, we get,
a = 1, 2h = 1, b = - 1
Let m1 and m2 be the slopes of the lines represented by (1).

The slopes of the lines parallel to these lines are m1 and m2 .

∴ the equations of the lines with these slopes and through the point (2, - 3) are
y + 3 = m1(x - 2) and y + 3 = m2 (x - 2)
i.e. m1(x - 2) - (y + 3) = 0 and m2(x - 2) - (y + 3) = 0
∴ the joint equation of these lines is
[m1 (x - 2) - (y + 3)][m2(x - 2)- (y + 3)] = 0
∴ m1m2 (x - 2)2 - m1 (x - 2)(y + 3) - m2(x - 2)(y+3) + (y + 3)2 = 0
∴ m1m2 (x - 2)2 - (m1 + m2)(x - 2)(y + 3) + (y + 3)3 = 0

Exercise 4.3 | Q 2 | Page 127

Show that the equation x2 + 2xy + 2y2 + 2x + 2y + 1 = 0 does not represent a pair of
lines.
Solution: Comparing the equation
x2 + 2xy + 2y2 + 2x + 2y + 1 = 0 with
ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0, we get,
a = 1, h = 1, b = 2, g = 1, f = 1, c = 1.
The given equation represents a pair of lines, if
Exercise 4.3 | Q 3 | Page 127
Show that the equation 2x2 - xy - 3y2 - 6x + 19y - 20 = 0 represents a pair of lines.
Solution: Comparing the equation
2x2 - xy - 3y2 - 6x + 19y - 20 = 0
with ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0, we get,
Exercise 4.3 | Q 4 | Page 127
Show that the equation 2x2 + xy - y2 + x + 4y - 3 = 0 represents a pair of lines. Also, find
the acute angle between them.
Solution: Comparing the equation
2x2 + xy - y2 + x + 4y - 3 = 0 with
ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 we get,
Exercise 4.3 | Q 5.1 | Page 127
Find the separate equation of the line represented by the following equation:
(x - 2)2 - 3(x - 2)(y + 1) + 2(y + 1)2 = 0
Solution: (x - 2)2 - 3(x - 2)(y + 1) + 2(y + 1)2 = 0
∴ (x - 2)2 - 2(x - 2)(y + 1) - (x - 2)(y + 1) + 2(y + 1)2 = 0
∴ (x - 2)[(x - 2) - 2(y + 1)]- (y + 1)[(x - 2) - 2(y + 1)] = 0
∴ (x - 2)(x - 2 - 2y - 2) - (y + 1)(x - 2 - 2y - 2) = 0
∴ (x - 2)(x - 2y - 4) - (y + 1)(x - 2y - 4) = 0
∴ (x - 2y - 4)(x - 2 - y - 1) = 0
∴ (x - 2y - 4)(x - y - 3) = 0
∴ the separate equations of the lines are
x - 2y - 4 = 0 and x - y - 3 = 0
Alternative Method:
(x - 2)2 - 3(x - 2)(y + 1) + 2(y + 1)2 = 0 ...(1)
Put x - 2 = X and y + 2 = Y
∴ (1) becomes,
X2 - 3XY + 2Y2 = 0
∴ X2 - 2XY - XY + 2Y2 = 0
∴ X(X - 2Y) - Y(X - 2Y) = 0
∴ (X - 2Y)(X - Y) = 0
∴ the separate equations of the lines are
X - 2Y = 0 and X - Y = 0
∴ (x - 2) - 2(y + 1) = 0 and (x - 2) - (y + 1) = 0
∴ x - 2y - 4 = 0 and x - y - 3 = 0

Exercise 4.3 | Q 5.2 | Page 127

Find the separate equation of the line represented by the following equation:
10(x + 1)2 + (x + 1)(y - 2) - 3(y - 2)2 = 0
Solution: 10(x + 1)2 + (x + 1)(y - 2) - 3(y - 2)2 = 0 ....(1)
Put x + 1 = X and y - 2 = Y
∴ (1) becomes
10X2 + XY - 3Y2 = 0
10X2 + 6XY - 5XY - 3Y2 = 0
2X(5X + 3Y) - Y(5X + 3Y) = 0
(2X - Y)(5X + 3Y) = 0
5X + 3Y = 0 and 2X - Y = 0
5X + 3Y = 0
5(x + 1) + 3(y - 2) = 0
5x + 5 + 3y - 6 = 0
∴ 5x + 3y - 1 = 0
2X - Y = 0
2(x + 1) - (y - 2) = 0
2x + 2 - y + 2 = 0
∴ 2x - y + 4 = 0

Exercise 4.3 | Q 6.1 | Page 127

Find the value of k, if the following equations represent a pair of line:
3x2 + 10xy + 3y2 + 16y + k = 0
Solution: Comparing the given equation with
ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0
we get, a = 3, h = 5, b = 3, g = 0, f = 8, c = k.
Now, given equation represents a pair of lines.
∴ abc + 2fgh - af2 - bg2 - ch2 = 0
∴ (3)(3)(k) + 2(8)(0)(5) - 3(8)2 - 3(0)2 - k(5)2 = 0
∴ 9k + 0 - 192 - 0 - 25k = 0
∴ - 16k - 192 = 0
∴ - 16k = 192
∴ k = - 12

Exercise 4.3 | Q 6.2 | Page 127

Find the value of k, if the following equations represent a pair of line:
kxy + 10x + 6y + 4 = 0

Solution: Comparing the given equation with

ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0

we get, a = 0, h = k/2, b = 0, g = 5, f = 3, c = 4

Now, given equation represents a pair of lines.

∴ abc + 2fgh - af2 - bg2 - ch2 = 0

∴ 0 + 15k - 0 - 0 - k2 = 0

∴ 15k - k2 = 0

∴ - k(k - 15) = 0

∴ k = 0 or k = 15

If k = 0, then the given equation becomes

10x + 6y + 4 = 0 which does not represent a pair of lines.

∴k≠0

Hence, k = 15.

Exercise 4.3 | Q 6.3 | Page 127

Find the value of k, if the following equations represent a pair of line:
x2 + 3xy + 2y2 + x - y + k = 0
Solution: Comparing the given equation with
ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0
Exercise 4.3 | Q 7 | Page 128
Find p and q, if the equation px2 - 8xy + 3y2 + 14x + 2y + q = 0 represents a pair of
perpendicular lines.
Solution: The given equation represents a pair of lines perpendicular to each other
∴ (coefficient of x2) + (coefficient of y2) = 0
∴p+3=0 ∴ p = -3
With this value of p, the given equation is
- 3x2 - 8xy + 3y2 + 14x + 2y + q = 0
Comparing this equation with
ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0
a = -3, h = - 4, b = 3, g = 7, f = 1 and c = q

= - 3(3q - 1) + 4(- 4q - 7) + 7(- 4 - 21)

= - 9q + 3 - 16q - 28 - 175

= - 25q - 200

= - 25 (q + 8)

Since the given equation represents a pair of lines, D = 0

∴ - 25(q + 8) = 0

∴q=-8

Hence, p = - 3 and q = - 8.

Exercise 4.3 | Q 8 | Page 128

Find p and q, if the equation 2x2 + 8xy + py2 + qx + 2y - 15 = 0 represents a pair of
parallel lines.
Solution: The given equation is 2x2 + 8xy + py2 + qx + 2y - 15 = 0
Comparing it with ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0, we get,
a = 2, h = 4, b = p, g = q/2, f = 1, c = - 15
Since the lines are parallel, h2 = ab
∴ (4)2 = 2p
∴p=8
Since the given equation represents a pair of lines
i.e. - 242 + 240 + 2q + 2q - 2q2 = 0
i.e. - 2q2 + 4q - 2 = 0
i.e. q2 - 2q + 1 = 0
i.e. (q - 1)2 = 0
∴q-1=0
∴q=1
Hence, p = 8 and q = 1

Exercise 4.3 | Q 9 | Page 128

Equations of pairs of opposite sides of a parallelogram are x2 - 7x + 6 = 0 and y2 - 14y +
40 = 0. Find the joint equation of its diagonals.
Solution: Let ABCD be the parallelogram such that the combined equation of sides AB
and CD is x2 - 7x + 6 = 0 and the combined equation of sides BC and AD y2 - 14y + 40 =
0
The separate equations of the lines represented by x2 - 7x + 6 = 0, i.e. (x - 1)(x - 6) = 0
are x - 1 = 0 and x - 6 = 0
Let equation of the side AB be x - 10 and equation of side CD be x - 6 = 0
The separate equations of the lines represented by y2 - 14y + 40 = 0, i.e. (y - 4)(y - 10) =
0 are y - 4 = 0 and y - 10 = 0
Let equation of the side BC be y - 4 = 0 and equation of side AD be y - 10 = 0
Coordinates of the vertices of the parallelogram are A(1, 10), B(1, 4), C(6, 4) and D(6,
10)
∴ equation of the diagonal AC is

Exercise 4.3 | Q 10 | Page 128

ΔOAB is formed by the lines x2 - 4xy + y2 = 0 and the line AB. The equation of line AB is
2x + 3y - 1 = 0. Find the equation of the median of the triangle drawn from O.
Solution:
Exercise 4.3 | Q 11 | Page 128
Find the coordinates of the points of intersection of the lines represented by x 2 - y2 - 2x
+1=0
Solution: Consider, x2 - y2 - 2x + 1 = 0
∴ (x2 - 2x + 1) - y2 = 0
∴ (x - 1)2 - y2 = 0
∴ (x - 1 + y)(x - 1 - y) = 0
∴ (x + y - 1)(x - y - 1) = 0
∴ separate equations of the lines are
x + y - 1 = 0 and x - y + 1 = 0
To find the point of intersection of the lines, we have to solve
x + y - 1 = 0 ...(1)
and x - y + 1 = 0 ...(2)
Adding (1) and (2), we get,
2x = 0
∴x=0
Substituting x = 0 in (1), we get,
0+y-1=0
∴y=1
∴ coordinates of the point of intersection of the lines are (0, 1).
[Note: Answer in the textbook is incorrect.]
MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISE 4 [PAGES 129 - 130]

Miscellaneous Exercise 4 | Q 1.01 | Page 129

Choose correct alternatives:
If the equation 4x2 + hxy + y2 = 0 represents two coincident lines, then h = _______
1. ± 2
2. ± 3
3. ± 4
4. ± 5
Solution: If the equation 4x2 + hxy + y2 = 0 represents two coincident lines, then h = ±
4.
Miscellaneous Exercise 4 | Q 1.02 | Page 129
Choose correct alternatives:
If the lines represented by kx2 - 3xy + 6y2 = 0 are perpendicular to each other, then
1. k = 6
2. k = - 6
3. k = 3
4. k = - 3
Solution: k = - 6
Miscellaneous Exercise 4 | Q 1.03 | Page 129
Choose correct alternatives:
Auxiliary equation of 2x2 + 3xy - 9y2 = 0 is
1. 2m2 + 3m - 9 = 0
2. 9m2 - 3m - 2 = 0
3. 2m2 - 3m + 9 = 0
4. - 9m2 - 3m + 2 = 0
Solution: Auxiliary equation of 2x2 + 3xy - 9y2 = 0 is 9m2 - 3m - 2 = 0.
Miscellaneous Exercise 4 | Q 1.04 | Page 129
Choose correct alternatives:
The difference between the slopes of the lines represented by 3x2 - 4xy + y2 = 0 is 2
1. 2
2. 1
3. 3
4. 4
Solution: The difference between the slopes of the lines represented by 3x2 - 4xy + y2 =
0 is 2.
Miscellaneous Exercise 4 | Q 1.05 | Page 129
Choose correct alternatives:
If two lines ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0 make angles α and β with X-axis, then tan (α + β) =
_____.
1. h/a+b
2. h/a-b
3. 2h/a+b
 4. 2h/a-b
Solution:

Miscellaneous Exercise 4 | Q 1.06 | Page 129

Choose correct alternatives:

1. 1 : 2
2. 2 : 1
3. 8 : 9
4. 9 : 8
Solution:
Miscellaneous Exercise 4 | Q 1.07 | Page 130
Choose correct alternatives:
The joint equation of the lines through the origin and perpendicular to the pair of lines
3x2 + 4xy - 5y2 = 0 is _______.
1. 5x2 + 4xy - 3y2 = 0
2. 3x2 + 4xy - 5y2 = 0
3. 3x2 - 4xy + 5y2 = 0
4. 5x2 + 4xy + 3y2 = 0
Solution: The joint equation of the lines through the origin and perpendicular to the pair
of lines 3x2 + 4xy - 5y2 = 0 is 5x2 + 4xy - 3y2 = 0.
Miscellaneous Exercise 4 | Q 1.08 | Page 130
Choose correct alternatives:
If acute angle between lines ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0 is, π/4, then 4h2 = ______.
1. a2 + 4ab + b2
2. a2 + 6ab + b2
3. (a + 2b)(a + 3b)
4. (a - 2b)(2a + b)
Solution:
Miscellaneous Exercise 4 | Q 1.09 | Page 130
Choose correct alternatives:
If the equation 3x2 - 8xy + qy2 + 2x + 14y + p = 1 represents a pair of perpendicular
lines, then the values of p and q are respectively.
1. - 3 and - 7
2. - 7 and - 3
3. 3 and 7
4. - 7 and 3
Solution: - 7 and - 3
Miscellaneous Exercise 4 | Q 1.1 | Page 130
Choose correct alternatives:
The area of triangle formed by the lines x2 + 4xy + y2 = 0 and x - y - 4 = 0 is
1. 4/√3 sq units
2. 8/√3 sq units
3. 16/√3 sq units
4. 15/√3 sq units
Solution: The area of triangle formed by the lines x2 + 4xy + y2 = 0 and x - y - 4 = 0
is 8/√3 sq units
Miscellaneous Exercise 4 | Q 1.11 | Page 130
Choose correct alternatives:
The combined equation of the coordinate axes is
1. x + y = 0
2. xy = k
3. xy = 0
4. x - y = k
Solution: The combined equation of the coordinate axes is xy = 0.
Miscellaneous Exercise 4 | Q 1.12 | Page 130
Choose correct alternatives:
If h2 = ab, then slopes of lines ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0 are in the ratio
 1. 1:2
2. 2:1
3. 2:3
4. 1:1
Solution: If h2 = ab, then slopes of lines ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0 are in the ratio 1:1.
Hint: If h2 = ab, then lines are coincident. Therefore slopes of the lines are equal.

Miscellaneous Exercise 4 | Q 1.13 | Page 130

Choose correct alternatives:
If slope of one of the lines ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0 is 5 times the slope of the other, then
5h2 = ______
1. ab
2. 2ab
3. 7ab
4. 9ab
Solution: If slope of one of the lines ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0 is 5 times the slope of the
other, then 5h2 = 9ab.
Miscellaneous Exercise 4 | Q 1.14 | Page 130
Choose correct alternatives:
If distance between lines (x - 2y)2 + k(x - 2y) = 0 is 3 units, then k = ______.
1. ± 3
2. ± 5√5
3. 0
4. ±3√5
Solution: If distance between lines (x - 2y)2 + k(x - 2y) = 0 is 3 units, then k = ±3√5
Explanation:
(x - 2y)2 + k(x - 2y) = 0
∴ (x - 2y)(x - 2y + k) = 0
∴ equations of the lines are x - 2y = 0 and x - 2y + k = 0 which are parallel to each other.
MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISE 4 [PAGES 130 - 132]

Miscellaneous Exercise 4 | Q 1.01 | Page 130

Find the joint equation of the line:
x - y = 0 and x + y = 0
Solution: Find the joint equation of the line x - y = 0 and x + y = 0 is
(x - y)(x + y) = 0
∴ x2 - y2 = 0

Miscellaneous Exercise 4 | Q 1.02 | Page 130

Find the joint equation of the line:
x + y - 3 = 0 and 2x + y - 1 = 0
Solution: Find the joint equation of the line x + y - 3 = 0 and 2x + y - 1 = 0
(x + y - 3)(2x + y - 1) = 0
∴ 2x2 + xy - x + 2xy + y2 - y - 6x - 3y + 3 = 0
∴ 2x2 + 3xy + y2 - 7x - 4y + 3 = 0

Miscellaneous Exercise 4 | Q 1.03 | Page 130

Find the joint equation of the line passing through the origin having slopes 2 and 3.

Solution: We know that the equation of the line passing through the origin and having
slope m is y = mx. Equations of the lines passing through the origin and having slopes 2
and 3 are y = 2x and y = 3x respectively. i.e. their equations are

2x - y = 0 and 3x - y = 0 respectively.

∴ their joint equation is

(2x - y)(3x - y) = 0

∴ 6x2 - 2xy - 3xy + y2 = 0

∴ 6x2 - 5xy + y2 = 0

Miscellaneous Exercise 4 | Q 1.04 | Page 130

Find the joint equation of the line passing through the origin and having inclinations 60°
and 120°.
Solution: Slope of the line having inclination θ is tan θ.
Inclinations of the given lines are 60° and 120°
∴ their slopes are m1 = tan 60° = √3 and
m2 = tan 120° = tan (180° - 60°)
= - tan 60° = - √3.
Since the lines pass through the origin, their equations are

Miscellaneous Exercise 4 | Q 1.05 | Page 130

Find the joint equation of the line passing through (1, 2) and parallel to the coordinate
axes
Solution: Equations of the coordinate axes are x = 0 and y = 0
∴ the equations of the lines passing through (1, 2) and parallel to the coordinate axes
are x = 1 and y = 2.
i.e. x - 1 = 0 and y - 2 = 0
∴ their combined equation is
(x - 1)(y - 2) = 0
∴ x(y - 2) - 1(y - 2) = 0
∴ xy - 2x - y + 2 = 0

Miscellaneous Exercise 4 | Q 1.06 | Page 130

Find the joint equation of the line passing through (3, 2) and parallel to the lines x = 2
and y = 3.
Solution: Equations of the lines passing through (3, 2) and parallel to the lines x = 2
and y = 3 are x = 3 and y = 2.
i.e. x - 3 = 0 and y - 2 = 0
∴ their joint equation is
(x - 3)(y - 2) = 0
∴ xy - 2x - 3y + 6 = 0

Miscellaneous Exercise 4 | Q 1.07 | Page 131

Find the joint equation of the line passing through (-1, 2) and perpendicular to x + 2y + 3
= 0 and 3x - 4y - 5 = 0
Solution: Let L1 and L2 be the lines passing through the origin and perpendicular to the
lines x + 2y + 3 = 0 and 3x - 4y - 5 = 0 respectively.
Miscellaneous Exercise 4 | Q 1.08 | Page 131

Find the joint equation of the line passing through the origin and having slopes 1
+ √3 and 1 - √3

Solution:
Miscellaneous Exercise 4 | Q 1.09 | Page 131
Find the joint equation of the line which are at a distance of 9 units from the Y-axis.
Solution: Equations of the lines, which are parallel to the Y-axis and at a distance of 9
units from it, are x = 9 and x = - 9
i.e. x - 9 = 0 and x + 9 = 0

∴ their combined equation is

(x - 9)(x + 9) = 0
∴ x2 - 81 = 0

Miscellaneous Exercise 4 | Q 1.1 | Page 131

Find the joint equation of the line passing through the point (3, 2), one of which is
parallel to the line x - 2y = 2, and other is perpendicular to the line y = 3.
Solution:

∴ 2y - 4 = x - 3
∴ x - 2y + 1 = 0
Let L2 be the line passes through (3, 2) and perpendicular to the line y = 3.
∴ equation of the line L2 is of the form x = a. Since L2 passes through (3, 2), 3 = a.
∴ equation of the line L2 is x = 3, i.e. x - 3 = 0
Hence, the equations of the required lines are
x - 2y + 1 = 0 and x - 3 = 0
∴ their joint equation is
(x - 2y + 1)(x - 3) = 0
∴ x2 - 2xy + x - 3x + 6y - 3 = 0
∴ x2 - 2xy - 2x + 6y - 3 = 0

Miscellaneous Exercise 4 | Q 1.11 | Page 131

Find the joint equation of the line passing through the origin and perpendicular to the
lines x + 2y = 19 and 3x + y = 18
Solution: Let L1 and L2 be the lines passing through the origin and perpendicular to the
lines x + 2y = 19 and 3x + y = 18 respectively.

Slopes of the lines x + 2y = 19 and 3x + y = 18 are – 1/2 and – 3/1 = -3 respectively.

∴ slopes of the lines L1 and L2 are 2 and 1/3 respectively.

Since the lines L1 and L2 pass through the origin, their equations are

y = 2x and y = 1/3 x

i.e. 2x - y = 0 and x - 3y = 0

∴ their combined equation is

(2x - y)(x - 3y) = 0

∴ 2x2 - 6xy - xy + 3y2 = 0

∴ 2x2 - 7xy + 3y2 = 0

Miscellaneous Exercise 4 | Q 2.1 | Page 131

Show that the following equations represents a pair of line:
x2 + 2xy - y2 = 0
Solution: Comparing the equation x2 + 2xy - y2 = 0 with ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0, we get,
a = 1, 2h = 2 i,e, h = 1, and b = - 1
∴ h2 - ab = (1)2 - 1(- 1) = 1 + 2 = 2 > 0
Since the equation x2 + 2xy - y2 = 0 is a homogeneous equation of second degree and
h2 - ab > 0, the given equation represents a pair of lines which are real and distinct.

Miscellaneous Exercise 4 | Q 2.2 | Page 131

Show that the following equations represents a pair of line:
4x2 + 4xy + y2 = 0
Solution: Comparing the equation 4x2 + 4xy + y2 = 0 with ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0, we get,
a = 4, 2h = 4 i,e, h = 2, and b = 1
∴ h2 - ab = (2)2 - 4(1) = 4 - 4 = 0
Since the equation 4x2 + 4xy + y2 = 0 is a homogeneous equation of second degree and
h2 - ab = 0, the given equation represents a pair of lines which are real and coincident.
Miscellaneous Exercise 4 | Q 2.3 | Page 131
Show that the following equations represent a pair of line:
x2 - y2 = 0
Solution: Comparing the equation x2 - y2 = 0 with ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0, we get,
a = 1, 2h = 0 i,e, h = 0, and b = - 1
∴ h2 - ab = (0)2 - 1 (- 1) = 0 + 1 = 1 > 0
Since the equation x2 - y2 = 0 is a homogeneous equation of second degree and h 2 - ab
> 0, the given equation represents a pair of lines which are real and distinct.

Miscellaneous Exercise 4 | Q 2.4 | Page 131

Show that the following equations represent a pair of line:
x2 + 7xy - 2y2 = 0

Solution: Comparing the equation x2 + 7xy - 2y2 = 0 with ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0, we get,

Since the equation x2 + 7xy - 2y2 = 0 is a homogeneous equation of second degree and
h2 - ab > 0, the given equation represents a pair of lines which are real and distinct.
Miscellaneous Exercise 4 | Q 2.5 | Page 131
Show that the following equations represent a pair of line:

Solution:
Miscellaneous Exercise 4 | Q 3.1 | Page 131
Find the separate equation of the line represented by the following equation:
6x2 - 5xy - 6y2 = 0
Solution: 6x2 - 5xy - 6y2 = 0
∴ 6x2 - 9xy + 4xy - 6y2 = 0
∴ 3x (2x - 3y) + 2y(2x - 3y) = 0
∴ (2x - 3y)(3x + 2y) = 0
the separate equations of the lines are
2x - 3y = 0 and 3x + 2y = 0.

Miscellaneous Exercise 4 | Q 3.2 | Page 131

Find the separate equation of the line represented by the following equation:
x2 - 4y2 = 0
Solution: x2 - 4y2 = 0
∴ x2 - (2y)2 = 0
∴ (x - 2y)(x + 2y) = 0
the separate equations of the lines are
x - 2y = 0 and x + 2y = 0

Miscellaneous Exercise 4 | Q 3.3 | Page 131

Find the separate equation of the line represented by the following equation:
3x2 - y2 = 0

Solution:

Miscellaneous Exercise 4 | Q 3.4 | Page 131

Find the separate equation of the line represented by the following equation:
2x2 + 2xy - y2 = 0
Solution: 2x2 + 2xy - y2 = 0
The auxiliary equation is - m2 + 2m + 2 = 0
∴ m2 - 2m - 2 = 0
Miscellaneous Exercise 4 | Q 4.1 | Page 131
Find the joint equation of the pair of a line through the origin and perpendicular to
the lines given by
x2 + 4xy - 5y2 = 0
Solution: Comparing the equation x2 + 4xy - 5y2 = 0 with ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0, we get,
a = 1, 2h = 4, b = -5
Let m1 and m2 be the slopes of the lines represented by x2 + 4xy - 5y2 = 0

i.e. m1y = - x and m2y = - x

i.e. x + m1y = 0 and x + m2y = 0
∴ their combined equation is
(x + m1y)(x + m2y) = 0
∴ x2 + (m1 + m2)xy + m1m2y2 = 0
Miscellaneous Exercise 4 | Q 4.2 | Page 131
Find the joint equation of the pair of a line through the origin and perpendicular to
the lines given by
2x2 - 3xy - 9y2 = 0
Solution: Comparing the equation 2x2 - 3xy - 9y2 = 0 with ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0, we get,
a = 2, 2h = - 3, b = - 9
Let m1 and m2 be the slopes of the lines represented by 2x2 - 3xy - 9y2 = 0

i.e. m1y = - x and m2y = - x

i.e. x + m1y = 0 and x + m2y = 0
∴ their combined equation is
(x + m1y)(x + m2y) = 0
∴ x2 + (m1 + m2)xy + m1m2y2 = 0

Miscellaneous Exercise 4 | Q 4.3 | Page 131

Find the joint equation of the pair of a line through the origin and perpendicular to
the lines given by
x2 + xy - y2 = 0
Solution: Comparing the equation x2 + xy - y2 = 0 with ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0, we get,
a = 1, 2h = 1, b = - 1
Let m1 and m2 be the slopes of the lines represented by x2 + xy - y2 = 0

i.e. m1y = - x and m2y = - x

i.e. x + m1y = 0 and x + m2y = 0
∴ their combined equation is
(x + m1y)(x + m2y) = 0
∴ x2 + (m1 + m2)xy + m1m2y2 = 0

Miscellaneous Exercise 4 | Q 5.1 | Page 131

Find k, if the sum of the slopes of the lines given by 3x2 + kxy - y2 = 0 is zero.
Solution: Comparing the equation 3x2 + kxy - y2 = 0 with ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0, we get,
a = 3, 2h = k, b = -1
Let m1 and m2 be the slopes of the lines represented by 3x2 + kxy - y2 = 0.

Miscellaneous Exercise 4 | Q 5.2 | Page 131

Find k, if the sum of the slopes of the lines given by x2 + kxy - 3y2 = 0 is equal to their
product.
Solution: Comparing the equation x2 + kxy - 3y2 = 0 with ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0, we get,
a = 1, 2h = k, b = - 3
Let m1 and m2 be the slopes of the lines represented by x2 + kxy - 3y2 = 0.

Miscellaneous Exercise 4 | Q 5.3 | Page 131

Find k, if the slope of one of the lines given by 3x2 - 4xy + ky2 = 0 is 1.
Solution: The auxiliary equation of the lines given by 3x2 - 4xy + ky2 = 0 is km2 - 4m + 3
=0
Given, slope of one of the lines is 1.
∴ m = 1 is the root of the auxiliary equation km2 - 4m + 3 = 0
∴ k(1)2 - 4(1) + 3 = 0
∴k-4+3=0
∴k=1

Miscellaneous Exercise 4 | Q 5.4 | Page 131

Find k, if one of the lines given by 3x2 - kxy + 5y2 = 0 is perpendicular to the line 5x + 3y
= 0.
Solution:
Miscellaneous Exercise 4 | Q 5.5 | Page 131
Find k if the slope of one of the lines given by 3x2 + 4xy + ky2 = 0 is three times the
other.
Solution: 3x2 + 4xy + ky2 = 0
∴ divide by x2
k = 1 or k = 0
Miscellaneous Exercise 4 | Q 5.6 | Page 131
Find k, if the slopes of lines given by kx2 + 5xy + y2 = 0 differ by 1.
Solution: Comparing the equation kx2 + 5xy + y2 = 0 with ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0, we get,
the slope of the line differ by (m1 - m2) = 1 ....(1)
∴ (m1 - m2)2 = (m1 + m2)2 - 4m1m2
(m1 - m2)2 = (- 5)2 - 4(k)
(m1 - m2)2 = 25 - 4k
1 = 25 - 4k .....[By(1)]
4k = 24
k=6

Miscellaneous Exercise 4 | Q 5.7 | Page 131

Find k, if one of the lines given by 6x2 + kxy + y2 = 0 is 2x + y = 0.
Solution: The auxiliary equation of the lines represented by 6x2 + kxy + y2 = 0 is m2 +
km + 6 = 0
Since one of the line is 2x + y = 0 whose slope is m = - 2.
∴ m = - 2 is the root of the auxiliary equation m2 + km + 6 = 0.
∴ (-2)2 + k(-2) + 6 = 0
∴ 4 - 2k + 6 = 0
∴ 2k = 10
∴k=5

Miscellaneous Exercise 4 | Q 6 | Page 131

Find the joint equation of the pair of lines which bisect angles between the lines given
by x2 + 3xy + 2y2 = 0
Solution: x2 + 3xy + 2y2 = 0
∴ x2 + 2xy + xy + 2y2 = 0
∴ x(x + 2y) + y(x + 2y) = 0
∴ (x + 2y)(x + y) = 0
∴ separate equations of the lines represented by x2 + 3xy + 2y2 = 0 are x + 2y = 0 and x
+y=0
Let P (x, y) be any point on one of the angle bisector. Since the points on the angle
bisectors are equidistant from both the lines,

the distance of P(x, y) from the line x + 2y = 0

= the distance of P(x, y) from the line x + y = 0

∴ 2(x + 2y)2 = 5(x + y)2

∴ 2(x2 + 4xy + 4y2) = 5(x2 + 2xy + y2)
∴ 2x2 + 8xy + 8y2 = 5x2 + 10xy + 5y2
∴ 3x2 + 2xy - 3y2 = 0
This is the required joint equation of the lines which bisect the angles between the lines
represented by x2 + 3xy + 2y2 = 0

Miscellaneous Exercise 4 | Q 7 | Page 131

Find the joint equation of the pair of lines through the origin and making an equilateral
triangle with the line x = 3.
Solution:
Let OA and OB be the lines through the origin making an angle of 60° with the line x =
3.
∴ OA and OB make an angle of 30° and 150° with the positive direction of X-axis.
Miscellaneous Exercise 4 | Q 8 | Page 131
Show that the lines x2 - 4xy + y2 = 0 and x + y = 10 contain the sides of an equilateral
triangle. Find the area of the triangle.
Solution: We find the joint equation of the pair of lines OA and OB through origin, each
making an angle of 60° with x + y = 10 whose slope is - 1.
Let OA(or OB) has slope m.
∴ its equation is y - mx ....(1)

∴ 3(1 - 2m + m2) = m2 + 2m + 1
∴ 3 - 6m + 3m2 = m2 + 2m + 1
∴ 2m2 - 8m + 2 = 0
∴ m2 - 4m + 1 = 0

∴ y2 - 4xy + x2 = 0
∴ x2 - 4xy + y2 = 0 is the joint equation of the two lines through the origin each making
an angle of 60° with x + y = 10
∴ x2 - 4xy + y2 = 0 and x + y = 10 form a triangle OAB which is equilateral.
Let seg OM perpendicular line AB whose question is x + y = 10
Miscellaneous Exercise 4 | Q 9 | Page 131
If the slope of one of the lines given by ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0 is three times the other,
prove that 3h2 = 4ab.
Solution: Let m1 and m2 be the slopes of the lines represented by ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0
We are given that m2 = 3m1

Miscellaneous Exercise 4 | Q 10 | Page 132

Find the combined equation of bisectors of angles between the lines represented by
5x2 + 6xy - y2 = 0.
Solution: Comparing the equation 5x2 + 6xy - y2 = 0 with ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0, we
get,
a = 5, 2h = 6, b = -1
Let m1 and m2 be the slopes of the lines represented by 5x2 + 6xy - y2 = 0.

The separate equations of the lines are

y = m1x and y = m2x, where m1 ≠ m2
i.e. m1x - y = 0 and m2x - y = 0.
Let P(x, y) be any point on one of the bisector of the angles between the lines.
∴ the distance of P from the line m1x - y = 0 is equal to the distance of P from the line
m2x - y = 0.
∴ 6x2 - 10xy - 2xy - 6y2 = 0 ...[By (1)]
∴ 6x2 - 12xy - 6y2 = 0
∴ x2 - 2xy - y2 = 0
This is the joint equation of the bisectors of the angles between the lines represented by
5x2 + 6xy - y2 = 0.

Miscellaneous Exercise 4 | Q 11 | Page 132

Find an if the sum of the slope of lines represented by ax2 + 8xy + 5y2 = 0 is twice their
product.
Solution: Comparing the equation ax2 + 8xy + 5y2 = 0 with ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0, we
get, a = a, 2h = 8, b = 5
Let m1 and m2 be the slopes of the lines represented by ax2 + 8xy + 5y2 = 0.

Miscellaneous Exercise 4 | Q 12 | Page 132

If the line 4x - 5y = 0 coincides with one of the lines given by ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0, then
show that 25a + 40h + 16b = 0
Solution: The auxiliary equation of the lines represented by ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0 is
bm2 + 2hm + a = 0.
Given that 4x - 5y = 0 is one of the lines represented by ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0.
Miscellaneous Exercise 4 | Q 13.1 | Page 132
Show that the following equation represents a pair of line. Find the acute angle
between them:
9x2 - 6xy + y2 + 18x - 6y + 8 = 0
Solution: Comparing this equation with
ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0, we get,
a = 9, h = -3, b = 1, g = 9, f = - 3 and c = 8

= 9(8 - 9) + 3(- 24 + 27) + 9(9 - 9)

= 9(-1) + 3(3) + 9(0)
=-9+9+0=0
and h2 - ab = (- 3)2 - 9(1) = 9 - 9 = 0
∴ the given equation represents a pair of lines.
Let θ be the acute angle between the lines.

Miscellaneous Exercise 4 | Q 13.2 | Page 132

Show that the following equation represents a pair of line. Find the acute angle
between them:
2x2 + xy - y2 + x + 4y - 3 = 0
Solution: Comparing this equation with
ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0, we get,
∴ θ = tan-1 (3)
Miscellaneous Exercise 4 | Q 13.3 | Page 132
Show that the following equation represents a pair of line. Find the acute angle
between them:
(x - 3)2 + (x - 3)(y - 4) - 2(y - 4)2 = 0
Solution: Put x - 3 = X and y - 4 = Y in the given equation, we get,
X2 + XY - 2Y2= 0
Comparing this equation with ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0, we get,
a = 1, h = 1/2, b = - 2
This is the homogeneous equation of second degree
Miscellaneous Exercise 4 | Q 14 | Page 132
Find the combined equation of lines passing through the origin and each of which
making an angle of 60° with the Y-axis.
Solution:

Let OA and OB be the lines through the origin making an angle of 60° with the Y-axis.
Then OA and OB make an angle of 30° and 150° with the positive direction of X-axis.
Miscellaneous Exercise 4 | Q 15 | Page 132
If the lines represented by ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0 make angles of equal measure with the
coordinate axes, then show that a ± b.
OR
Show that, one of the lines represented by ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0 will make an angle of
the same measure with the X-axis as the other makes with the Y-axis, if a = ± b.
Solution:

Let OA and OB be the two lines through the origin represented by ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0.
Since these lines make angles of equal measure with the coordinate axes, they make
angles α and π/2 - α with the positive direction of X-axis or α and π/2 + α with the
positive direction of X-axis.
∴ slope of the line OA = m1 = tan α
and slope of the line OB = m2

i.e. m2 = cot α or m2 = - cot α

∴ m1m2 = tan α × cot α = 1
OR m1m2 = tan α (- cot α) = - 1
i.e. m1m2 = ± 1
But m1m2 = ab
∴ a/b=±1
∴a=±b
This is the required condition.

Miscellaneous Exercise 4 | Q 16 | Page 132

Show that the combined equation of the pair of lines passing through the origin and
each making an angle α with the line x + y = 0 is x2 + 2(sec 2α)xy + y2 = 0
Solution: Let OA and OB be the required lines.
Let OA (or OB) has slope m.
∴ its equation is y = mx ...(1)
It makes an angle α with x + y = 0 whose slope is - 1.

∴ tan2α (1 - 2m + m2) = m2 + 2m + 1
∴ tan2α - 2mtan2α + m2tan2α = m2 + 2m + 1
∴ (tan2α - 1)m2 - 2(1 + tan2α)m + (tan2α - 1) = 0
Miscellaneous Exercise 4 | Q 17 | Page 132
Show that the line 3x + 4y + 5 = 0 and the lines (3x + 4y)2 - 3(4x - 3y)2 = 0 form the
sides of an equilateral triangle.
Solution: The slope of the line 3x + 4y + 5 = 0 is m1 = -3/4
Let m be the slope of one of the line making an angle of 60° with the line 3x + 4y + 5 =
0. The angle between the lines having slope m and m 1 is 60°.
∴ 3(4 - 3m)2 = (4m + 3)2
∴ 3(16 - 24m + 9m2) = 16m2 + 24m + 9
∴ 48 - 72m + 27m2 = 16m2 + 24m + 9
∴ 11m2 - 96m + 39 = 0
This is the auxiliary equation of the two lines and their joint equation is obtained by
putting m = y/x.
∴ the combined equation of the two lines is

∴ 11y2 - 96xy + 39x2 = 0

∴ 39x2 - 96xy + 11y2 = 0
∴ 39x2 - 96xy + 11y2 = 0 is the joint equation of the two lines through the origin each
making an angle of 60° with the line 3x + 4y + 5 = 0
The equation 39x2 - 96xy + 11y2 = 0 can be written as: - 39x2 + 96xy - 11y2 = 0

i.e. (3x + 4y)2 - 3(4x - 3y)2 = 0

Hence, the line 3x + 4y + 5 = 0 and the lines (3x + 4y)2 - 3(4x - 3y)2 form the sides of an
equilateral triangle.

Miscellaneous Exercise 4 | Q 18 | Page 132

Show that the lines x2 - 4xy + y2 = 0 and the line x + y = √6 form an equilateral triangle.
Find its area and perimeter.
Solution: x2 - 4xy + y2 = 0 and x + y = √6 form a triangle OAB which is equilateral.
Let OM be the perpendicular from the origin O to AB whose equation is x + y = √6

∴ length of the each side of the equilateral triangle OAB = 2 units.

∴ perimeter of Δ OAB = 3 × length of each side

= 3 × 2 = 6 units

Miscellaneous Exercise 4 | Q 19 | Page 132

If the slope of one of the lines given by ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0 is square of the slope of the
other line, show that a2b + ab2 + 8h3 = 6abh.
Solution: Let m be the slope of one of the lines given by ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0.
Then the other line has slope m2

Multiplying by b3, we get,

- 8h3 = ab2 + a2b - 6abh
∴ a2b + ab2 + 8h3 = 6abh
This is the required condition.

Miscellaneous Exercise 4 | Q 20 | Page 132

Solution: Let m1 and m2 be the slopes of the lines represented by ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0
Miscellaneous Exercise 4 | Q 21 | Page 132
Show that the difference between the slopes of the lines given by (tan 2θ + cos2θ)x2 - 2xy
tan θ + (sin2θ)y2 = 0 is two.
Solution: Comparing the equation
(tan2θ + cos2θ)x2 - 2xy tan θ + (sin2θ)y2 = 0
with ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0, wew get,
a = tan2θ + cos2θ,
2h = - 2tan θ
b = sin2θ
Let m1 and m2 be the slopes of the lines represented by the given equation.
∴ |m1 - m2| = 2
∴ the slopes differ by 2.

Miscellaneous Exercise 4 | Q 22 | Page 132

Find the condition that the equation ay2 + bxy + ex + dy = 0 may represent a pair of
lines.
Solution: Comparing the equation ay2 + bxy + ex + dy = 0 with Ax2 + 2Hxy + By2 + 2Gx
+ 2Fy + C = 0, we get,

i.e. if bed - ae2 = 0

i.e. if e(bd - ae) = 0
i.e. if e = 0 or bd - ae = 0
i.e. if e = 0 or bd = ae
This is the required condition.

Miscellaneous Exercise 4 | Q 23 | Page 132

If the lines given by ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0 form an equilateral triangle with the line lx + my
= 1, show that (3a + b)(a + 3b) = 4h2.
Solution: Since the lines ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0 form an equilateral triangle with the line
lx + my = 1, the angle between the lines
ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0 is 60°.

∴ 3(a + b)2 = 4(h2 - ab)

∴ 3(a2 + 2ab + b2) = 4h2 - 4ab
∴ 3a2 + 6ab + 3b2 + 4ab = 4h2
∴ 3a2 + 10ab + 3b2 = 4h2
∴ 3a2 + 9ab + ab + 3b2 = 4h2
∴ 3a(a + 3b) + b(a + 3b) = 4h2
∴ (3a + b)(a + 3b) = 4h2
This is the required condition.

Miscellaneous Exercise 4 | Q 24 | Page 132

If the line x + 2 = 0 coincides with one of the lines represented by the equation x 2 + 2xy
+ 4y + k = 0, then prove that k = - 4.
Solution: One of the lines represented by x2 + 2xy + 4y + k = 0 is x + 2 = 0. .....(1)
Let the other line represented by (1) be ax + by + c = 0
∴ their combined equation is (x + 2)(ax + by + c) = 0
∴ ax2 + bxy + cx + 2ax + 2by + 2c = 0
∴ ax2 + bxy + (2a + c)x + 2by + 2c = 0 ...(2)
As the equations (1) and (2) are the combined equations of the same two lines, they are
identical.
∴ by comparing their corresponding coefficients, we get,

Miscellaneous Exercise 4 | Q 25 | Page 132

Prove that the combined of the pair of lines passing through the origin and
perpendicular to the lines ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0 is bx2 - 2hxy + ay2 = 0.
Solution: Let m1 and m2 be the slopes of the lines represented by ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0.

i.e. m1y = - x and m2y = - x

i.e. x + m1y = 0 and x + m2y = 0
∴ their combined equation is
(x + m1y)(x + m2y) = 0
∴ x2 + (m1 + m2)xy + m1m2y2 = 0
Miscellaneous Exercise 4 | Q 26 | Page 132
If equation ax2 - y2 + 2y + c = 1 represents a pair of perpendicular lines, then find a and
c.
Solution: The given equation represents a pair of lines perpendicular to each other.
∴ coefficient of x2 + coefficient of y2 = 0
∴a-1=0
∴a=1
With this value of a, the given equation is
x2 - y2 + 2y + c - 1 = 0
Comparing this equation with
Ax2 + 2Hxy + By2 + 2Gx + 2Fy + C = 0, we get,
A = 1, H = 0, B = -1, G = 0, F = 1, C = c - 1
Since the given equation represents a pair of lines,
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 Vectors

EXERCISE 5.1 [PAGES 151 - 152]

Exercise 5.1 | Q 1 | Page 151

Solution:
Exercise 5.1 | Q 2 | Page 151

Solution:
[Note: point (i) answer in the textbook is incorrect.]

Exercise 5.1 | Q 3 | Page 151

Solution:
Exercise 5.1 | Q 4 | Page 151

Solution:
Exercise 5.1 | Q 5 | Page 151

Solution:
Exercise 5.1 | Q 6 | Page 151

Solution:

Exercise 5.1 | Q 7 | Page 151

Solution:
Exercise 5.1 | Q 8 | Page 151

Find the distance of (4, - 2, 6) from each of the following:

(a) The XY-plane
(b) The YZ-plane
(c) The XZ-plane
(d) The X-axis
(e) The Y-axis
(f) The Z-axis.
Solution: Let the point A be (4, - 2, 6).
Then,
(a) The distance of A from XY-plane = |z| = 6
(b) The distance of A from YZ-plane = |x| = 4
(c) The distance of A from ZX-plane = |y| = 2
(d) The distance of A from X-axis
Exercise 5.1 | Q 9.1 | Page 152

Find the coordinates of the point which is located three units behind the YZ-plane, four
units to the right of XZ-plane, and five units above the XY-plane.
Solution: Let the coordinates of the point be (x, y, z). Since the point is located 3 units
behind the YZ-plane, 4 units to the right of XZ-plane and 5 units above the XY-plane, x
= -3, y = 4 and z = 5
Hence, coordinates of the required point are (3, 4, 5)

Exercise 5.1 | Q 9.2 | Page 152

Find the coordinates of the point which is located in the YZ-plane, one unit to the right of
the XZ- plane, and six units above the XY-plane.
Solution: Let the coordinates of the point be (x, y, z). Since the point is located in the
YZ plane, x0. Also, the point is one unit to the right of XZ-plane and six units above the
XY-plane.
∴ y = 1, z = 6
Hence, coordinates of the required point are (0,1, 6).

Exercise 5.1 | Q 10 | Page 152

Find the area of the traingle with vertices (1, 1, 0), (1, 0, 1) and (0, 1, 1).
Solution:
Exercise 5.1 | Q 11 | Page 152

Solution:
Exercise 5.1 | Q 12.1 | Page 152
Show that the following points are collinear:
A = (3, 2, -4), B = (9, 8, -10), C = (-2, -3, 1)

Solution:
Exercise 5.1 | Q 12.2 | Page 152
Show that the following points are collinear:
P = (4, 5, 2), Q = (3, 2, 4), R = (5, 8, 0).

Solution:
Exercise 5.1 | Q 13 | Page 152

Solution:
Exercise 5.1 | Q 14 | Page 152

Are the four points A(1, -1, 1), B(-1, 1, 1), C(1, 1, 1) and D(2, -3, 4) coplanar? Justify
your answer.
Solution:

By equality of vectors,

y=-2 ....(1)

2x - 2y = 2 .....(2)
3y = 0 ....(3)

From (1), y = - 2

From (3), y = 0

This is not possible.

Hence, the points A, B, C, D are not coplanar.

Exercise 5.1 | Q 15 | Page 152

Solution:
EXERCISE 5.2 [PAGE 160]

Exercise 5.2 | Q 1.1 | Page 160

Solution:
Exercise 5.2 | Q 1.2 | Page 160

Solution:
Exercise 5.2 | Q 2 | Page 160

Find the position vector of midpoint M joining the points L(7, - 6, 12) and N(5, 4, - 2).
Solution:

Exercise 5.2 | Q 3 | Page 160

If the points A (3, 0, p), B (- 1, q, 3) and C (- 3, 3, 0) are collinear, then find

(i) the ratio in which the point C divides the line segment AB
(ii) the values of p and q.
Solution:
By equality of vectors, we have,
- 3(λ + 1) = - λ + 3 ....(1)
3(λ + 1) = λq .....(2)
0 = 3λ + p ....(3)
From equation (1), - 3λ - 3 = - λ + 3
∴ - 2λ = 6
∴λ=-3
∴ C divides segment AB externally in the ratio 3 : 1.
(ii) Putting λ = - 3 in equation (2), we get
3(- 3 + 1) = -3q
∴ - 6 = - 3q
∴q=2
Also, putting λ = - 3 in equation (3), we get
0=-9+p
∴p=9
Hence p = 9 and q = 2.

Exercise 5.2 | Q 4 | Page 160

Solution:

Exercise 5.2 | Q 5 | Page 160

Prove that the line segments joining the midpoints of the adjacent sides of a
quadrilateral form a parallelogram.
Solution:
Exercise 5.2 | Q 6 | Page 160

D and E divide sides BC and CA of a triangle ABC in the ratio 2 : 3 each. Find the
position vector of the point of intersection of AD and BE and the ratio in which this point
divides AD and BE.
Solution:
LHS is the position vector of the point which divides segment AD internally in the ratio
15 : 4.
RHS is the position vector of the point which divides segment BE internally in the ratio
10 : 9.
But P is the point of intersection of AD and BE.
∴ P divides AD internally in the ratio 15 : 4 and P divides BE internally in the ratio 10 : 9.
Hence, the position vector of the point of interaction of AD and BE is

and it divides AD internally in the ratio 15 : 4 and BE internally in the ratio 10 : 9.

Exercise 5.2 | Q 7 | Page 160

Prove that a quadrilateral is a parallelogram if and only if its diagonals bisect each other.
Solution:
By (1), they are equal.
∴ the midpoints of the diagonals AC and BD are the same.
This shows that the diagonals AC and BD bisect each other.
(ii) Conversely, suppose that the diagonals AC and BD of □ ABCD bisect each other,
i.e. they have the same midpoint.
∴ the position vectors of these midpoints are equal.
Exercise 5.2 | Q 8 | Page 160

Prove that the median of a trapezium is parallel to the parallel sides of the trapezium
and its length is half of the sum of the lengths of the parallel sides.
Solution:
Exercise 5.2 | Q 9 | Page 160

If two of the vertices of a triangle are A (3, 1, 4) and B(- 4, 5, - 3) and the centroid of the
triangle is at G (- 1, 2, 1), then find the coordinates of the third vertex C of the triangle.
Solution:
Exercise 5.2 | Q 10 | Page 160

In Δ OAB, E is the midpoint of OB and D is the point on AB such that AD : DB = 2 : 1. If

OD and AE intersect at P, then determine the ratio OP : PD using vector methods.
Solution:
LHS is the position vector of the point which divides OD internally in the ratio 3 : 2.
RHS is the position vector of the point which divides AE internally in the ratio 4 : 1.
But OD and AE intersect at P
∴ P divides OD internally in the ratio 3 : 2.
Hence, OP : PD = 3 : 2.

Exercise 5.2 | Q 11 | Page 160

If the centroid of a tetrahedron OABC is (1, 2, - 1) where A(a, 2, 3), B(1, b, 2), C(2, 1, c),
find the distance of P(a, b, c) from origin.
Solution:
Exercise 5.2 | Q 12 | Page 160

Find the centroid of tetrahedron with vertices K(5, - 7, 0), L(1, 5, 3), M(4, - 6, 3), N(6, - 4,
2).
Solution:

Hence, the centroid of the tetrahedron is

G ≡ (4, -3, 2)
EXERCISE 5.3 [PAGES 169 - 170]

Exercise 5.3 | Q 1 | Page 169

Solution:
Exercise 5.3 | Q 2 | Page 169

Solution:
Exercise 5.3 | Q 3 | Page 169

Solution:
Exercise 5.3 | Q 4 | Page 169

Show that the sum of the length of projections of on the coordinate

axes, where p = 2, q = 3 and r = 4 is 9.
Solution:
Exercise 5.3 | Q 5 | Page 169

Suppose that all sides of a quadrilateral are equal in length and opposite sides are
parallel. Use vector methods to show that the diagonals are perpendicular.
Solution:
Exercise 5.3 | Q 6.1 | Page 169

Solution:
Exercise 5.3 | Q 6.2 | Page 169

Solution:

Exercise 5.3 | Q 6.3 | Page 169

Solution:
Exercise 5.3 | Q 6.4 | Page 169

Solution:

Exercise 5.3 | Q 7 | Page 169

Find the angle P of the triangle whose vertices are P(0, - 1, - 2), Q(3, 1, 4) and R(5, 7,
1).
Solution:
Exercise 5.3 | Q 8.1 | Page 169

Solution:
Exercise 5.3 | Q 8.2 | Page 169

Solution:
Exercise 5.3 | Q 9 | Page 169

Prove by vector method, that the angle subtended on semicircle is a right angle.
Solution: Let seg AB be a diameter of a circle with centre C and P be any point on the
circle other than A and B.
Then ∠APB is an angle subtended on a semicircle.
Exercise 5.3 | Q 10 | Page 169

If a vector has direction angles 45° and 60°, find the third direction angle.
Solution: Let α = 45°, β = 60°
We have to find γ.
∵ cos2 α + cos2 β + cos2 γ = 1
∴ cos245° + cos260° + cos2r = 1

[Note: Answer in the textbook is incomplete.]

Exercise 5.3 | Q 11 | Page 169

If a line makes angles 90°, 135°, 45° with the X-, Y- and Z-axes respectively, then find
its direction cosines.
Solution: Let l, m, n be the direction cosines of the line.
Then l = cos α, m = cos β, n = cos γ
Here, α = 90°, β = 135°, γ = 45°
∴ l = cos 90° = 0
m = cos 135° = cos (180° - 45°) = - cos 45°

Exercise 5.3 | Q 12 | Page 170

If a line has the direction ratios 4, - 12, 18, then find its direction cosines.
Solution: The direction ratios of the line are a = 4, b = - 12, c = 18.
Let l, m, n be the direction cosines of the line.
Exercise 5.3 | Q 13 | Page 170

Solution:
The coordinates of the points which are at a distance of d units from the point (x1, y1, z1)
are given by (x1 ± ld, y1 ± md, z1 ± nd)

Exercise 5.3 | Q 14 | Page 170

Find the angle between the lines whose direction cosines l, m, n satisfy the equations 5l
+ m + 3n = 0 and 5mn - 2nl + 6lm = 0.
Solution: Given, 5l + m + 3n = 0 ...(1)
and 5mn - 2nl + 6lm = 0 ....(2)
From (1), m = - (5l + 3n)
Putting the value of m in equation (2), we get,
-5(5l + 3n)n - 2nl - 6l(5l + 3n) = 0
∴ - 25ln - 15n2 - 2nl - 30l2 - 18ln = 0
∴ - 30l2 - 45ln - 15n2 = 0
∴ 2l2 + 3ln + n2 = 0
∴ 2l2 + 2ln + ln + n2 = 0
∴ 2l(l + n) + n(l + n) = 0
∴ (l + n)(2l + n) = 0
∴l+n=0 or 2l + n = 0
∴l=-n or n = - 2l
Now, m = - (5l + 3n), therefore, if l = - n,
m = - (5l + 3n), therefore, if l = - n
m = - (- 5n + 3n) = 2n

∴ the direction ratios of the second line are

a2 = 1, b2 = 1, c2 = - 2
Let θ be the angle between the lines.
[Note: Answer in the textbook is incorrect.]
EXERCISE 5.4 [PAGES 178 - 179]

Exercise 5.4 | Q 1 | Page 178

Solution:

Exercise 5.4 | Q 2 | Page 178

Solution:
[Note: Answer in the textbook is incorrect.]

Exercise 5.4 | Q 3 | Page 178

Solution:
Exercise 5.4 | Q 4 | Page 178

Solution:
[Note: Answer in the textbook is incorrect.]

Exercise 5.4 | Q 5.1 | Page 178

Solution:
Exercise 5.4 | Q 5.2 | Page 178

Solution:
[Note: Answer in the textbook is incorrect.]

Exercise 5.4 | Q 6 | Page 178

Solution:

Exercise 5.4 | Q 7 | Page 178

Solution:
Exercise 5.4 | Q 8 | Page 178

Solution:

Exercise 5.4 | Q 9 | Page 178

Solution:
Exercise 5.4 | Q 10 | Page 179

Solution:
Exercise 5.4 | Q 11 | Page 179

Solution:
Exercise 5.4 | Q 12 | Page 179

Solution:
Exercise 5.4 | Q 13 | Page 179

Solution:
By equality of vectors
2x = 0 i.e. x = 0
2y + z - 5 = 0 ....(1)
2z - y = 0 ....(2)
From (2), y = 2z
Substituting y = 2z in (1), we get
4z + z = 5
∴z=1
∴ y = 2z = 2(1) = 2
∴ x = 0, y = 2, z = 1

Exercise 5.4 | Q 14 | Page 179

Solution:
Exercise 5.4 | Q 15 | Page 179

Prove, by vector method, that sin (α + β) = sin α . cos β + cos α . sin β

Solution:

Let ∠XOP and ∠XOQ be in standard position and m∠XOP = - α ,m∠XOQ = β

Take a point A on ray OP and a point B on ray OQ such that OA = OB = 1.
Since cos (- α) = cos α
and sin (- α) = - sin α,
A is (cos (- α), sin (- α)),
i.e. (cos α, - sin α)
B is (cos β, sin β)
∴ from (1) and (2),
sin (α + β) = sin α cos β + cos α sin β

Exercise 5.4 | Q 16.1 | Page 179

Find the direction ratios of a vector perpendicular to the two lines whose direction ratios
are - 2, 1, - 1 and - 3, - 4, 1
Solution: Let a, b, c be the direction ratios of the vector which is perpendicular to the
two lines whose direction ratios are -2, 1, -1 and -3, -4, 1
∴ - 2a + b - c = 0 and - 3a - 4b + c = 0
Exercise 5.4 | Q 16.2 | Page 179

Find the direction ratios of a vector perpendicular to the two lines whose direction ratios
are 1, 3, 2 and - 1, 1, 2
Solution:
Exercise 5.4 | Q 17 | Page 179

Solution:

∴ - (aflm + bfm2 + agl2 + bglm) + chlm = 0

∴ agl2 + (af + bg - ch)lm + bfm2 = 0 ...(4)
Note that both l and m cannot be zero, because if l = m = 0, then from (3), we get
n = 0, which is not possible as l2 + m2 + n2 = 1
Let us take m ≠ 0.
Dividing equation (4) by m2, we get
If l1, m1, n1 and l2, m2, n2 are the direction cosines of the two lines given by the equation
(1) and (2), then
Exercise 5.4 | Q 18 | Page 179

If A(1, 2, 3) and B(4, 5, 6) are two points, then find the foot of the perpendicular from the
point B to the line joining the origin and the point A.
Solution:

Let M be the foot of the perpendicular drawn from B to the line joining O and A.
Let M = (x, y, z)
OM has direction ratios x - 0, y - 0, z - 0 = x, y, z
OA has direction ratios 1 - 0, 2 - 0, 3 - 0 = 1, 2, 3
But O, M, A are collinear.

∴ x = k, y = 2k, z = 3k
∴ m = (k, 2k, 3k)
BM has direction ratios
k - 4, 2k - 5, 3k - 6
∵ BM is perpendicular to OA.
∴ (1)(k - 4) + 2(2k - 5) + 3(3k - 6) = 0
∴ k - 4 + 4k - 10 + 9k - 18 = 0
∴ 14k = 32

[Note: Answer in the textbook is incorrect.]

EXERCISE 5.5 [PAGES 183 - 184]

Exercise 5.5 | Q 1 | Page 183

Solution:

Exercise 5.5 | Q 2 | Page 183

Solution:

Exercise 5.5 | Q 3 | Page 183

Solution:
Exercise 5.5 | Q 4.1 | Page 184

Solution:

Exercise 5.5 | Q 4.2 | Page 184

Solution:
Exercise 5.5 | Q 5 | Page 184

Solution:

Exercise 5.5 | Q 6 | Page 184

Solution:

Exercise 5.5 | Q 7 | Page 184

Find the volume of a tetrahedron whose vertices are A (- 1, 2, 3), B (3, - 2, 1), C (2, 1, 3)
and D (- 1, 2, 4).
Solution:

Exercise 5.5 | Q 8 | Page 184

Solution:
Exercise 5.5 | Q 9 | Page 184

Solution:
Exercise 5.5 | Q 10 | Page 184

Solution:

MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISE 5 [PAGES 187 - 189]

Miscellaneous exercise 5 | Q 1.01 | Page 187

 1. 24
2. - 24
3. 0
4. 48
Solution:

Miscellaneous exercise 5 | Q 1.02 | Page 188

1. 9/16
2. 3/4
3. 3/2
4. 4/3
Solution: 3/4

Miscellaneous exercise 5 | Q 1.03 | Page 188

Select the correct option from the given alternatives:
If sum of two unit vectors is itself a unit vector, then the magnitude of their difference is

1. √2
2. √3
3. 1
4. 2
Solution: √3

Miscellaneous exercise 5 | Q 1.04 | Page 188

 1. π/2
2. π/3
3. π/4
4. π/6
Solution: π/3

Miscellaneous exercise 5 | Q 1.05 | Page 188

Select the correct option from the given alternatives:
The volume of tetrahedron whose vectices are (1,-6,10), (-1, -3, 7), (5, -1, λ) and (7, -4,
7) is 11 cu units, then the value of λ is

1. 7
2. 2
3. 1
4. 5
Solution: 7

Miscellaneous exercise 5 | Q 1.06 | Page 188

Select the correct option from the given alternatives:
If α, β, γ are direction angles of a line and α = 60°, β = 45°, γ = ______.

1. 30° or 90°
2. 45° or 60°
3. 90° or 30°
4. 60° or 120°
Solution: 60° or 120°

Miscellaneous exercise 5 | Q 1.07 | Page 188

Select the correct option from the given alternatives:
The distance of the point (3, 4, 5) from Y-axis is

1. 3
 2. 5
3. √34
4. √41
Solution: √34

Miscellaneous exercise 5 | Q 1.08 | Page 188

Select the correct option from the given alternatives:
The line joining the points (2, 1, 8) and (a, b, c) is parallel to the line whose direction
ratios are 6, 2, 3. The value of a, b, c are

1. 4, 3, - 5
2. 1, 2, -13/2
3. 10, 5, -2
4. 3, 5, 11
Solution: 4, 3, - 5

Miscellaneous exercise 5 | Q 1.09 | Page 188

Select the correct option from the given alternatives:

If cos α, cos β, cos γ are the direction cosines of a line, then the value of sin2α + sin2β +
sin2γ is
1. 1
2. 2
3. 3
4. 4
Solution: 2

Miscellaneous exercise 5 | Q 1.1 | Page 188

1. null vector
2. the unit vector along the line
3. any vector along the line
4. a vector perpendicular to the line
Solution: the unit vector along the line

Miscellaneous exercise 5 | Q 1.11 | Page 188

1. [0, 6]
2. [-3, 6]
3. [3, 6]
4. [1, 2]
Solution: [0, 6]

Miscellaneous exercise 5 | Q 1.12 | Page 188

1. are collinear
2. form an equilateral triangle
3. form a scalene triangle
4. form a right angled triangle
Solution: form an equilateral triangle

Miscellaneous exercise 5 | Q 1.13 | Page 189

1. 9p2 = 4q2
2. 4p2 = 9q2
3. 9p = 4q
 4. 4p = 9q
Solution: 9p2 = 4q2

Miscellaneous exercise 5 | Q 1.14 | Page 189

1. √34/2
2. √48/2
3. √18
4. of the median through A is
Solution: √34/2

Miscellaneous exercise 5 | Q 1.15 | Page 189

1. 30°
2. 45°
3. 60°
4. 90°
Solution: 30°

Miscellaneous exercise 5 | Q 1.16 | Page 189

1. 0
 2. π/4
3. π/2
4. π
Solution: π/4

Miscellaneous exercise 5 | Q 1.17 | Page 189

1. 0
2. - 1
3. 1
4. 3
Solution: 1

Miscellaneous exercise 5 | Q 1.18 | Page 189

1. the arithmetic mean of a and b

2. the geometric mean of a and b
3. the harmonic man of a and b
4. 0
Solution: the geometric mean of a and b

Miscellaneous exercise 5 | Q 1.19 | Page 189

Solution:

Miscellaneous exercise 5 | Q 1.2 | Page 189

1. 3π/4
2. π/4
3. π/2
4. π
Solution: 3π/4
MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISE 5 [PAGES 190 - 193]

Miscellaneous exercise 5 | Q 1 | Page 190

Solution:

DC is parallel to AB and DC = 3AB.

[Note: In the textbook answer instead of p and q, a and b are written.]

Miscellaneous exercise 5 | Q 2 | Page 190

Solution:

Miscellaneous exercise 5 | Q 3 | Page 190

Solution:
Miscellaneous exercise 5 | Q 4 | Page 190

Solution:
Miscellaneous exercise 5 | Q 5 | Page 190

Solution:

Miscellaneous exercise 5 | Q 6 | Page 190

Solution:

Miscellaneous exercise 5 | Q 7.1 | Page 190

Find the lengths of the sides of the triangle and also determine the type of a
triangle:
A(2, -1, 0), B(4, 1, 1), C(4, -5, 4)

Solution:
Miscellaneous exercise 5 | Q 7.2 | Page 190
Find the lengths of the sides of the triangle and also determine the type of a
triangle:
L (3, -2, -3), M (7, 0, 1), N(1, 2, 1).

Solution:
Miscellaneous exercise 5 | Q 8.1 | Page 190

Solution:
Miscellaneous exercise 5 | Q 9 | Page 190

Solution:
Miscellaneous exercise 5 | Q 10 | Page 190

Solution:
Miscellaneous exercise 5 | Q 11 | Page 190

Find the unit vectors that are parallel to the tangent line to the parabola y = x2 at the
point (2, 4).
Solution:

∴ the equation of tangent at P is

y - 4 = 4(x - 2)
∴ y = 4x - 4
∴ y = 4x is equation of line parallel to the tangent at P and passing through the origin O.
4x = y, z = 0
Miscellaneous exercise 5 | Q 12 | Page 190

Solution:
Miscellaneous exercise 5 | Q 13 | Page 190

Solution: Choose any point P on the angle bisector of ∠AOB. Draw PM parallel to OB.
∴ ∠OPM = ∠POM = ∠POB
Hence, OM = MP

Miscellaneous exercise 5 | Q 15 | Page 191

Solution: Let A, B and P have position vectors a, b and p respectively.

∴ coordinates of B are (-4, 9, 6).

Miscellaneous exercise 5 | Q 16 | Page 191

Show that the sum of three vectors determined by the medians of a triangle directed
from the vertices is zero.
Solution:

Hence, Sum of the three vectors determined by the medians of a triangle directed from
the vertices is zero.

Miscellaneous exercise 5 | Q 17 | Page 191

ABCD is a parallelogram. E, F are the midpoints of BC and CD respectively. AE, AF

meet the diagonal BD at Q and P respectively. Show that P and Q trisect DB.
Solution:
LHS is the position vector of the point on AE and RHS is the position vector of the point
on DB. But AE and DB meet at Q.

LHS is the position vector of the point on AF and RHS is the position vector of the point
on DB. But AF and DB meet at P.
Miscellaneous exercise 5 | Q 18 | Page 191

Solution:

Miscellaneous exercise 5 | Q 19 | Page 191

Solution:
Miscellaneous exercise 5 | Q 20 | Page 191

In Δ OAB, E is the midpoint of OB and D is the point on AB such that AD : DB = 2 : 1. If

OD and AE intersect at P, then determine the ratio OP : PD using vector methods.
Solution:
LHS is the position vector of the point which divides OD internally in the ratio 3 : 2.
RHS is the position vector of the point which divides AE internally in the ratio 4 : 1.
But OD and AE intersect at P
∴ P divides OD internally in the ratio 3 : 2.
Hence, OP : PD = 3 : 2.

Miscellaneous exercise 5 | Q 21 | Page 191

Solution:

∴ 3x - 5y = - 1 ....(1)
∴ 2x + 7y = 6 ....(2)
∴x+y+z=5 ....(3)
From (3), z = 5 - x - y
Substituting this value of z in (1), we get
∴ 3x - 5(5 - x - y) = - 1
∴ 8x + 5y = 24 ....(4)
Multiplying (2) by 4 and subtracting from (4), we get
8x + 5y - 4(2x + 7y) = 24 - 6 × 4
∴ - 23y = 0
∴y=0
Substituting y = 0 in (2), we get
∴ 2x = 6
∴x=3
Substituting x = 3 in (1), we get
∴ 3(3) - 5z = - 1
∴ - 5z = - 10
∴z=2

Miscellaneous exercise 5 | Q 22 | Page 191

Solution:
Miscellaneous exercise 5 | Q 23 | Page 191

Solution:
Miscellaneous exercise 5 | Q 24 | Page 191

Solution:
By equality of vectors
3m + x = 5 ....(1)
y=-2
and m - 3x = 5 ......(2)
From (1) and (2)
3m + x = m - 3x
∴ 2m = - 4x
∴ m = - 2x
Substituting m = - 2x in (1), we get
∴ - 6x + x = 5
∴ - 5x = 5
∴x=-1
∴ m = - 2x = 2

Miscellaneous exercise 5 | Q 25 | Page 191

Find two unit vectors each of which makes equal angles with bar"u", bar"v" and bar"w"
where bar"u" = 2hat"i" + hat"j" - 2hat"k", bar"v" = hat"i" + 2hat"j" - 2hat"k", bar"w" =
2hat"i" - 2hat"j" + hat"k".
Solution:
Miscellaneous exercise 5 | Q 26 | Page 191

Find the acute angle between the curves at their points of intersection, y = x2, y = x3.
Solution: The angle between the curves is the same as the angle between their
tangents at the points of intersection.
We find the points of intersection of y = x2 ....(1) and y = x3 .....(2)
From (1) and (2)
x3 = x2
∴ x3 - x2 = 0
∴ x2(x - 1) = 0
∴ x = 0 or x = 1
When x = 0, y = 0.
When x = 1, y = 1.
∴ the points of intersection are
O = (0, 0) and P = (1, 1)

∴ equation of tangent to y = x3 at P is y = 0.
∴ the tangents to both curves at (0, 0) are y = 0
∴ angle between them is 0.
Angle at P = (1, 1)
Slope of tangent to y = x2 at P
∴ equation of tangent to y = x3 at P is y - 1 = 3(x - 1)
∴ y = 3x - 2
We have to find angle between y = 2x - 1 and y = 3x - 2
Lines through origin parallel to these tagents are
y = 2x and y = 3x
Miscellaneous exercise 5 | Q 27.1 | Page 191

Solution:

Miscellaneous exercise 5 | Q 28 | Page 191

Let bar"b" = 4hat"i" + 3hat"j" and bar"c" be two vectors perpendicular to each other in
the XY-plane. Find the vector in the same plane having projection 1 and 2 along bar"b"
and bar"c" respectively.
Solution:
Miscellaneous exercise 5 | Q 29 | Page 192

Show that no line in space can make angles π/6 and π/4 with X-axis and Y-axis.
Solution: Let, if possible, a line in space make angles π/6 and π/4 with X-axis and Y-
axis.
This is not possible, because cos γ is real.
∴ cos2γ cannot be negative.
Hence, there is no line in space which makes angles π/6 and π/4 with X-axis and Y-
axis.

Miscellaneous exercise 5 | Q 30 | Page 192

Find the angle between the lines whose direction cosines are given by the equations
6mn - 2nl + 5lm = 0, 3l + m + 5n = 0.
Solution: Given 6mn - 2nl + 5lm = 0 ....(1)
3l + m + 5n = 0. ...(2)
From (2), m = - 3l - 5n
Putting the value of m in equation (1), we get,
⇒ 6n(- 3l - 5n) - 2nl + 5l(- 3l - 5n) = 0
⇒ - 18nl - 30n2 - 2nl - 15l2 - 25nl = 0
⇒ - 30n2 - 45nl - 15l2 = 0
⇒ 2n2 + 3nl + l2 = 0
⇒ 2n2 + 2nl + nl + l2 = 0
⇒ (2n + l)(n + l) = 0
∴ 2n + l = 0 OR n+l=0
∴ l = - 2n OR l=-n
∴ l = - 2n
From (2), 3l + m + 5n = 0
∴ - 6n + m + 5n = 0
∴m=n
i.e. (- 2n, n, n) = (-2, 1, 1)
∴l=-n
∴- 3n + m + 5n = 0
∴ m = - 2n
i.e. (-n, - 2n, n) = (1, 2, -1)
(a1, b1, c1) = (-2, 1, 1) and (a2, b2, c2) = (1, 2, -1)
Miscellaneous exercise 5 | Q 31 | Page 192

If Q is the foot of the perpendicular from P (2, 4, 3) on the line joining the point A (1, 2,
4) and B(3, 4, 5), find coordinates of Q.
Solution: Let Q(x, y, z) be the co-ordinates then equation of line AB.

∴ x = 2k + 1 , y = 2k + 2, z = 2k + 4
General point on the line AB is 2k + 1, 2k + 2, k + 4
Let co-ordinate of Q be x = 2k + 1, y = 2k + 2, z = k + 4
dr's of line PQ is 2k + 1 - 2, 2k + 2 - 4, k + 4 - 3
i.e. 2k - 1, 2k - 2, k + 1
Since line PQ is perpendicular to line AB so,
∴ 2(2k - 1) + 2(2k - 2) + 1(k + 1) = 0
∴ 4k - 2 + 4k - 4 + k + 1 = 0
∴ 9k - 5 = 0

Miscellaneous exercise 5 | Q 32 | Page 192

Solution:

Consider the triangle ABC.

Complete the parallelogram ABDC.
Vector area of Δ ABC.
Miscellaneous exercise 5 | Q 33 | Page 192

Find a unit vector perpendicular to the plane containing the point (a, 0, 0), (0, b, 0) and
(0, 0, c). What is the area of the triangle with these vertices?
Solution:
Miscellaneous exercise 5 | Q 34.01 | Page 192

Solution: This is the scalar product of two vectors. Therefore, this expression is
meaningful and it is a scalar.

Miscellaneous exercise 5 | Q 34.02 | Page 192

Solution:
Miscellaneous exercise 5 | Q 34.03 | Page 192

Solution: This is vector product of two vectors. Therefore, this expression is meaningful
and it is a vector.

Miscellaneous exercise 5 | Q 34.04 | Page 192

Solution: This is meaningless because bar"a" is a vector, bar"b".bar"c" is a scalar and

the scalar product of vector and scalar is not defined.

Miscellaneous exercise 5 | Q 34.05 | Page 192

Solution:

Miscellaneous exercise 5 | Q 34.06 | Page 192

Solution: This is scalar product of two vectors. Therefore, this expression is meaningful
and it is a scalar.

Miscellaneous exercise 5 | Q 34.07 | Page 192

Solution:

Miscellaneous exercise 5 | Q 34.08 | Page 192

Solution: This is a scalar multiplication of a vector. Therefore, this expression is

meaningful and it is a vector.

Miscellaneous exercise 5 | Q 34.09 | Page 192

Solution: This is the product of two scalars. Therefore, this expression is meaningful
and it is a scalar.
Miscellaneous exercise 5 | Q 34.1 | Page 192

Solution: This is the scalar product of two vectors. Therefore, this expression is
meaningful and it is a scalar.

Miscellaneous exercise 5 | Q 34.11 | Page 192

Solution: This is the sum of scalar and vector which is not defined. Therefore, this
expression is meaningless.

Miscellaneous exercise 5 | Q 34.12 | Page 192

Solution:

Miscellaneous exercise 5 | Q 35 | Page 192

Solution:
Miscellaneous exercise 5 | Q 36.1 | Page 192

Solution:

Miscellaneous exercise 5 | Q 36.2 | Page 192

Solution:

Miscellaneous exercise 5 | Q 36.3 | Page 192

Solution:
Miscellaneous exercise 5 | Q 37.1 | Page 192

If A(3, 2, -1), B(-2, 2, -3), C(3, 5, -2), D(-2, 5, -4) then verify that the points are the
vertices of a parallelogram.
Solution:
Miscellaneous exercise 5 | Q 37.2 | Page 192

If A(3, 2, -1), B(-2, 2, -3), C(3, 5, -2), D(-2, 5, -4) then find its area.
Solution:
Miscellaneous exercise 5 | Q 38 | Page 193

Solution:

Miscellaneous exercise 5 | Q 39 | Page 192

Let hat"a", hat"b", hat"c" be unit vectors such that hat"a".hat"b" = hat"a".hat"c" = 0 and 6
the angle between hat"b" and hat"c" is pi/6. Prove that hat"a" = +- 2(hat"b" xx hat"c").
Solution:
Miscellaneous exercise 5 | Q 40 | Page 192

Find the value of ‘a’ so that the volume of parallelopiped formed by hat"i" + "a"hat"j" +
hat"k", hat"j" + "a"hat"k" and "a"hat"i" + hat"k" becomes minimum.
Solution:
Miscellaneous exercise 5 | Q 41 | Page 193

Find the volume of the parallelopiped spanned by the diagonals of the three faces of a
cube of side a that meet at one vertex of the cube.
Solution: Take origin O as one vertex of the cube and OA, OB and OC as the positive
directions of the X-axis, the Y-axis and the Z-axis respectively. Here, the sides of the
cube are
OA = OB = OC = a
∴ the coordinates of all the vertices of the cube will be
O (0, 0, 0) B(0, a, 0) N(a, a, 0) M(a, 0, a) A(a, 0, 0) C(0, 0, a) L (0, a, a) P(a, a, a)
ON, OL, OM are the three diagonals which meet at the vertex O
Miscellaneous exercise 5 | Q 42 | Page 192

Solution:

Miscellaneous exercise 5 | Q 43 | Page 193

Solution:

Miscellaneous exercise 5 | Q 44 | Page 193

Solution:
Miscellaneous exercise 5 | Q 45 | Page 193

Solution:
Miscellaneous exercise 5 | Q 46 | Page 193

Solution:
Miscellaneous exercise 5 | Q 47 | Page 193

If a¯,b¯,c¯ are three non-coplanar vectors, then (a¯+b¯+c¯).[(a¯+b¯)×(a¯+c¯)]=-

[a¯ b¯c¯]
Solution:

Miscellaneous exercise 5 | Q 48 | Page 193

If in a tetrahedron, edges in each of the two pairs of opposite edges are perpendicular,
then show that the edges in the third pair is also perpendicular.
Solution:

Let O-ABC be a tetrahedron. Then (OA, BC), (OB, CA) and (OC, AB) are the pair of
opposite edges.
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 Line and Plane

EXERCISE 6.1 [PAGES 200 - 201]

Exercise 6.1 | Q 1 | Page 200

Find the vector equation of the line passing through the point having position vector

Solution:

Exercise 6.1 | Q 2 | Page 200

Solution:

Exercise 6.1 | Q 3 | Page 200

Solution:

Exercise 6.1 | Q 4 | Page 200

Solution:

Exercise 6.1 | Q 5 | Page 200

Solution:

Exercise 6.1 | Q 6 | Page 200

Find the Cartesian equations of the line passing through A(– 1, 2, 1) and having
direction ratios 2, 3, 1.
Solution: The cartesian equations of the line passing through (x1, y1, z1)and having
direction ratiosa,b,c are and having direction ratios a,b,c are

∴ the cartesian equations of the line passing through the point (–1, 2, 1) and having
direction ratios 2, 3, 1 are

Exercise 6.1 | Q 7 | Page 200

Find the Cartesian equations of the line passing through A(2, 2,1) and B(1, 3, 0).
Solution: The cartesian equations of the line passing through the points (x1, y1, z1) and
(x2, y2, z2) are

Exercise 6.1 | Q 8 | Page 200

A(– 2, 3, 4), B(1, 1, 2) and C(4, –1, 0) are three points. Find the Cartesian equations of
the line AB and show that points A, B, C are collinear.
Solution: We find the cartesian equations of the line AB. The cartesian equations of the
line passing through the points (x1, y1, z1) and (x2, y2, z2) are
Exercise 6.1 | Q 9 | Page 200

Solution: The equations of the lines are

From (1), x = – 1 – 10λ, y = – 3 – λ , z = 4 + λ

∴ the coordinates of any point on the line (1) are (–1 – 10λ, – 3 – λ, 4 + λ)

From (2), x = – 10 – μ, y = – 1 – 3μ, z = 1 + 4μ

∴ the coordinates of any point on the line (2) are ( – 10 – μ, – 1 – 3μ, 1 + 4μ)

Lines (1) and (2) intersect, if (– 1 – 10λ, – 3 – λ, 4 + λ) = ( – 10 – μ, – 1 – 3μ, 1 + 4μ)

∴ the equation – 1 – 10λ = – 10 – μ, – 3 – λ = –1 – 3μ and 4 + λ = 1 + 4μ are
simultaneously true.

Solving the first two equations, we get, λ = 1, and μ = 1.

These values of λ and μ satisfy the third equation also.
∴ the lines intersect.
Putting λ = 1 in (– 1 – 10λ, – 3 – λ, 4 + λ) or μ = 1 in (– 10 – μ, –1 – 3μ, 1 + 4μ), we get
the point of intersection (–11, – 4, 5).
Exercise 6.1 | Q 10 | Page 200

Solution:

Exercise 6.1 | Q 11 | Page 201

Solution:

EXERCISE 6.2 [PAGE 207]

Exercise 6.2 | Q 1 | Page 207

Solution1:

The coordinates of any point on the line are given by

x = – 1 + 2λ, y = 3 + 3λ, z = – 1 – λ
Let the coordinates of M be
(–1 + 2λ, 3 + 3λ, –1 – λ) ...(1)
The direction ratios of PM are
–1 + 2λ – 2, 3 + 3λ + 3, –1 – λ –1
i.e. 2λ – 3, 3λ + 6, – λ – 2
The direction ratios of the given line are 2, 3, –1.
Since PM is perpendicular to the given line, we get
2(2λ – 3) + 3(3λ + 6) – 1(– λ – 2) = 0
∴ 4λ – 6 + 9λ + 18 + λ + 2 = 0
∴ 14λ + 14 = 0
∴ λ = – 1.
Put λ = – 1 in (1), the coordinates of M are
(– 1 – 2, 3 – 3, – 1 + 1) i.e. (– 3, 0, 0).
∴ length of perpendicular from P to the given line
= PM

Solution2:
Exercise 6.2 | Q 2 | Page 207

Solution:
Exercise 6.2 | Q 3 | Page 207
Solution:
Exercise 6.2 | Q 4 | Page 207

Solution:

= – 16 – 36 –64
= – 116
and
(m1n2 – m2n1)2 + (l2n1 – l1n2)2 + (l1m2 - l2m1)2
= (–6 + 2)2 + (1 – 7)2 + (1 – 7)2 + (–14 + 6)
= 16 + 36 + 64
= 116

Exercise 6.2 | Q 5 | Page 207

Solution:

The coordinates of any point on the line are given by x = –1 + 2λ, y = 3 + 3λ, z = 8 – λ
Let the coordinates of M be
(–1 + 2λ, 3 + 3λ, –1 – λ) ...(1)
The direction ratios of PM are
–1 + 2λ –2, 3 + 3λ + 3, –1 – λ –1
i.e. 2λ –3, 3λ + 6, – λ –2
The direction ratios of the given line are 2, 3, 8.
Since PM is perpendicular to the given line, we get
2(2λ – 3) + 3(3λ + 6) – 1(– λ – 2) = 0
∴ 4λ – 6 + 9λ + 18 + λ + 2 = 0
∴ 14λ + 14 = 0
∴ λ = – 1.
Put λ = – 1 in (1), the coordinates of M are
(– 1 – 2, 3 – 3, – 1 + 1) i.e. (– 3, 0, 0).
∴ length of perpendicular from P to the given line
= PM

Substitutng tese values in (1), w get

length of perpendicular from P to given line
= PM
Exercise 6.2 | Q 6 | Page 207

A(1, 0, 4), B(0, -11, 13), C(2, -3, 1) are three points and D is the foot of the
perpendicular from A to BC. Find the co-ordinates of D.
Solution: Equation of the line passing through the points (x,1, y1, z1) and (x2, y2, z2) is

∴ the equation of the line BC passing through the points B (0, –11, 13) and C)2, –3,1) is

AD is the perpendicular from the point A(1, 0, 4) to the line BC.

The coordinates of any point on the line BC are given by
x = 2λ, y = –11 + 8λ, z = 13 – 12λ
Let the coordinates of D be (2λ, – 11 + 8λ, 13 – 12λ) ...(1)
∴ the direcion ratio of AD are
2λ – 1, λ 11 + 8λ – 0, 13 – 12λ – 4
i.e. 2λ – 1, – 11 + 8λ, 9 – 12λ
The direction ratios of the line BC are 2, 8, – 12.
Since AD is perpendicular to BC, we get
2(2λ – 1) + 8(– 11 + 8λ) – 12(9 – 12λ) = 0
∴ 4λ – 2 – 88 + 64λ – 108 + 144λ = 0
∴ 212λ – 198 = 0
Exercise 6.2 | Q 7.1 | Page 207

Solution: The shortest distance between the lines

And
Exercise 6.2 | Q 7.2 | Page 207

Solution:
= 4(– 6 + 2) –6(7 –1) + 8(–14 + 6)
= – 16 – 36 –64
= – 116
and
(m1n2 – m2n1)2 + (l2n1 – l1n2)2 + (l1m2 - l2m1)2
= (–6 + 2)2 + (1 – 7)2 + (1 – 7)2 + (–14 + 6)
= 16 + 36 + 64
= 116
Hence, the required shortest distance between the given lines

Exercise 6.2 | Q 8 | Page 207

Solution:

∴ 2(3 – 8) –(k + 1)(2 – 4)– 1(4 –3) = 0

∴ –10 + 2(k + 1) –1 = 0
∴ 2(k + 1) =11
∴ k + 1 1/12
∴ k = 9/2.
EXERCISE 6.3 [PAGE 216]

Exercise 6.3 | Q 1 | Page 216

Solution:

Exercise 6.3 | Q 2 | Page 216

Find the perpendicular distance of the origin from the plane 6x – 2y + 3z – 7 = 0.

Solution: The equation of the plane is
6x – 2y + 3z – 7 = 0
∴ its vector equation is
Exercise 6.3 | Q 3 | Page 216

Find the coordinates of the foot of the perpendicular drawn from the origin to the plane
2x + 6y – 3z = 63.
Solution:
Exercise 6.3 | Q 4 | Page 216

Solution:

Exercise 6.3 | Q 5 | Page 216

Solution:

Exercise 6.3 | Q 6 | Page 216

Find the Cartesian equation of the plane passing through A( -1, 2, 3), the direction ratios
of whose normal are 0, 2, 5.
Solution: The Cartesian equation of the plane passing through (x1, y1, z1), the direction
ratios of whose normal are a, b, c, is
a(x – x1) + b(y – y1) + c(z – z1) = 0
∴ the cartesian equation of the required plane is
0(x + 1) + 2(y – 2) + 5(z – 3) = 0
i.e. 0 + 2y - 4 + 5z – 15 = 0
i.e. 2y + 5z = 19.

Exercise 6.3 | Q 7 | Page 216

Find the Cartesian equation of the plane passing through A(7, 8, 6) and parallel to the
XY plane.
Solution: The Cartesian equation of the plane passing through (x1, y1, z1), the direction
ratios of whose normal are a, b, c, is
a(x – x1) + b(y – y1) + c(z – z1) = 0
The required plane is parallel to XY-plane.
∴ it is perpendicular to Z-axis i.e. Z-axis is normal to the plane. Z-axis has direction
ratios 0, 0, 1.
The plane passes through (7, 8, 6).
∴ the cartesian equation of the required plane is
0(x – 7) + 0(y – 8) + 1(z – 6) = 0
i.e. z = 6.

Exercise 6.3 | Q 8 | Page 216

The foot of the perpendicular drawn from the origin to a plane is M(1,0,0). Find the
vector equation of the plane.
Solution:

Exercise 6.3 | Q 9 | Page 216

Solution:

Exercise 6.3 | Q 10 | Page 216

Solution:
Exercise 6.3 | Q 11 | Page 216

Find the vector equation of the plane which makes intercepts 1, 1, 1 on the co-ordinates
axes.
Solution:

EXERCISE 6.4 [PAGE 220]

Exercise 6.4 | Q 1 | Page 220

Find the angle between planes r¯.(i^+j^+2k^)=13andr¯(2i^+j^+k^) = 31.

Solution:
Exercise 6.4 | Q 2 | Page 220

Solution:

Exercise 6.4 | Q 3 | Page 220

Solution:

Exercise 6.4 | Q 4 | Page 220

Solution:

Exercise 6.4 | Q 5 | Page 220

Find the distance of the point (1, 1 –1) from the plane 3x +4y – 12z + 20 = 0.
Solution:
MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISE 6 A [PAGES 207 - 209]

Miscellaneous Exercise 6 A | Q 1 | Page 207

Solution:

Miscellaneous Exercise 6 A | Q 2 | Page 207

Solution:

Miscellaneous Exercise 6 A | Q 3 | Page 208

Solution:

Miscellaneous Exercise 6 A | Q 4 | Page 208

Solution:
Miscellaneous Exercise 6 A | Q 5 | Page 208

Find the vector equation of the line which passes through the origin and the point (5, –2,
3).
Solution:

Miscellaneous Exercise 6 A | Q 6 | Page 208

Find the Cartesian equations of the line which passes through points (3, –2, –5) and (3,
–2, 6).
Solution:

Miscellaneous Exercise 6 A | Q 7 | Page 208

Find the Cartesian equations of the line passing through A(3, 2, 1) and B(1, 3, 1).
Solution: The direction ratios of the line AB are 3 – 1, 2 – 3, 1 – 1 i.e. 2, – 1, 0.
The parametric equations of the line passing through (x1, y1, z1) and having direction
ratios a, b, c are
x = x1 + aλ, y = y1 + bλ, z = z1 + cλ
∴ the parametric equations of the line passing through (3, 2, 1) and having direction
ratios 2, –1, 0 are
x = 3 + 2λ, y = 2 - λ, z = 1 + 0(λ)
∴ x – 3 = 2λ, y - 2 = -λ, z = 1
Miscellaneous Exercise 6 A | Q 8 | Page 208

Solution:
Miscellaneous Exercise 6 A | Q 9 | Page 208

Solution:
Miscellaneous Exercise 6 A | Q 10 | Page 208

Find the vector equation of the line which passes through the origin and intersect the
line x – 1 = y – 2 = z – 3 at right angle.
Solution:

+
Miscellaneous Exercise 6 A | Q 11 | Page 208

Solution:
Miscellaneous Exercise 6 A | Q 12 | Page 208
Solution:

Miscellaneous Exercise 6 A | Q 13 | Page 208

Find the acute angle between the lines x = y, z = 0 and x = 0, z = 0.

Solution:

Miscellaneous Exercise 6 A | Q 14 | Page 208

Find the acute angle between the lines x = –y, z = 0 and x = 0, z = 0.

Solution:

Miscellaneous Exercise 6 A | Q 15 | Page 208

Solution: Let P = (0, 2, 3)

Let M be the foot of the perpendicular drawn from P to the line
The coordinates of any point on the line are given by
x = 5λ – 3, y = 2λ + 1, z = 3λ – 4
Let M = (5λ – 3, 2λ + 1, 3λ – 4) ...(1)
The direction ratios of PM are
5λ – 3 – 0, 2λ + 1 – 2, 3λ – 4 – 3
i.e. 5λ – 3λ, 2λ – 1, 3λ – 7
Since, PM is perpendicular to the line whose direction ratios atr 5, 2, 3,
5(5λ – 3) + 2(2λ – 1) + 3(3λ – 7) = 0
∴ 25λ – 15 + 4λ – 2 + 9λ – 21 = 0
∴ 38λ – 38 = 0
∴λ=1
Substituting λ = 1 in (1), we get
M = (5 – 3, 2 + 1, 3 – 4) = (2, 3, –1).
Hence, the coordinates of the foot of perpendicular are (2, 3, –1).

Miscellaneous Exercise 6 A | Q 16.1 | Page 208

By computing the shortest distance determine whether following lines intersect each
other :

Solution: The shortest distance between the lines

Miscellaneous Exercise 6 A | Q 16.2 | Page 208
Solution: The shortest distance between the lines

= 4(– 6 + 2) –6(7 –1) + 8(–14 + 6)

= – 16 – 36 –64
= – 116
and
(m1n2 – m2n1)2 + (l2n1 – l1n2)2 + (l1m2 - l2m1)2
= (–6 + 2)2 + (1 – 7)2 + (1 – 7)2 + (–14 + 6)
= 16 + 36 + 64
= 116
Hence, the required shortest distance between the given lines
Miscellaneous Exercise 6 A | Q 17 | Page 208

Solution:

Here, (x1, y1, z1) ≡ (1, – 1, 1),

(x2, y2, z2) ≡ (2, – m, 2),
a1 = 2, b1 = 3, c1 = 4,
a2 = 1, b2 = 2, c2 = 1
Substituting these values in (1), we get
Miscellaneous Exercise 6 A | Q 18 | Page 208

Find the vector and Cartesian equations of the line passing through the point (–1, –1, 2)
and parallel to the line 2x − 2 = 3y + 1 = 6z − 2.
Solution:
Miscellaneous Exercise 6 A | Q 19 | Page 208

Solution:
Miscellaneous Exercise 6 A | Q 20 | Page 208

Solution: Let the required line have direction ratios a, b, c

Since the line passes through the origin, its cartesian equation are
Miscellaneous Exercise 6 A | Q 21 | Page 208

Find the vector equation of the line whose Cartesian equations are y = 2 and 4x – 3z +
5 = 0.
Solution: 4x – 3z + 5 = 0 can be written as
Miscellaneous Exercise 6 A | Q 22 | Page 209

Solution:
The coordinates of any point on this line are given by
x = λ + 1y = -2λ + 2z = 2λ + 3
Let M (λ + 1, -2λ + 2, 2λ + 3) ...(1)
be the point on the in whose dstance from A(1, 2, 3) is 3 units.

When λ = 1, M = (1 + 1, –2 + 2, 2 + 3) ...[By (1)]

i.e. M = (2, 0, 5)
When λ = –1, M = (1 – 1, 2 + 2, –2 + 3) ...[By (1)]
i.e. M = (0, 4, 1)
Hence, the coordinates of the required points are (2, 0, 5) and (0, 4, 1).
MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISE 6 B [PAGES 223 - 225]

Miscellaneous Exercise 6 B | Q 1 | Page 223

1. 11/4
2. - 11/4
3. 11/2
4. 4/11
Solution: - 11/4

Miscellaneous Exercise 6 B | Q 2 | Page 223

Solution:

Miscellaneous Exercise 6 B | Q 3 | Page 223

1. 4, 5, 7
2. 4, –5, 7
3. 4, –5, –7
4. –4, 5, 8
Solution: 4, 5, 7

Miscellaneous Exercise 6 B | Q 4 | Page 223

 1. 3
2. √11)
3. √13
4. 5
Solution: √13

Miscellaneous Exercise 6 B | Q 5 | Page 224

1. 1/√3
2. 1/√2
3. 3/√2
4. √3/2
Solution: 3/√2

Miscellaneous Exercise 6 B | Q 6 | Page 224

1. k = 1 or –1
2. k = 0 or – 3
3. k = ± 3
4. k = 0 or – 1
Solution: k = 0 or – 3

Miscellaneous Exercise 6 B | Q 7 | Page 224

1. perpendicular
2. intersecting
3. skew
4. coincident
Solution: intesecting

Miscellaneous Exercise 6 B | Q 8 | Page 224

Choose correct alternatives :
Equation of X-axis is

1. x = y = z
2. y = z
3. y = 0, z = 0
4. x = 0, y = 0
Solution: y = 0, z = 0

Miscellaneous Exercise 6 B | Q 9 | Page 224

Choose correct alternatives :
The angle between the lines 2x = 3y = – z and 6x = – y = – 4z is

1. 45°
2. 30°
3. 0°
4. 90°
Solution: 90°

Miscellaneous Exercise 6 B | Q 10 | Page 224

Choose correct alternatives :
Te direction ratios of the line 3x + 1 = 6y – 2 = 1 –z are

1. 2, 1, 6
2. 2, 1, – 6
3. 2, – 1, 6
4. – 2, 1, 6
Solution: 2, 1, – 6

Miscellaneous Exercise 6 B | Q 11 | Page 224

Choose correct alternatives :
The perpendicular distance of the plane 2x + 3y – z = k from the origin is √14 units, the
value of k is

1. 14
2. 196
3. 2√14
4. √14/2
Solution: 14

Miscellaneous Exercise 6 B | Q 12 | Page 224

Solution:

Miscellaneous Exercise 6 B | Q 13 | Page 224

Solution:

Miscellaneous Exercise 6 B | Q 14 | Page 225

Choose correct alternatives :
The equation of the plane passing through (2, -1, 3) and making equal intercepts on the
coordinate axes is

1. x + y + z = 1
2. x + y + z = 2
3. x + y + z = 3
4. x + y + z = 4
Solution: x + y + z = 4

Miscellaneous Exercise 6 B | Q 15 | Page 225

Choose correct alternatives :
Measure of angle between the plane 5x – 2y + 3z – 7 = 0 and 15x – 6y + 9z + 5 = 0 is

1. 0°
2. 30°
3. 45°
4. 90°
Solution: 0°

Miscellaneous Exercise 6 B | Q 16 | Page 225

Choose correct alternatives :
The direction cosines of the normal to the plane 2x – y + 2z = 3 are

Solution:

Miscellaneous Exercise 6 B | Q 17 | Page 225

Choose correct alternatives :
The equation of the plane passing through the points (1, -1, 1), (3, 2, 4) and parallel to
Y-axis is :

1. 3x + 2z – 1 = 0
2. 3x – 2z = 1
3. 3x + 2z + 1 = 0
4. 3x + 2z = 2
Solution: 3x – 2z = 1

Miscellaneous Exercise 6 B | Q 18 | Page 225

1. 17x – 47y – 24z + 172 = 0

2. 17x + 47y – 24z + 172 = 0
3. 17x + 47y + 24z + 172 = 0
4. 17x – 47y + 24z + 172 = 0
Solution: 17x – 47y – 24z + 172 = 0

Miscellaneous Exercise 6 B | Q 19 | Page 225

1. 5
2. 3
3. 2
4. – 5
Solution: 5

Miscellaneous Exercise 6 B | Q 20 | Page 225

Choose correct alternatives :
The foot of perpendicular drawn from the point (0,0,0) to the plane is (4, -2, -5) then the
equation of the plane is
 1. 4x + y + 5z = 14
2. 4x – 2y – 5z = 45
3. x – 2y – 5z = 10
4. 4x + y + 6z = 11
Solution: 4x – 2y – 5z = 45.
MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISE 6 B [PAGES 225 - 226]

Miscellaneous Exercise 6 B | Q 1 | Page 225

Solve the following :

Find the vector equation of the plane which is at a distance of 5 units from the origin and
which is normal to the vector

Solution:
Miscellaneous Exercise 6 B | Q 2 | Page 225

Solve the following :

Find the perpendicular distance of the origin from the plane 6x + 2y + 3z - 7 = 0
Solution:

Miscellaneous Exercise 6 B | Q 3 | Page 225

Solve the following :
Find the coordinates of the foot of the perpendicular drawn from the origin to the plane
2x + 3y + 6z = 49.

Solution: The equation of the plane is 2x + 3y + 6z = 49.

Dividing each term by
and length of perpendicular from origin to the plane is p = 7.
∴ the coordinates of the foot of the perpendicular from the origin to the plane are

Miscellaneous Exercise 6 B | Q 4 | Page 225

Solution:
Miscellaneous Exercise 6 B | Q 5 | Page 226
Solve the following :
Find the vector equation of the plane passing through the points A(1, 92, 1), B(2, 91, 93)
and C(0, 1, 5).

Solution: The vector equation of the plane passing through three non-collinear points
Miscellaneous Exercise 6 B | Q 6 | Page 226
Solve the following :
Find the cartesian equation of the plane passing through A(1,-2, 3) and direction ratios
of whose normal are 0, 2, 0.

Solution: The Cartesian equation of the plane passing through (x1, y1, z1), the direction
ratios of whose normal are a, b, c, is
a(x – x1) + b(y – y1) + c(z – z1) = 0
∴ the cartesian equation of the required plane is
0(x + 1) + 2(y + 2) + 5(z – 3) = 0
i.e. 0 + 2y - 4 + 10z – 15 = 0
i.e. y + 2 = 0.

Miscellaneous Exercise 6 B | Q 7 | Page 226

Solution: The cartesian equation of the plane

The required plane is parallel to it

∴ its cartesian equation is
6x + 8y + 7z = p ...(1)
A(7, 8, 6) lies on it and hence satisfies its equation
∴ (6)(7) + (8)(8) + (7)(6) = p
i.e., p = 42 + 64 + 42 = 148.
∴ from (1), the cartesian equation of the required plane is 6x + 8y + 7z = 148.

Miscellaneous Exercise 6 B | Q 8 | Page 226

Solve the following :
The foot of the perpendicular drawn from the origin to a plane is M(1, 2, 0). Find the
vector equation of the plane.

Solution:
Miscellaneous Exercise 6 B | Q 9 | Page 226

Solution:

The required plane makes intercepts 1, 1, 1 on the coordinate axes.

∴ it passes through the three non-collinear points A =(1, 0, 0, B = (0, 1, 0), C = (0, , 1)
=1x1+0x1+0x1
=1
∴ from(1)the vector equation of the required plane is

Miscellaneous Exercise 6 B | Q 10 | Page 226

Solution:
= (– 2)(– 4) + (7)(–1) + (5)(4)
=8–7+8
= 35
∴ From (1), the vector equation of the required plane is

Miscellaneous Exercise 6 B | Q 11 | Page 226

Solution:
Miscellaneous Exercise 6 B | Q 12 | Page 226
Solve the following :
Find the cartesian equations of the planes which pass through A(1, 2, 3), B(3, 2, 1) and
make equal intercepts on the coordinate axes.

Solution: Case 1 : Let all the intercepts be 0.

Then the plane passes through the origin.
Then the cartesian equation of the plane is ax + by + cz = 0. ...(1)
(1, 2, 3) d (3, 2, 1) lie on the plane.
∴ a + 2b + 3c = 0 and 3a + 2b + c = 0

∴ a, b, c are proprtional to 1, – 2, 1
∴ from (1), the required cartesian equation is x –2y + z = 0
Case 2 : Let he plane make non zero intercept p on each axis.

i.e. x + y + z = p ...(2)
Since this plane pass through (1, 2, 3) and (3, 2, 1)
∴ 1 + 2 + 3 = p and 3 + 2 + 1 = p
∴p=6
∴ from (2), the required cartesian equation is
x+y+z=6
Hence, the cartesian equations of required planes are
x + y + z = 6 and x – 2y + z = 0.

Miscellaneous Exercise 6 B | Q 13 | Page 226

Solve the following :
Find the vector equation of the plane which makes equal non zero intercepts on the
coordinate axes and passes through (1, 1, 1).

Solution: Case 1 : Let all the intercepts be 0.

Then the plane passes through the origin.
Then the vector equation of the plane is ax + by + cz = 0. ...(1)
(1, 1, 1) lie on the plane.
∴ 1a + 1b + 1c = 0

Since this plane pass through (1, 1, 1)

∴1+1+1=p
∴p=3
Miscellaneous Exercise 6 B | Q 14 | Page 226

Solution:

=2 + 1 + 2
=5
Also,
Miscellaneous Exercise 6 B | Q 15 | Page 226

Solution:
Miscellaneous Exercise 6 B | Q 16 | Page 226

Solution:
Miscellaneous Exercise 6 B | Q 17 | Page 226

Solution:

Miscellaneous Exercise 6 B | Q 18 | Page 226

Solve the following :
Find the distance of the point (13, 13, – 13) from the plane 3x + 4y – 12z = 0.
Solution:

Miscellaneous Exercise 6 B | Q 19 | Page 226

Solution:
Miscellaneous Exercise 6 B | Q 20 | Page 226
Solve the following :
Find the vector equation of the plane which bisects the segment joining A(2, 3, 6) and
B(4, 3, –2) at right angle.

Solution:
Miscellaneous Exercise 6 B | Q 21 | Page 226
Solve the following :
Show that the lines x = y, z = 0 and x + y = 0, z = 0 intersect each other. Find the vector
equation of the plane determined by them.

Solution:
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 Linear Programming

EXERCISE 7.1 [PAGES 232 - 233]

Exercise 7.1 | Q 1.1 | Page 232

Solve graphically : x ≥ 0
Solution: Consider the line whose equation is x =0. This represents the Y-axis.
To find the solution set, we have to check any point other than origin.
Let us check the point (1, 1)
When x =1,x ≥ 0
∴ (1, 1) lies in the required region
Therefore, the solution set is the Y-axis and the right side of the Y-axis which is shaded
in the graph.

Exercise 7.1 | Q 1.2 | Page 232

Solve graphically : x ≤ 0
Solution: Consider the line whose equation is x= 0.
This represents the Y-axis.
To find the solution set, we have to check any point other than origin.
Let us check the point (1, 1).

∴ (1, 1) does not lie in the required region.

Therefore, the solution set is the Y-axis and the left side of the Y-axis which is shaded in
the graph.

Exercise 7.1 | Q 1.3 | Page 232

Solve graphically : y ≥ 0

Solution: Consider the line whose equation is y = 0. This represents the X-axis. To find
the solution set, we have to check any point other than origin. Let us check the point (1,
1).
When y =1,y ≥ 0
∴ (1, 1) lies in the required region.
Therefore, the solution set is the X-axis and above the X-axis which is shaded in the
graph.

Exercise 7.1 | Q 1.4 | Page 232

Solve graphically : y ≤ 0
Solution: Consider the line whose equation is y = 0. This represents the X-axis.
To find the solution set, we have to check any point other than origin.
Let us check the point (1, 1).
When y = 1, y ≰ 0.
∴ (1,1) does not lie in the required region.
Therefore, the solution set is the X-axis and below the X-axis which is shaded in the
graph.

Exercise 7.1 | Q 2.1 | Page 232

Solve graphically : x ≥ 0 and y ≥ 0
Solution: Consider the lines whose equations are x = 0, y = 0.These represents the
equations of Y-axis and X-axis respectively, which divide the plane into four parts.
Since x ≥ 0,y ≥ 0, the solution set is in the first quadrant which is shaded in the graph.

Exercise 7.1 | Q 2.2 | Page 232

Solve graphically : x ≤ 0 and y ≥ 0
Solution: Consider the lines whose equations are x = 0, y = 0.These represents the
equations of Y-axis and X-axis respectively, which divide the plane into four parts.
Since x ≤ 0, y ≥ 0, the solution set is in the second quadrant which is shaded in the
graph.

Exercise 7.1 | Q 2.3 | Page 232

Solve graphically : x ≤ 0 and y ≤ 0
Solution: Consider the lines whose equations are x = 0, y = 0.These represents the
equations of Y-axis and X-axis respectively, which divide the plane into four parts.
Since x ≤ 0, y ≤ 0, the solution set is in the third quadrant which is shaded in the graph.

Exercise 7.1 | Q 2.4 | Page 232

Solve graphically : x ≥ 0 and y ≤ 0.
Solution: Consider the lines whose equations are x = 0, y = 0.These represents the
equations of Y-axis and X-axis respectively, which divide the plane into four parts.
Since x ≥ 0, y ≤ 0, the solution set is in the fourth quadrant which is shaded in the
graph.

Exercise 7.1 | Q 3.1 | Page 232

Solve graphically : 2x – 3 ≥ 0
Solution:
Exercise 7.1 | Q 3.2 | Page 232
Solve graphically : 2y – 5 ≥ 0
Solution:
Exercise 7.1 | Q 3.3 | Page 232
Solve graphically : 3x + 4 ≤ 0
Solution:
Exercise 7.1 | Q 3.4 | Page 232
Solve graphically : 5y + 3 ≤ 0
Solution:
Exercise 7.1 | Q 4.1 | Page 232
Solve graphically : x +2y ≤ 6
Solution: Consider the line whose equation is x +2y ≤ 6. To find the points of
intersection of this line with the coordinate axes.
Put y = 0, we get x = 6.
∴ A = (6, 0) is a point on the line.
Put x = 0, we get 2y = 6, i.e. y = 3
∴ B = (0, 3) is another point on the line.

Draw the line AB joining these points. This line divide the line into two parts.
1. Origin side
2. Non-origin side
To find the solution set, we have to check the position of the origin (0,0) with respect to
the line.
When x = 0, y = 0, then x + 2y = 0 which is less than 6.
∴ x + 2y ≤ 6 in this case.
Hence, origin lies in the required region. Therefore,the given inequality is the origin side
which is shaded in the graph.
This is the solution set of x + 2y ≤ 6.
Exercise 7.1 | Q 4.2 | Page 232
Solve graphically : 2x – 5y ≥10
Solution: Consider the line whose equation is 2x – 5y = 10. To find the points of
intersection of this line with the coordinate axes.
Put y = 0, we get x = 10, i.e. x = 5,
∴ A = (5, 0) is a point on the line.
Put x = 0, we get –5y = 10, i.e. y = –2
∴ B = (0, –2) is another point on the line.

Draw the line AB joining these points. This line divide the plane in two parts.
1. Origin side
2. Non-origin side
To find the solution set, we have to check the position of the origin (0,0) with respect to
the line.
when x = 0, y = 0, then 2x – 5y = 0 which is neither greater non equal to 10.

Hence (0,0) will not lie in the required region.

Therefore, the given inequality is the non-origin side, which is shaded in the graph.
This is the solution set of 2x – 5y ≥10.
Exercise 7.1 | Q 4.3 | Page 232
Solve graphically : 3x + 2y ≥ 0
Solution: Consider the line whose equation is 3x + 2y = 0. The constant term is zero,
therefore this line is passing through the origin.
∴one point on the line is O = (0, 0).
To find the another point, we can give any value of x and get the corresponding value of
y.
Put x = 2, we get 6 + 2y = 0 i.e. y = –3
∴ A = (2, –3), is another point on the line. Draw the line OA.
To find the solution set, we cannot check (0,0) as it is already on the line.
We can check any other point which is not on the line.
Let us check the point (1,1).

When x = 1, y = 1, then 3x + 2y = 3 + 2 = 5 which is grreater than zer.

∴ 3x + 2y > 0 in this case.
Hence (1,1) lies in the required region.
Therefore, the required region is the upper side which is shaded in the graph.
This is the solution set of x + 2y > 0.
Exercise 7.1 | Q 4.4 | Page 232
Solve graphically : 5x – 3y ≤ 0
Solution: Consider the line whose equation is 5x – 3y = 0. The constant term is zero,
therefore this line is passing through the origin.
∴ one point on the line is the origin O = (0, 0).
To find the other point, we can give any value of x and get the corresponding value of y.
Put x = 3, we get 15 – 3y = 0, i.e. y = 5
∴ A = (3, 5) is another point on the line. Draw the line OA.
To find the solution set, we cannot check O(0,0), as it is already on the line. We can
check any other point which is not on the line.
Let us check the point (1, – 1).
When x = 1, y = – 1 then 5x – 3y = 5 + 3 = 8 which is neither less nor equal to zero.

Hence (1, – 1) will not lie in the required region.

Therefore the required region is the upper side which is shaded in the graph.

This is the solution set of 5x – 3y ≤ 0.

Exercise 7.1 | Q 5.1 | Page 233
Solve graphically : 2x + y ≥ 2 and x – y ≤ 1

Solution: First we draw the lines AB and AC whose equations are 2x + y = 2 and x – y
= 1 respectively.
Line Equation Points on Points on the Sign Region
the X-axis Y-axis
AB 2x + y = 2 A(1, 0) B(0, 2) ≥ non-origin ssde
of line AB
 AC x–y=1 A(1, 0) C(0, –1) ≤ origin side of
the line AC

The solution set of the given system of inequalities is shaded in the graph.

Exercise 7.1 | Q 5.2 | Page 233

Solve graphically : x – y ≤ 2 and x + 2y ≤ 8

Solution: First we draw the lines AB and CD whose equations are x – y = 2 and x + 2y
= 8 respectively.
Line Equation Points on the Points on the Sign Region
X-axis Y-axis
AB x–y≤2 A(2, 0) B(0, –2) ≤ origin side of
line AB
CD x + 2y ≤ 8 C(8, 0) D(0, 4) ≤ origin side of
line CD
The solution set of the given system of inequalities is shaded in the graph.

Exercise 7.1 | Q 5.3 | Page 233

Solve graphically : x + y ≥ 6 and x + 2y ≤ 10
Solution: First we draw the lines AB and CD whose equations are x + y = 6 and x + 2y
= 10 respectively.
Line Equation Points on the Points on the Sign Region
X-axis Y-axis
AB x+y=6 A(6, 0) B(0, 6) ≥ non- origin side
of line AB
CD x + 2y = 1 D(0, 5) D(0, 5) ≤ origin side of the
line CD

The solution set of the given system of inequalities is shaded in the graph.

Exercise 7.1 | Q 5.4 | Page 233

Solve graphically : 2x + 3y≤ 6 and x + 4y ≥ 4
Solution: First we draw the lines AB and CD whose equations are 2x + 3y = 6 and x +
4y = 4 respectively.
Line Equation Points on Points on the Sign Region
the X-axis Y-axis

AB 2x + 3y = 6 A(3, 0) B(0, 2) ≤ origin side of line

AB
CD x + 4y = 4 C(4, 0) D(0. 1) ≥ non-origin side of
line CD

The solution set of the given system of inequalities shaded in the graph.

Exercise 7.1 | Q 5.5 | Page 233

Solve graphically : 2x + y ≥ 5 and x – y ≤ 1
Solution: First we draw the lines AB and CD whose equations are 2x + y = 5 and x – y
= 1 respectively.
Line Equation Points on the X- Points on the Sign Region
axis Y-axis
AB 2x + y = 5 A(2.5, 0) B(0, 5) ≥ non-origin side
of line AB
CD x–y=1 C(1, 0) D(0, –1) ≤ origin side of
line CD
The solution set of the given system of inequations is shaded in the graph.
EXERCISE 7.2 [PAGE 234]

Exercise 7.2 | Q 1 | Page 234

Find the feasible solution of the following inequation:
3x + 2y ≤ 18, 2x + y ≤ 10, x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0

Solution: First we draw the lines AB and CD whose equations are 3x + 2y = 18 and 2x
+ y = 10 respectively.
Line Equation Points on Points on Sign Region
the X-axis the Y-axis
AB 3x + 2y = 18 A (6,0) B (0,9) ≤ origin side of
line AB
CD 2x + y = 10 C (5,0) D(0,10) ≤ origin side of
line CD
The feasible solution is OCPBO which is shaded in the graph.

Exercise 7.2 | Q 2 | Page 234

Find the feasible solution of the following inequation:
2x + 3y ≤ 6, x + y ≥ 2, x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0

Solution: First we draw the lines AB and CB whose equations are 2x + 3y = 6 and x +
y = 2 respectively.
Line Equation Points on Points on Sign Region
the X-axis the Y-axis
AB 2x + 3y = 6 A (3,0) B (0,2) ≤ origin side of
line AB
CB x+y=2 C (2,0) D(0,2) ≥ non -origin
side of line
CB
The feasible solution is Δ ABC which is shaded in the graph.

Exercise 7.2 | Q 3 | Page 234

Find the feasible solution of the following inequation:

3x + 4y ≥ 12, 4x + 7y ≤ 28, y ≥ 1, x ≥ 0.
Solution: First we draw the lines AB, CD and EF whose equations are
3x + 4y = 12 and 4x + 7y = 28 and y= 1 respectively.

Line Equation Points on Points on Sign Region

the X-axis the Y-axis
AB 3x + 4y = 12 A (4,0) B (0,3) ≥ non-origin
side of line
AB
CB 4x + 7y = 28 C (7,0) D(0,4) ≤ origin side of
line CD
EF y=1 - F(0,1) ≥ non-origin
side of line
EF
The feasible solution is PQDB which is shaded in the graph.

Exercise 7.2 | Q 4 | Page 234

Find the feasible solution of the following inequation:
x + 4y ≤ 24, 3x + y ≤ 21, x + y ≤ 9, x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0.
Solution: First we draw the lines AB, CD and EF whose equations are x + 4y = 24, 3x
+ y = 21 and x + y = 9 respectively.
Line Equation Points on Points on Sign Region
the X-axis the Y-axis
AB x + 4y = 24 A (24,0) B (0,6) ≤ origin side of
line AB
CB 3x + y = 21 C (7,0) D(0,21) ≤ origin side of
line CD
EF x+y=9 E(9,0) F(0,9) ≤ origin side of
line EF
The feasible solution is OCPQBO which is shaded in the graph.

Exercise 7.2 | Q 5 | Page 234

Find the feasible solution for the following system of linear inequations:
0 ≤ x ≤ 3, 0 ≤ y ≤ 3, x + y ≤ 5, 2x + y ≥ 4
Solution: First we draw the lines AB, CD, EF and GH whose equations are x + y = 5, 2x
+ y = 4, x = 3 and y = 3 respectively.
Line Equation Points on Points on Sign Region
the X-axis the Y-axis
AB x+y=5 A(5, 0) B(0, 5) ≤ origin side of
line AB
CD 2x + y = 4 C(2, 0) D(0, 4) ≥ non-origin
side of line
CD
EF x=3 E(3, 0) - ≤ origin side of
line EF
GH y=3 - H(0, 3) ≤ origin side of
line GH
The feasible solution is CEPQRC which is shaded in the graph.

Exercise 7.2 | Q 6 | Page 234

Find the feasible solution of the following inequations:
x - 2y ≤ 2, x + y ≥ 3, - 2x + y ≤ 4, x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0
Solution: First we draw the lines AB, CD and EF whose equations are x - 2y = 2, x + y
= 3 and - 2x + y = 4 respectively.
Line Equation Points on Points on Sign Region
the X-axis the Y-axis
AB x - 2y = 2 A(2, 0) B(0,-1) ≤ origin side of
line AB
CD x+y=3 C(3, 0) D(0,3) ≥ non-origin
side of line
AB
EF - 2x + y = 4 E(-2,0) F(0,4) ≤ origin side of
line EF
The feasible solution is shaded in the graph.

Exercise 7.2 | Q 7 | Page 234

A company produces two types of articles A and B which require silver and gold. Each
unit of A requires 3 gm of silver and 1 gm of gold, while each unit of B requires 2 gm of
silver and 2 gm of gold. The company has 6 gm of silver and 4 gm of gold. Construct
the inequations and find feasible solution graphically
Solution: Let the company produces x units of article A and y units of article B.
The given data can be tabulated as:
Article A Availability
Article B
(x)
(y)
Gold 1 2 4
Silver 3 2 6

Inequations are:
x + 2y ≤ 4 and 3x + 2y ≤ 6
x and y are number of items, x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0
First we draw the lines AB and CD whose equations are x + 2y = 4 and 3x + 2y = 6
respectively.
 Line Equation Points on Points on Sign Region
the X-axis the Y-axis
AB x +2y = 4 A(4, 0) B(0, 2) ≤ origin side of
line AB
CD 3x + 2y = 6 C(2, 0) D(0, 3) ≤ origin side of
line CD

The feasible solution is OCPBO which is shaded in the graph.

Exercise 7.2 | Q 8 | Page 234

A furniture dealer deals in tables and chairs. He has ₹ 15,000 to invest and a space to
store at most 60 pieces. A table costs him ₹ 150 and a chair ₹ 750. Construct the
inequations and find the feasible solution.
Solution: Let x be the number of tables and y be the number of chairs. Then x ≥ 0, y ≥
0.
The dealer has a space to store at most 60 pieces. ∴ x + y ≤ 60
Since, the cost of each table is ₹ 150 and that of each chair is ₹ 750, the total cost of x
tables and y chairs is 150x + 750y. Since the dealer has ₹ 15,000 to invest, 150x + 750y
≤ 15000
Hence the system of inequations are
x + y ≤ 60, 150x + 750y ≤ 15000, x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0.
First we draw the lines AB and CD whose equations are
x + y = 60 and 150x + 750y = 15000 respectively.
Line Equation Points on Points on Sign Region
the X-axis the Y-axis
 AB x + y =60 A(60,0) B(0,60) ≤ origin side of
line AB
CD 150x + 750y C(100,0) D(0,20) ≤ origin side of
= 15000 line CD

The feasible solution is OAPDO which is shaded in the graph.

EXERCISE 7.3 [PAGES 237 - 378]

Exercise 7.3 | Q 1 | Page 237

A manufacturing firm produces two types of gadgets A and B, which are first processed
in the foundry and then sent to the machine shop for finishing. The number of man-
hours of labour required in each shop for production of A and B and the number of man-
hours available for the firm is as follows :
Gadgets Foundry Machine shop
A 10 5
B 6 4
Time available (hour) 60 35

Profit on the sale of A is ₹ 30 and B is ₹ 20 per units. Formulate the LPP to have
maximum profit.
Solution: Let the number of gadgets A produced by the firm be x and the number of
gadgets B produced by the firm be y.
The profit on the sale of A is ₹ 30 per unit and on the sale of B is ₹ 20 per unit.
∴ total profit is z = 30x + 20y
This is a linear function that is to be maximized. Hence it is the objective function. The
constraints are as per the following table:
Gadgets Foundry Machine Total
shop available
Time (in
hour)
A 10 5 60
B 6 4 35

From the table total man-hours of labour required for x units of gadget A and y units of
gadget B in foundry is (10x + 6y) hours and total man-hours of labour required in
machine shop is (5x + 4y) hours.
Since the maximum time available in foundry and machine shops are 60 hours and 35
hours respectively. Therefore, the constraints are 10x + 6y ≤ 60, 5x + 4y ≤ 35.
Since, x and y cannot be negative, we have x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0. Hence, the given LPP can be
formulated as:
Maximize z = 30x + 20y, subject to
10x + 6y ≤ 60,
5x + 4y ≤ 35,
x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0

Exercise 7.3 | Q 2 | Page 237

Fodder → Fodder 1 Fodder 2

Nutrient ↓

Nutrients A 2 1

Nutrients B 2 3

Nutrients C 1 1

The cost of fodder 1 is ₹ 3 per unit and that of fodder 2 ₹ 2. Formulate the LPP to
minimize the cost.
Solution: Let x units of fodder 1 and y units of fodder 2 be prescribed. The cost of
fodder 1 is ₹ 3 per unit and cost of fodder 2 is ₹ 2 per unit.
∴ total cost is z = 3x + 2y
This is the linear function which is to be minimized. Hence it is the objective function.
The constraints are as per the following table:
 Fodder → Fodder 1 Fodder 2 Minimum
Nutrient ↓ requirements

Nutrients A 2 1 14

Nutrients B 2 3 22

Nutrients C 1 1 1

From table fodder contains (2x + y) units of nutrients A,(2x + 3y) units of nutrients B and
(x + y) units of nutrients C. The minimum requirements of these nutrients are 14 units,
22 units, and 1 unit respectively.
Therefore, the constraints are
2x + y ≥ 14, 2x + 3y ≥ 22, x + y ≥ 1
Since, number of units (i.e. x and y) cannot be negative, we have, x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0.
Hence, the given LPP can be formulated as
Minimize z = 3x + 2y, subject to
2x + y ≥ 14, 2x + 3y ≥ 22, x + y ≥ 1, x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0.

Exercise 7.3 | Q 3 | Page 237

A company manufactures two types of chemicals Aand B. Each chemical requires two
types of raw material P and Q. The table below shows number of units of P and Q
required to manufacture one unit of A and one unit of B and the total availability of P
and Q.
Chemical→ A B Availability
Raw Material ↓
P 3 2 120
Q 2 5 160

The company gets profits of ₹ 350 and ₹ 400 by selling one unit of A and one unit of B
respectively. (Assume that the entire production of A and B can be sold). How many
units of the chemicals A and B should be manufactured so that the company gets a
maximum profit? Formulate the problem as LPP to maximize profit.
Solution: Let the company manufactures x units of chemical A and y units of chemical
B. Then the total profit to the company is p = ₹(350x + 400y).
This is a linear function that is to be maximized. Hence, it is an objective function.
The constraints are as per the following table:
Chemical→ A B Availability
Raw Material ↓ (x) (y)
P 3 2 120
Q 2 5 160
The raw material P required for x units of chemical A and y units of chemical B is 3x +
2y. Since the maximum availability of P is 120, we have the first constraint as 3x + 2y ≤
120.
Similarly, considering the raw material Q, we have 2x + 5y ≤ 160.
Since, x and y cannot be negative, we have, x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0.
Hence, the given LPP can be formulated as:
Maximize p = 350x + 400y, subject to
3x + 2y ≤ 120, 2x + 5y ≤ 160, x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0

Exercise 7.3 | Q 4 | Page 237

A printing company prints two types of magazines A and B. The company earns ₹ 10
and ₹ 15 in magazines A and B per copy. These are processed on three Machines I, II,
III. Magazine A requires 2 hours on Machine I, 5 hours on Machine II, and 2 hours on
machine III. Magazine B requires 3 hours on machine I, 2 hours on machine II and 6
hours on Machine III. Machines I, II, III are available for 36, 50, and 60 hours per week
respectively. Formulate the LPP to determine weekly production of magazines A and B,
so that the total profit is maximum.
Solution: Let the company prints x magazine of type A and y magazine of type B.
Profit on sale of magazine A is ₹ 10 per copy and magazine B is ₹ 15 per copy.
Therefore, the total earning z of the company is z = ₹(10x + 15y).
This is a linear function that is to be maximized. Hence, it is an objective function.
The constraints are as per the following table:
Magazine type → Time required per unit Available time per
week (in hours)
Machine type ↓ Magazine A (x) Magazine B (y)
Machine I 2 3 36
Machine II 5 2 50
 Machine III 2 6 60

From the table, the total time required for Machine I is (2x + 3y) hours, for Machine II is
(5x + 2y) hours and Machine III is (2x + 6y) hours.
The machines I, II, III are available for 36, 50, and 60 hours per week. Therefore, the
constraints are 2x + 3y ≤ 36, 5x + 2y ≤ 50, 2x + 6y ≤ 60.
Since x and y cannot be negative. We have, x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0. Hence, the given LPP can be
formulated as:
Maximize z = 10x + 15y, subject to
2x + 3y ≤ 36, 5x + 2y ≤ 50, 2x + 6y ≤ 60, x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0.

Exercise 7.3 | Q 5 | Page 237

A manufacturer produces bulbs and tubes. Each of these must be processed through
two machines M1 and M2. A package of bulbs requires 1 hour of work on Machine
M1 and 3 hours of work on Machine M2. A package of tubes requires 2 hours on
Machine M1 and 4 hours on Machine M2. He earns a profit of ₹ 13.5 per package of
bulbs and ₹ 55 per package of tubes. Formulate the LPP to maximize the profit, if he
operates the machine M1, for almost 10 hours a day and machine M2 for almost 12
hours a day.

Solution: Let the number of packages of bulbs produced by manufacturer be x and

packages of tubes be y. The manufacturer earns a profit of ₹ 13.5 per package of bulbs
and ₹ 55 per package of tubes.
Therefore, his total profit is p = ₹ (13.5x + 55y)

This is a linear function that is to be maximized. Hence, it is an objective function.

The constraints are as per the following table:

Bulbs (x) Tubes (y) Available Time

Machine M1 1 2 10

Machine M2 3 4 12

From the table, the total time required for Machine M1 is (x + 2y) hours and for Machine
M2 is (3x + 4y) hours. Given Machine M1 and M2 are available for at most 10 hours and
12 hours a day respectively.
Therefore, the constraints are x + 2y ≤ 10, 3x + 4y ≤ 12. Since, x and y cannot be
negative, we have, x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0. Hence, the given LPP can be formulated as:

Maximize p = 13.5x + 55y, subject to

x + 2y ≤ 10, 3x + 4y ≤ 12, x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0

Exercise 7.3 | Q 6 | Page 238

A company manufactures two types of fertilizers F1 and F2. Each type of fertilizer
requires two raw materials A and B. The number of units of A and B required to
manufacture one unit of fertilizer F1 and F2 and availability of the raw materials A and B
per day are given in the table below:
Fertilizers→ F1 F2 Availability
Raw Material ↓
A 2 3 40
B 1 4 70
By selling one unit of F1 and one unit of F2, the company gets a profit of ₹ 500 and ₹
750 respectively. Formulate the problem as LPP to maximize the profit.
Solution: Let the company manufactures x units of fertilizers F1 and y units of fertilizers
F2. Then the total profit to the company is z = ₹(500x + 750y).
This is a linear function that is to be maximized. Hence, it is an objective function.
Fertilizers→ F1 F2 Availability
Raw Material ↓
A 2 3 40
B 1 4 70
The raw material A required for x units of Fertilizers F1 and y units of Fertilizers F2 is 2x
+ 3y. Since the maximum availability of A is 40, we have the first constraint as 2x + 3y ≤
40.
Similarly, considering the raw material B, we have x + 4y ≤ 70.
Since, x and y cannot be negative, we have, x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0.
Hence, the given LPP can be formulated as:
Maximize z = 500x + 750y, subject to
2x + 3y ≤ 40, x + 4y ≤ 70, x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0

Exercise 7.3 | Q 7 | Page 237

A doctor has prescribed two different units of foods A and B to form a weekly diet for a
sick person. The minimum requirements of fats, carbohydrates and proteins are 18, 28,
14 units respectively. One unit of food A has 4 units of fat, 14 units of carbohydrates
and 8 units of protein. One unit of food B has 6 units of fat, 12 units of carbohydrates
and 8 units of protein. The price of food A is ₹ 4.5 per unit and that of food B is ₹ 3.5 per
unit. Form the LPP, so that the sick person’s diet meets the requirements at a minimum
cost.
Solution: Let x units of food A and y units of food B be prescribed in the weekly diet of
a sick person.
The price for food A is ₹ 4.5 per unit and for food B is ₹ 3.5 per unit.
∴ Total cost is z = ₹ (4.5x + 3.5y)
We construct a table with constraints of fats, carbohydrates and proteins as follows:
Nutrients\Foods A B Minimum
(x) (y) requirement

Fats 4 6 18

Carbohydrates 14 12 28

Protein 8 8 14

From the table, diet of sick person must include (4x + 6y) units of fats, (14x + 12y) units
of carbohydrates and (8x + 8y) units of proteins
∴ The constraints are
4x + 6y ≥ 18,
14x + 12y ≥ 28,
8x + 8y ≥ 14.
Since x and y cannot be negative, we have x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0
∴ Given problem can be formulated as follows:
Minimize z = 4.5x + 3.5y
Subject to 4x + 6y ≥ 18, 14x + 12y ≥ 28, 8x + 8y ≥ 14, x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0.

Exercise 7.3 | Q 8 | Page 238

If John drives a car at a speed of 60 km/hour, he has to spend ₹ 5 per km on petrol. If
he drives at a faster speed of 90 km/hour, the cost of petrol increases ₹ 8 per km. He
has ₹ 600 to spend on petrol and wishes to travel the maximum distance within an hour.
Formulate the above problem as L.P.P.
Solution: Let John travel x1 km at speed of 60 km/hr and x2 km at a speed of 90 km/hr.
∴ Total distance = (x1 + x2) km

John has to spend ₹ 5 per km at 60 km/hr and ₹ 8 per km at 90 km/hr.

∴ Total cost = ₹ (5x1 + 8x2)
But John has ₹ 600 to spend on petrol
∴ 5x1 + 8x2 ≤ 600
Since x1 and x2 cannot be negative, we have x1 ≥ 0, x2 ≥ 0
∴ Given problem can be formulated as follows:
Maximize Z = x1 + x2,

Exercise 7.3 | Q 9 | Page 378

The company makes concrete bricks made up of cement and sand. The weight of a
concrete brick has to be at least 5 kg. Cement costs ₹ 20 per kg and sand costs of ₹ 6
per kg. Strength consideration dictates that a concrete brick should contain minimum 4
kg of cement and not more than 2 kg of sand. Form the L.P.P. for the cost to be
minimum.

Solution1: Let the company use x1 kg of cement and x2 kg of sand to make concrete
bricks.

Cement costs ₹ 20 per kg and sand costs ₹ 6 per kg.

∴ the total cost c = ₹ (20x1 + 6x2)

This is a linear function which is to be minimized.

Hence, it is an objective function.

Total weight of brick = (x1 + x2) kg

Since the weight of concrete brick has to be at least 5 kg,

∴ x1 + x2 ≥ 5

Since concrete brick should contain minimum 4 kg of cement and not more than 2 kg of
sand,

x1 ≥ 4 and 0 ≤ x2 ≤ 2

Hence, the given LPP can be formulated as:

Minimize c = 20x1 + 6x2, subject to

x1 + x2 ≥ 5, x1 ≥ 4 , 0 ≤ x2 ≤ 2.
SOLUTION 2

Let the concrete brick contain x1 kg of cement and x2 kg of sand Cement costs ₹ 20 per
kg and sand costs ₹ 6 per kg.
∴ Total cost = ₹ (20x1 + 6x2)
Weight of a concrete brick has to be at least 5 kg.
∴ x1 + x2 ≥ 5
The brick should contain minimum 4 kg of cement.
∴ x1 ≥ 4
The brick should contain not more than 2 kg of sand.
∴ x2 ≤ 2
Since x1 and x2 cannot be negative, we have x1 ≥ 0, x2 ≥ 0
∴ Given problem can be formulated as follows:
Minimize Z = 20x1 + 6x2
Subject to x1 + x2 ≥ 5, x1 ≥ 4, x2 ≤ 2, x1 ≥ 0, x2 ≥ 0.
EXERCISE 7.4 [PAGE 241]

Exercise 7.4 | Q 1 | Page 241

Solve the following LPP by graphical method:
Maximize z = 11x + 8y, subject to x ≤ 4, y ≤ 6, x + y ≤ 6, x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0,
Solution: First we draw the lines AB, CD and ED whose equations are x = 4, y = 6 and
x + y = 6 respectively.
Line Equation Points on Points on Sign Region
the X-axis the Y-axis
AB x=4 A(4, 0) - ≤ origin side
of the line
AB
CD y=6 - D(0, 6) ≤ origin side
of the line
CD
EF x+y=6 E(6, 0) D(0, 6) ≤ origin side
of the line
ED

The feasible region is shaded portion OAPDO in the graph.

The vertices of the feasible region are O (0, 0), A (4, 0), P and D (0, 6)
P is point of intersection of lines x + y = 6 and x = 4.
Substituting x = 4 in x + y = 6, we get
4+x=6 ∴y=2 ∴ P is (4, 2)
∴ the corner points of feasible region are O (0, 0), A (4, 0), P (4, 2) and D (0, 6).
The values of the objective function z = 11x + 8y at these vertices are
z(O) = 11(0) + 8(0) = 0 + 0 = 0
z(a) = 11(4) + 8(8) = 44 + 0 = 44
z(P) = 11(4) + 8(2) = 44 + 16 = 60
z(D) = 11(0) + 8(2) = 0 + 16 = 16
∴ z has maximum value 60, when x = 4 and y = 2.

Exercise 7.4 | Q 2 | Page 241

Solve the following LPP by graphical method:
Maximize z = 4x + 6y, subject to 3x + 2y ≤ 12, x + y ≥ 4, x, y ≥ 0.
Solution: First we draw the lines AB, AD whose equations are 3x + 2y = 12 and x + y =
4 respectively.
Line Equation Points on Points on Sign Region
the X-axis the Y-axis

AB 3x + 2y = 12 A(4, 0) B(0, 6) ≤ origin side of

the line AB

AC x+y=4 A(4, 0) C(0, 4) ≥ non-origin

side of line
AC
The feasible region is the Δ ABC which is shaded in the graph.
The vertices of the feasible region (i.e. corner points) are A(4, 0), B (0, 6) and C (0, 4).
The values of the objective function z = 4x + 6y at these vertices are
z(a) = 4(4) + 6(0) = 16 + 0 = 16
z(B) = 4(0) + 6(6) = 0 + 36 = 36
z(C) = 4(0) + 6(4) = 0 + 24 = 24
∴ z has maximum value 36, when x = 0 and y = 6.

Exercise 7.4 | Q 3 | Page 241

Solve the following LPP by graphical method:
Maximize z = 7x + 11y, subject to 3x + 5y ≤ 26, 5x + 3y ≤ 30, x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0.

Solution: First we draw the lines AB and CD whose equations are 3x + 5y = 26 and 5x
+ 3y = 30 respectively.
The feasible region is OCPBO which is shaded in the graph.
The vertices of the feasible region are O (0, 0), C (6, 0), P and B

The vertex P is the point of intersection of the lines 3x + 5y = 26 .....(1)

and 5x + 3y = 30 .....(2)
Multiplying equation (1) by 3 and equation (2) by 5, we get
9x + 15y = 78
and 25x + 15y = 150
On subtracting, we get
16x = 72
∴ x = 72/16 = 9/2 = 4.5
Substituting x = 4.5 in equation (2), we get
5(4.5) + 3y = 30
22.5 + 3y = 30
∴ 3y = 7.5
∴ y = 2.5
∴ P is (4.5, 2.5)
The values of the objective function z = 7x + 11y at these corner points are
z(O) = 7(0) + 11(0) = 0 + 0 = 0
z(C) = 7(6) + 11(0) = 42 + 0 = 42
z(P) = 7(4.5) + 11(2.5) = 31.5 + 27.5 = 59.0 = 59

∴ z has maximum value 59, when x = 4.5 and y = 2.5.

Exercise 7.4 | Q 4 | Page 241
Solve the following L.P.P graphically:
Maximize: Z = 10x + 25y
Subject to: x ≤ 3, y ≤ 3, x + y ≤ 5, x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0
Solution: First we draw the lines AB, CD and EF whose equations are x = 3, y = 3 and
x + y = 5 respectively.

Point on
Point on the
Line Equation the Sign Region
Y-axis
X-axis
origin side of
AB x=3 A(3,0) - ≤
line AB
origin side of
CD y=3 - D(0,3) ≤
line CD
origin side of
EF x+y=5 E(5,0) F(0,5) ≤
line EF
The feasible region is OAPQDO which is shaded in the figure.
The vertices of the feasible region are O (0,0), A (3, 0), P, Q and D (0, 3)
P is the point of intersection of the lines x + y = 5 and x = 3
Substituting x = 3 in x + y = 5, we get,
3+ y=5
y=2
P≡ (3, 2)
Q is the point of intersection of the lines x + y = 5 and y = 3
Substituting y = 3 in x + y = 5, we get,
x+3=5
x=2
Q ≡ (2,3)
The values of the objective function z = 10x + 25y at these vertices are
Z(O) =10(0)+ 25(0)= 0
Z(A) =10(3) + 25(0) = 30
Z(P) =10(3) + 25(2) = 30 + 50 = 80
Z(Q) =10(2) + 25(3) = 20 + 75 = 95
Z(D) =10(0) + 25(3) =75
Z has max imumvalue 95, when x = 2 and y = 3.

Exercise 7.4 | Q 5 | Page 241

Solve the following LPP by graphical method:
Maximize: z = 3x + 5y
Subject to: x + 4y ≤ 24
3x + y ≤ 21
x+y≤9
x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0
Solution: To draw the feasible region, construct table as follows :
 Inequality x + 4y ≤ 24 3x + y ≤ 21 x+y≤9

Corresponding x + 4y = 24 3x + y = 21 x+y=9
equation (of line)
Intersection of line (24, 0) (7, 0) (9, 0)
with X-axis
Intersection of line (0, 6) (0, 21) (0, 9)
with Y-axis
Region Origin side Origin side Origin side

Shaded portion OABCD is the feasible region,

whose vertices are O(0, 0), A(7, 0), B, C and (0, 6)
B is the point of intersection of the lines 3x + y = 21 and x+y = 9.
Solving the above equations, we get x = 6, y = 3
∴ B ≡ (6, 3)
C is the point of intersection of the lines
x + 4y = 24
and x + y = 9.
Solving the above equations, we get
x = 4, y = 5
∴ C ≡ (4, 5)
Here, the objective function is Z = 3x + 5y,
Z at O(0, 0) = 3(0) + 5(0) = 0
Z at A(7, 0) = 3(7) + 5(0) = 21
Z at B(6, 3) = 3(6) + 5(3) = 18 + 15 = 33
Z at C(4, 5) = 3(4) + 5(5) = 12 + 25 = 37
Z at D(0, 6) = 3(0) + 5(6) = 30
∴ Z has maximum value 37 at C(4, 5).
∴ Z is maximum, when x = 4, y = 5

Exercise 7.4 | Q 6 | Page 241

Solve the following LPP by graphical method:
Minimize Z = 7x + y subject to 5x + y ≥ 5, x + y ≥ 3, x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0
Solution: First we draw the lines AB and CD whose equations are 5x + y = 5 and x + y
= 3 respectively.
Line Inequation Points on x Points Sign Feasible
on y region
AB 5x + y = 5 A(1,0) B(0,5) ≥ Non - origin
side AB
CD x+y=3 C(3,0) D(0,3) ≥ Non - origin
side of line CD

1 unit = 1 cm both axis

common feasible region BPC

Z is minimum at x = 0, y = 5 and min (z) = 5
Exercise 7.4 | Q 7 | Page 241
Solve the following LPP by graphical method:
Minimize z = 8x + 10y, subject to 2x + y ≥ 7, 2x + 3y ≥ 15, y ≥ 2, x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0.
Solution: First we draw the lines AB, CD and EF whose equations are 2x + y = 7, 2x +
3y = 15 and y = 2 respectively.
Line Equation Points on Points on Sign Region
the X-axis the Y-axis
AB 2x + y = 7 A(3.5, 0) B(0, 7) ≥ non-origin
side of line
AB
CD 2x + 3y = 15 C(7.5, 0) D(0, 5) ≥ non-origin
side of line
CD
EF y=2 - F(0,2) ≥ non-origin
side of line
EF
The feasible region is EPQBY which is shaded in the graph. The vertices of the feasible
region are P, Q and B (0, 7). P is the point of intersection of the lines 2x + 3y = 15 and y
= 2.
Substituting y = 2 in 2x + 3y = 15, we get
2x + 3(2) = 15
∴ 2x = 9
∴ x = 4.5
∴ P = (4.5, 2)
Q is the point of intersection of the lines
2x + 3y = 15 .....(1)
and 2x + y = 7
On subtracting, we get
2y = 8
∴y=4
∴ from (2), 2x + 4 = 7
∴ 2x = 3
∴ x = 1.5
∴ Q = (1.5, 4)
The values of the objective function z = 8x + 10y at these vertices are
z(P) = 8(4.5) + 10(2) = 36 + 20 = 56
z(Q) = 8(1.5) + 10(4) = 12 + 40 = 52
z(B) = 8(0) + 10(7) = 70
∴ z has minimum value 52, when x = 1.5 and y = 4.

Exercise 7.4 | Q 8 | Page 241

Solve the following LPP by graphical method:
Minimize z = 6x + 21y, subject to x + 2y ≥ 3, x + 4y ≥ 4, 3x + y ≥ 3, x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0.

Solution: First we draw the lines AB, CD and EF whose equations are x + 2y = 3, x +
4y = 4 and 3x + y = 3 respectively.
First we draw the lines AB, CD and EF whose equations are x + 2y = 3, x + 4y = 4 and
3x + y = 3 respectively.
Line Equation Points on Points on Sign Region
the X-axis the Y-axis
AB x + 2y = 3 A(3, 0) B(0,3/2) ≥ non-origin
side of line
AB
CD x + 4y = 4 C(4, 0) D(0, 1) ≥ non-origin
side of line
CD
EF 3x + y = 3 E(1, 0) F(0, 3) ≥ non-origin
side of line
EF
The feasible region is XCPQFY which is shaded in the graph.
The vertices of the feasible region are C(4, 0), P, Q and F (0, 3).
P is the point of intersection of the lines x + 4y = 4 and x + 2y = 3
On subtracting, we get
2y = 1
∴ y = 1/2
Substituting y = 1/2 in x + 2y = 3, we get
x + 2, (1/2) = 3
∴x=2
∴ P ≡ (2,1/2)
Q is the point of intersection of the lines
x + 2y = 3 ....(1)
and 3x + y = 3 ...(2)
Multiplying equation (1) by 3, we get
3x + 6y = 9
Subtracting equation (2) from this equation, we get
5y = 6
MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISE 7 [PAGES 242 - 243]

Miscellaneous exercise 7 | Q 1 | Page 242

Select the appropriate alternatives for each of the following question:
The value of objective function is maximum under linear constraints

1. at the centre of feasible region

2. at (0, 0)
 3. at a vertex of feasible region
4. the vertex which is of maximum distance from (0, 0).
Solution: at a vertex of feasible region
Miscellaneous exercise 7 | Q 2 | Page 242
Select the appropriate alternatives for each of the following question:
Which of the following is correct?

1. Every LPP has an optimal solution

2. A LPP has unique optimal solution
3. If LPP has two optimal solutions, then it has infinite number of optimal
solutions
4. The set of all feasible solution of LPP may not be convex set
Solution: If LPP has two optimal solutions, then it has infinite number of optimal
solutions
Miscellaneous exercise 7 | Q 3 | Page 242
Select the appropriate alternatives for each of the following question:
Objective function of LPP is

1. a constraint
2. a function to be maximized or minimized
3. a relation between the decision variables
4. equation of a straight line
Solution: a function to be maximized or minimized
Miscellaneous exercise 7 | Q 4 | Page 242
Select the appropriate alternatives for each of the following question:
The maximum value of z = 5x + 3y subject to the constraints 3x + 5y ≤ 15, 5x + 2y ≤ 10,
x, y ≥ 0 is
1. 235
2. 235/9
3. 235/19
4. 235/3
Solution: 235/19
Miscellaneous exercise 7 | Q 5 | Page 242
Select the appropriate alternatives for each of the following question:
The maximum value of z = 10x + 6y subject to the constraints 3x + y ≤ 12, 2x + 5y ≤ 34,
x, ≥ 0, y ≥ 0 is

1. 56
2. 65
3. 55
4. 66
Solution: 56
Miscellaneous exercise 7 | Q 6 | Page 242
Select the appropriate alternatives for each of the following question:
The point of which the maximum value of x + y subject to the constraints x + 2y ≤ 70,
2x + y ≤ 95, x, ≥ 0, y ≥ 0 is is obtained at

1. (30, 25)
2. (20, 35)
3. (35, 20)
4. (40, 15)
Solution: (40, 15)
Miscellaneous exercise 7 | Q 7 | Page 242
Select the appropriate alternatives for each of the following question:
Of all the points of the feasible region, the optimal value of z obtained at the point lies

1. inside the feasible region

2. at the boundary of the feasible region
3. at vertex of feasible region
4. outside the feasible region
Solution: at vertex of feasible region
Miscellaneous exercise 7 | Q 8 | Page 242
Select the appropriate alternatives for each of the following question:
Feasible region is the set of points which satisfy

1. the objective function

2. all the given constraints
3. some of the given constraints
 4. only one constraint
Solution: all the given constraints
Miscellaneous exercise 7 | Q 9 | Page 243
Select the appropriate alternatives for each of the following question:
Solution of LPP to minimize z = 2x + 3y, such that x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0, 1 ≤ x + 2y ≤ 10 is

1. x = 0, y = 1/2
2. x = 1/2, y = 0
3. x = 1, y = 2
4. x = 1/2, y = 1/2
Solution: x = 0, y = 1/2
Miscellaneous exercise 7 | Q 10 | Page 243
Select the appropriate alternatives for each of the following question:
The corner points of the feasible solution given by the inequation x + y ≤ 4, 2x + y ≤ 7, x
≥ 0, y ≥ 0 are

1. (0, 0), (4, 0), (7, 1), (0, 4)

2. (0, 0), (7/2,0), (3, 1), (0, 4)
3. (0, 0), (7/2,0), (3, 1), (0, 7)
4. (0, 0), (4, 0), (3, 1), (0, 7)
Solution: (0, 0), (7/2,0), (3, 1), (0, 4)
Miscellaneous exercise 7 | Q 11 | Page 243
Select the appropriate alternatives for each of the following question:
The corner points of the feasible solution are (0, 0), (2, 0), (12/7,3/7), (0, 1). Then z = 7x
+ y is maximum at
1. (0, 0)
2. (2, 0)
3. (12/7,3/7)
4. (0, 1)
Solution: (2, 0)
Miscellaneous exercise 7 | Q 12 | Page 243
Select the appropriate alternatives for each of the following question:
If the corner points of the feasible solution are (0, 0), (3, 0), (2, 1), (0, 7/3) the maximum
value of z = 4x + 5y is
1. 12
2. 13
3. 35/3
4. 0
Solution: 13
Miscellaneous exercise 7 | Q 13 | Page 243
Select the appropriate alternatives for each of the following question:
If the corner points of the feasible solution are (0, 10), (2, 2) and (4, 0), then the point of
minimum z = 3x + 2y

1. (2, 2)
2. (0, 10)
3. (4, 0)
4. (3, 4)
Solution: (2, 2)
Miscellaneous exercise 7 | Q 14 | Page 243
Select the appropriate alternatives for each of the following question:
The half-plane represented by 3x + 2y < 8 contains the point

1. (1, 5/2)
2. (2, 1)
3. (0, 0)
4. (5, 1)
Solution: (0, 0)
Miscellaneous exercise 7 | Q 15 | Page 243
Select the appropriate alternatives for each of the following question:
The half-plane represented by 4x + 3y >14 contains the point
1. (0, 0)
2. (2, 2)
3. (3, 4)
4. (1, 1)
Solution: (3, 4)
MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISE 7 [PAGES 243 - 245]

Miscellaneous exercise 7 | Q 1.1 | Page 243

Solve each of the following inequations graphically using XY-plane:
4x - 18 ≥ 0
Solution: Consider the line whose equation is 4x - 18 ≥ 0 i.e. x = 18/4 = 9/2 = 4.5
This represents a line parallel to Y-axis passing3through the point (4.5,0)
Draw the line x = 4.5
To find the solution set, we have to check the position of the origin (0, 0).
When x = 0, 4x – 18 = 4 x 0 – 18 = – 18 > 0
∴ the coordinates of the origin does not satisfy thegiven inequality.
∴ the solution set consists of the line x = 4.5 and the non-origin side of the line which is
shaded in the graph.

Miscellaneous exercise 7 | Q 1.2 | Page 243

Solve each of the following inequations graphically using XY-plane:
- 11x - 55 ≤ 0
Solution: Consider the line whose equation is - 11x - 55 ≤ 0 i.e. x = -5`
This represents a line parallel to Y-axis passing3through the point (-5,0)
Draw the line x = - 5
To find the solution set, we have to check the position of the origin (0, 0).
When x = 0, - 11x - 55 = - 11(0) - 55 = - 55 > 0
∴ the coordinates of the origin does not satisfy thegiven inequality.
∴ the solution set consists of the line x = -5 and the non-origin side of the line which is
shaded in the graph.

Miscellaneous exercise 7 | Q 1.3 | Page 243

Solve each of the following inequations graphically using XY-plane:
5y - 12 ≥ 0
Solution: Consider the line whose equation is 5y - 12 ≥ 0 i.e. y = 12/5
This represents a line parallel to X-axis passing3through the point (0,12/5)
Draw the line y = 12/5
To find the solution set, we have to check the position of the origin (0, 0).
When y = 0, 5y - 12 = 5(0) - 12 = - 12 > 0
∴ the coordinates of the origin does not satisfy the given inequality.
∴ the solution set consists of the line y = 12/5 and the non-origin side of the line which is
shaded in the graph.

Miscellaneous exercise 7 | Q 1.4 | Page 243

Solve each of the following inequations graphically using XY-plane:
y ≤ - 3.5
Solution: Consider the line whose equation is y ≤ - 3.5 i.e. y = - 3.5
This represents a line parallel to X-axis passing3through the point (0,-3.5)
Draw the line y = - 3.5
To find the solution set, we have to check the position of the origin (0, 0).
∴ the coordinates of the origin does not satisfy the given inequality.
∴ the solution set consists of the line y = - 3.5 and the non-origin side of the line which is
shaded in the graph.

Miscellaneous exercise 7 | Q 2.4 | Page 243

Sketch the graph of the following inequations in XOY-coordinate system:
|x + 5| ≤ y
Solution: |x + 5| ≤ y
∴-y≤x+5≤y
∴-y≤x+5 and x + 5 ≤ y
∴x+y≥-5 and x - y ≤ - 5
First we draw the lines AB and AC whose equations are x + y = - 5 and x - y = - 5
respectively.
Line Equation Points on Points on Sign region
the X-axis the Y-axis
AB x+y=-5 A(- 5, 0) B(0, -5) ≥ origin side of
line AB
 AC x-y=-5 A(-5, 0) C(0, 5) ≤ non-origin
side of line
AB
The graph of |x + 5| ≤ y is as below:

Miscellaneous exercise 7 | Q 3.1 | Page 243

Solve graphically : 2x + y ≥ 2 and x – y ≤ 1

Solution: First we draw the lines AB and AC whose equations are 2x + y = 2 and x – y
= 1 respectively.
Line Equation Points on Points on the Sign Region
the X-axis Y-axis
AB 2x + y = 2 A(1, 0) B(0, 2) ≥ non-origin ssde
of line AB

AC x–y=1 A(1, 0) C(0, –1) ≤ origin side of

the line AC
The solution set of the given system of inequalities is shaded in the graph.

Miscellaneous exercise 7 | Q 3.3 | Page 243

Find graphical solution for the following system of linear in equation:
3x + 4y ≤ 12, x - 2y ≥ 2, y ≥ - 1
Solution: First we draw the lines AB, CD and ED whose equations are 3x + 4y = 12, x -
2y = 2 and y = - 1 respectively.
Line Equation Points on Points on Sign Region
the X-axis the Y-axis
AB 3x + 4y = A(4, 0) B(0, 3) ≤ origin side
12 of line AB
CD x - 2y = 2 C(2, 0) D(0, -1) ≥ non-origin
side of line
CD
ED y=-1 - D(0, -1) ≥ origin side
of line ED
The solution set of given system of inequation is shaded in the graph.

Miscellaneous exercise 7 | Q 5.1 | Page 244

Solve the following LPP:
Maximize z = 5x1 + 6x2 subject to 2x1 + 3x2 ≤ 18, 2x1 + x2 ≤ 12, x1 ≥ 0, x2 ≥ 0.
Solution: First we draw the lines AB and CD whose equations are 2x1 + 3x2 = 18 and
2x1 + x2 = 12 respectively.

Points on the X- Points on the Y-

Line Equation Sign
axis axis
AB 2x1 + 3x2 = 18 A(9, 0) B(0, 6)
CD 2x1 + x2 = 12 C(6, 0) O(0, 12)

The feasible region is OCPBO which is shaded in the graph. The vertices of the feasible
region are O (0, 0), C (6, 0), P and B (0, 6).
P is the point of intersection of the lines
2x1 + 3x2 = 18 ....(1)
and 2x1 + x2 = 12 ....(2)
On subtracting, we get
2x2 = 6
∴ x2 = 3
Substituting x2 = 3 in (2), we get
2x1 + 3 = 12
∴ x1 = 9
∴ P is (9/2, 3)
The values of objective function z = 5x1 + 6x2 at these vertices are
z(O) = 5(0) + 6(0) = 0 + 0 = 0
z(C) = 5(6) + 6(0) = 30 + 0 = 30

z(B) = 5(0) + 6(3) = 0 + 18 = 18

Maximum value of z is 40.5 when x1 = 9/2 y1 = 3.

Miscellaneous exercise 7 | Q 5.2 | Page 244

Solve the following LPP:
Maximize z = 4x + 2y subject to 3x + y ≤ 27, x + y ≤ 21, x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0.

Solution: First we draw the lines AB and CD whose equations are 3x + y = 27 and x + y
= 21 respectively.
Line Equation Points on Points on Sign Region
the X-axis the Y-axis
AB 3x + y = 27 A(9, 0) B(0, 27) ≤ origin side of
line AB
CD x + y = 21 C(21, 0) O(0, 21) ≤ origin side of
line CD

The feasible region is OAPDO which is shaded region in the graph. The vertices of the
feasible region are O(0, 0), A (9, 0), P and D (0, 21). P is the point of intersection of
lines

3x + y = 27 ....(1)

and x + y = 21 ....(2)

On substracting, we get 2x = 6
∴x=3

Substituting x = 3 in equation (1), we get

9 + y = 27

∴ y = 18

∴ P ≡ (3, 18)

The values of the objective function z = 4x + 2y at these vertices are

z(O) = 4(0) + 2(0) = 0 + 0 = 0

z(a) = 4(9) + 2(0) = 36 + 0 = 36

z(P) = 4(3) + 2(18) = 12 + 36 = 48

z(D) = 4(0) + 2(21) = 0 + 42 = 42

∴ 2 has minimum value 48 when x = 3, y = 18.

Miscellaneous exercise 7 | Q 5.3 | Page 244

Solve the following LPP:
Maximize z = 6x + 10y subject to 3x + 5y ≤ 10, 5x + 3y ≤ 15, x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0.
Solution: First we draw the lines AB and CD whose equations are 3x + 5y = 10 and 5x
+ 3y = 15 respectively.
Line Equation Points on Points on Sign Region
the X-axis the Y-axis
AB 3x + 5y = 10 A (10/3, 0) B(0, 2) ≤ origin side of
line AB
CD 5x + 3y = 15 C(3, 0) O(0, 5) ≤ origin side of
line CD
The feasible region is OCPBD which is shaded region in the graph.
The vertices of the feasible region are O(0, 0), C (3, 0), P and B (0, 2).
P is the point of intersection of lines
3x + 5y = 10 ....(1)
and 5x + 3y = 15 ....(2)
Multiplying equation (1) by 5 and equation (2) by 3, we get
15x + 25y = 50
15x + 9y = 45
On subtracting, we get
16y = 5
Miscellaneous exercise 7 | Q 5.4 | Page 244
Solve the following LPP:
Maximize z = 2x + 3y subject to x - y ≥ 3, x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0.
Solution: First we draw the lines AB whose equations are x - y = 3.
Line Equation Points on Points on Sign Region
the X-axis the Y-axis
AB x-y=3 A(3, 0) B(0, -3) ≥ non-origin
side of line
AB

The feasible region is shaded which is unbounded. Therefore, the value of objective
function can be increased indefinitely. Hence, this LPP has unbounded solution.

Miscellaneous exercise 7 | Q 6.1 | Page 244

Solve the following LPP:
Maximize z = 4x1 + 3x2 subject to
3x1 + x2 ≤ 15, 3x1 + 4x2 ≤ 24, x1 ≥ 0, x2 ≥ 0.

Solution: We first draw the lines AB and CD whose equations are 3x1 + x2 = 15 and
3x1 + 4x2 = 24 respectively.
Line Equation Points on Points on Sign Region
the X-axis the Y-axis
AB 3x1 + x2 = A(5, 0) B(0,15) ≤ origin side of
15 the line AB
CD 3x1 + 4x2 = C(8, 0) D(0, 6) ≤ origin side of
24 the line CD
The feasible region is OAPDO which is shaded in the graph.

The Vertices of the feasible region are O(0, 0), A(5, 0), P and D(0, 6).

P is the point of intersection of lines.

3x1 + 4x2 = 24 ....(1)

and 3x1 + x2 = 15 ....(2)

On subtracting, we get

3x2 = 9 ∴ x2 = 3

Substituting x2 = 3 in (2), we get

3x1 + 3 = 15

∴ 3x1 = 12

∴ x1 = 4

∴ P is (4, 3)
The values of objective function z = 4x1 + 3x2 at these vertices are

z(O) = 4(0) + 3(0) = 0 + 0 = 0

z(a) = 4(5) + 3(0) = 20 + 0 = 20

z(P) = 4(4) + 3(3) = 16 + 9 = 25

z(D) = 4(0) + 3(6) = 0 + 18 = 18

∴ z has maximum value 25 when x = 4 and y = 3.

Miscellaneous exercise 7 | Q 6.2 | Page 244

Solve the following LPP:
Maximize z =60x + 50y subject to
x + 2y ≤ 40, 3x + 2y ≤ 60, x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0.
Solution: We first draw the lines AB and CD whose equations are x + 2y = 40 and 3x +
2y = 60 respectively.
Line Equation Points on Points on Sign Region
the X-axis the Y-axis

AB x + 2y = 40 A(40,0) B(0,20) ≤ origin side of

line AB

CD 3x + 2y = 60 C(20,0) D(0,30) ≤ origin side of

line CD
The feasible region is OCPBO which is shaded in the graph.
The vertices of the feasible region are O (0, 0), C (20, 0), P and B (0, 20).
P is the point of intersection of the lines.
3x + 2y = 60 ....(1)
and x + 2y = 40 .....(2)
On subtracting, we get
2x = 20 ∴ x = 10
Substituting x = 10 in (2), we get
10 + 2y = 40
∴ 2y = 30
∴ y = 15
∴ P is (10, 15)
The values of the objective function z = 60x + 50y at these vertices are
z(O) = 60(0) + 50(0) = 0 + 0 = 0
z(C) = 60(20) + 50(0) = 1200 + 0 = 1200
z(P) = 60(10) + 50(15) = 600 + 750 = 1350
z(B) = 60(0) + 50(20) = 0 + 1000 = 1000
∴ z has maximum value 1350 at x = 10, y = 15.

Miscellaneous exercise 7 | Q 6.3 | Page 244

Solve the following LPP:
Minimize z = 4x + 2y subject to
3x + y ≥ 27, x + y ≥ 21, x + 2y ≥ 30, x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0.
Solution: We first draw the lines AB, CD and EF whose equations are 3x + y = 27, x + y
= 21, x + 2y = 30 respectively.
Line Equation Points on Points on Sign Region
the X-axis the Y-axis
AB 3x + y = 27 A(9,0) B(0,27) ≥ non-origin
side of line
AB
CD x + y = 21 C(21,0) D(0,21) ≥ non-origin
side of line
CD
 EF x + 2y = 30 E(30,0) F(0,15) ≥ non-origin
side of line
EF

The feasible region is XEPQBY which is shaded in the graph.

The vertices of the feasible region are E (30, 0), P, Q and B (0, 27).
P is the point of intersection of the lines
x + 2y = 30 ....(1)
and x + y = 21 ......(2)
On subtracting, we get
y=9
Substituting y = 9 in (2), we get
x + 9 = 21
∴ x = 12
∴ P is (12, 9)
Q is the point of intersection of the lines
x + y = 21 ....(2)
and 3x + y = 2 ....(3)
On subtracting, we get
2x = 6 ∴x=3
Substituting x = 3 in (2), we get
3 + y = 21 ∴ y = 18
∴ Q is (3, 18)
The values of the objective function z = 4x + 2y at these vertices are
z(E) = 4(30) + 2(0) = 120 + 0 = 120
z(P) = 4(12) + 2(9) = 48 + 18 = 66
z(Q) = 4(3) + 2(18) = 12 + 36 = 48
z(B) = 4(0) + 2(27) = 0 + 54 = 54
∴ z has minimum value 48, when x = 3 and y = 18.

Miscellaneous exercise 7 | Q 7 | Page 244

A carpenter makes chairs and tables. Profits are ₹ 140 per chair and ₹ 210 per table.
Both products are processed on three machines: Assembling, Finishing and Polishing.
The time required for each product in hours and availability of each machine is given by
the following table:
Product → Chair (x) Table (y) Available time
(hours)
Machine ↓
Assembling 3 3 36
Finishing 5 2 50
Polishing 2 6 60

Formulate the above problem as LPP. Solve it graphically

Solution: Let the number of chairs and tables made by the carpenter be x and y
respectively.
The profits are ₹ 140 per chair and ₹ 210 per table.
∴ total profit z = ₹ (140x + 210y)
This is the objective function which is to be maximized. The constraints are as per the
following table:

Available time
Chair (x) Table (y)
(hours)
Assembling 3 3 36

Finishing 5 2 50

Polishing 2 6 60

From the table, the constraints are

3x + 3y ≤ 36, 5x + 2y ≤ 50, 2x + 6y ≤ 60.
The number of chairs and tables cannot be negative.
∴ x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0
Hence, the mathematical formulation of given LPP is:
Maximize z = 140x + 210y, subject to
3x + 3y ≤ 36, 5x + 2y ≤ 50, 2x + 6y ≤ 60, x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0
We first draw the lines AB, CD and EF whose equations are 3x + 3y = 36, 5x + 2y = 50
and 2x + 6y = 60 respectively.
Line Equation Points on Points on Sign Region
the X-axis the Y-axis
AB 3x + 3y = A(12,0) B(0,12) ≤ origin side
36 of line AB
CD 5x + 2y = C(10,0) D(0,25) ≤ origin side
50 of line CD
EF 2x + 6y = E(30,0) F(0,10) ≤ origin side
60 of line EF
The feasible region is OCPQFO which is shaded in the graph.
The vertices of the feasible region are O (0, 0), C (10, 0), P, Q and F (0, 10).
P is the point of intersection of the lines
5x + 2y = 50 … (1)
and 3x + 3y = 36 … (2)
Multiplying equation (1) by 3 and equation (2) by 2, we get
15x + 6y = 150
6x + 6y = 72
On subtracting, we get
Q is the point of intersection of the lines
3x + 3y = 36 ....(2)
and 2x + 6y = 60 ......(3)
Multiplying equation (2) by 2, we get
6x + 6y = 72
Subtracting equation (3) from this equation, we get
4x = 12 ∴x=3
Substituting x = 3 in (2), we get
3(3) + 3y = 36
∴ 3y = 27 ∴y=9
∴ Q is (3, 9).
Hence, the vertices of the feasible region are O (0, 0),
C(10, 0), P(26/3, 10/3), Q(3,9) and F(0,10)
The values of the objective function z = 140x + 210y at these vertices are
z(O) = 140(0) + 210(0) = 0 + 0 = 0
z(C) = 140(10) + 210(0) = 1400 + 0 = 1400
z(Q) = 140(3) + 210(9) = 420 + 1890 = 2310
z (F) = 140(0) + 210(10) = 0 + 2100 = 2100
∴ z has maximum value 2310 when x = 3 and y = 9.
Hence, the carpenter should make 3 chairs and 9 tables to get the maximum profit of ₹
2310.

Miscellaneous exercise 7 | Q 8 | Page 244

A company manufactures bicycles and tricycles each of which must be processed
through machines A and B. Machine A has maximum of 120 hours available and
machine B has maximum of 180 hours available. Manufacturing a bicycle requires 6
hours on machine A and 3 hours on machine B. Manufacturing a tricycle requires 4
hours on machine A and 10 hours on machine B.
If profits are Rs. 180 for a bicycle and Rs. 220 for a tricycle, formulate and solve the
L.P.P. to determine the number of bicycles and tricycles that should be manufactured in
order to maximize the profit.
Solution: Let x number of bicycles and y number of tricycles be manufactured by the
company.
Total profit Z = 180x + 220y
This is the objective function to be maximized.
The given information can be tabulated as shown below:
Bicycles (x) Tricycles (y) Maximum
availability of time
(hrs)
Machine A 6 4 120
Machine B 3 10 180
The constraints are 6x + 4y ≤ 120, 3x + 10y ≤ 180, x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0
Given problem can be formulated as
Maximize Z = 180x + 220y
Subject to, 6x + 4y ≤ 120, 3x + 10y ≤ 180 , x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0.
To draw the feasible region, construct the table as follows:
Inequality 6x + 4y ≤ 120 3x + 10y ≤ 180
Corresponding equation (of 6x + 4y = 120 3x + 10y = 180
line)
 Intersection of line with X- (20, 0) (60, 0)
axis
Intersection of line with Y- (0, 30) (0, 18)
axis
Region Origin side Origin side

Shaded portion OABC is the feasible region, whose vertices are O=(0, 0), A =(20, 0), B
and C = (0, 18)

B is the point of intersection of the lines 3x + 10y = 180 and 6x + 4y = 120.

Solving the above equations, we get
B = (10, 15) Here the objective function is,
Z = 180x + 220y
Z at O(0, 0) = 180(0) + 220(0) = 0
Z at A(20, 0) = 180(20) + 220(0) = 3600
Z at B(10, 15) = 180(10) + 220(15) = 5100
Z at C(0, 18) = 180(0) + 220(18) = 3960
Z has maximum value 5100 at B(10, 15)
Z is maximum when x = 10, y = 15
Thus, the company should manufacture 10 bicycles and 15 tricycles to gain maximum
profit of Rs.5100.

Miscellaneous exercise 7 | Q 9 | Page 244

A chemical company produces two compounds, A and B. The following table gives the
units of ingredients, C and D per kg of compounds A and B as well as minimum
requirements of C and D and costs per kg of A and B. Find the quantities of A and B
which would give a supply of C and D at a minimum cost.
Compound Minimum requirement
 A B
Ingredient C 1 2 80
Ingredient D 3 1 75
Cost (in Rs) per kg 4 6 -

Solution: Let x kg of compound A and y kg of compound B were produced.

Quantity cannot be negative.
Therefore, x,y≥0
Compound Minimum requirement
A B
Ingredient C 1 2 80
Ingredient D 3 1 75

Cost (in Rs) per kg 4 6 -

According to question, the constraints are

x+2y≥80
3x+y≥75
Cost (in Rs) per kg of
compound A and compound B is Rs 4 and Rs 6 respectively.Therefore, cost of x kg of
compound A and y kg of compound B is 4x and 6y respectively.
Total cost = Z = 4x+6y
which is to be minimised.
Thus, the mathematical formulation of the given linear programming problem is
Min Z = 4x+6y
subject to
x+2y≥80
3x+y≥75
x,y≥0
First we will convert inequations into equations as follows:
x + 2y = 80, 3x + y =75, x = 0 and y = 0

Region represented by x + 2y ≥ 80:

The line x + 2y = 80 meets the coordinate axes at A1(80, 0) and B1(0, 40) respectively.
By joining these points we obtain the line x + 2y = 80. Clearly (0,0) does not satisfies
the x + 2y = 80. So, the region which does not contain the origin represents the solution
set of the inequation x + 2y ≥ 80.

Region represented by 3x + y ≥ 75:

The line 3x + y =75 meets the coordinate axes at C1(25, 0) and D1(0, 75) respectively.
By joining these points we obtain the line 3x + y =75. Clearly (0,0) does not satisfies the
inequation 3x + y ≥ 75. So,the region which does not contain the origin represents the
solution set of the inequation 3x + y ≥ 75.

Region represented by x ≥ 0 and y ≥ 0:

Since, every point in the first quadrant satisfies these inequations. So, the first quadrant
is the region represented by the inequations x ≥ 0, and y ≥ 0.

The feasible region determined by the system of constraints x + 2y ≥ 80, 3x + y ≥ 75, x ≥

0, and y ≥ 0 are as follows.

The corner points are D1(0, 75), E1(14, 33) and A1(80, 0).

The values of Z at these corner points are as follows

Corner point Z= 4x + 6y
D1 450
E1 254
A1 320
The minimum value of Z is 254 which is attained at E1 (14,33)
Thus, the minimum cost is Rs 254 obtained when 14 units of compound A and 33 units
of compound B were produced.
Miscellaneous exercise 7 | Q 10 | Page 244
A company produces mixers and food processors. Profit on selling one mixer and one
food processor is Rs 2,000 and Rs 3,000 respectively. Both the products are processed
through three machines A, B, C. The time required in hours for each product and total
time available in hours per week on each machine arc as follows:
Machine Mixer Food Processor Available time

A 3 3 36
B 5 2 50

C 2 6 60

How many mixers and food processors should be produced in order to maximize the
profit?
Solution: Let x = number of mixers are sold
y = number of food processors are sold
Profit function z = 2000x + 3000y
This is the objective function which is to be maximized. From the given table in the
problem, the constraints are
3x + 3y ≤ 36 (above machine A)
5x 2y ≤ 50 ( about machine B)
2x + 6y ≤ 60 ( about machine C)
As the number of mixers and food processors are non-negative.
x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0
Mathematical model of L.P.P. is
Maximize Z = 2000x + 3000y Subject to
3x + 3y ≤ 36, 5x 2y ≤ 50, 2x + 6y ≤ 60
and x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0
First we draw the lines AB, CD and EF whose equations are 3x + 3y = 36, 5x + 2y = 50
and 2x + 6y = 60 respectively.
The feasible region is OCPQFO which is shaded in the graph.
The vertices of the feasible region are O (0, 0), C (10, 0), P, Q and F (0, 10).
P is the point of intersection of the lines
3x + 3y = 36 ....(1)
and 5x + 2y = 50 ....(2)
Multiplying equation (1) by 2 and equation (2) by 3, we get,
6x + 6y = 72
15x + 6y = 150
On subtracting, we get
9x = 78
Q is the point of intersection of the lines
3x + 3y = 36 . ...(1)
and 2x + 6y = 60 ...(2)
Multiplying equation (1) by 2, we get
6x + 6y = 72
Subtracting equation (3), from this equation, we get
4x = 12
∴x=3
∴ from (1), 3(3) + 3y = 36
∴ 3y = 27
∴y=9
∴ Q = (3, 9)
The values of the objective function z = 2000x + 3000y at these vertices are
z(O) = 2000(0) + 3000(0) = 0 + 0 = 0
z(C) = 2000(10) + 3000(0) = 20000 + 0 = 20000

z(Q) = 2000(3) + 3000(9) = 6000 + 27000 = 33000

z(F) = 2000(0) + 3000(10) = 30000 + 0 = 30000

∴ the maximum value of z is 33000 at the point (3, 9).

Hence, 3 mixers and 9 food processors should be produced in order to get the
maximum profit of ₹ 33,000.

Miscellaneous exercise 7 | Q 11 | Page 245

A chemical company produces a chemical containing three basic elements A, B, C, so
that it has at least 16 litres of A, 24 litres of B and 18 litres of C. This chemical is made
by mixing two compounds I and II. Each unit of compound I has 4 litres of A, 12 litres of
B and 2 litres of C. Each unit of compound II has 2 litres of A, 2 litres of B and 6 litres of
C. The cost per unit of compound I is ‘ 800 and that of compound II is ‘ 640. Formulate
the problems as LPP and solve it to minimize the cost.

Solution: Let the company buy x units of compound I and y units of compound II.

Then the total cost is z = ₹ (800x + 640y)

This is the objective function that is to be minimized. The constraints are as per the
following table:
Compound I Compound II Compound III
(x) (y) (z)
Element A 4 2 16
Element B 12 2 24
Element C 2 6 18

From the table, the constraints are

4x + 2y ≥ 16, 12x + 2y ≥ 24, 2x + 6y ≥ 18

Also, the number of units of compound I and compound II cannot be negative.

∴x≥0,y≥0

∴ the mathematical formulation of given LPP is

Minimize z = 800x + 640y, subject to

4x + 2y ≥ 16, 12x + 2y ≥ 24, 2x + 6y ≥ 18, x ≥ 0 , y ≥ 0.

First we draw the lines AB, CD and EF whose equations are 4x + 2y = 16, 12x + 2y = 24
and 2x + 6y = 18 respectively.
Line Equation Points on Points on Sign Region
the X-axis the Y-axis

AB 4x + 2y = A(4, 0) B(0,8) ≥ non-origin

16 side of line
AB
CD 12x + 2y = C(2, 0) D(0,12) ≥ non-origin
24 side of line
CD
EF 2x + 6y E(9, 0) F(0,3) ≥ non-origin
= 18 side of line
EF

The feasible region is shaded in the graph.

The vertices of the feasible region are E (9, 0), P, Q and D (0, 12).

P is the point of intersection of the lines

2x + 6y = 18 ...(1)
and 4x + 2y = 16 ...(2)

Multiplying equation (1) by 2, we get

4x + 12y = 36

Subtracting equation (2) from this equation, we get

10y = 20

∴y=2

∴ from(1), 2x + 6(2) = 18

∴ 2x = 6

∴x=3

∴ P = (3, 2)

Q is the point of intersection of the lines

12x + 2y = 24 ...(3)

and 4x + 2y = 16 ...(2)

On subtracting, we get

8x = 8 ∴x=1

∴ from(2), 4(1) + 2y = 16

∴ 2y = 12

∴y=6

∴ Q = (1, 6)

The values of the objective function z = 800x + 640y at these vertices are

z(E) = 800(9) + 640(0) = 7200 + 0 = 7200

z(P) = 800(3) + 640(2) = 2400 + 1280 = 3680

z(Q) = 800(1) + 640(6) = 800 + 3840 = 4640

z(D) = 800(0) + 640(12) = 0 + 7680 = 7680

∴ the minimum value of z is 3680 at the point (3, 2).

Hence, the company should buy 3 units of compound I and 2 units of compound II to
have the minimum cost of ₹ 3680.

Miscellaneous exercise 7 | Q 12 | Page 245

A person makes two types of gift items A and B requiring the services of a cutter and a
finisher. Gift item A requires 4 hours of the cutter's time and 2 hours of finisher's time.
Fifth item B requires 2 hours of the cutter's time and 4 hours of finisher's time. The
cutter and finisher have 208 hours and 152 hours available time respectively every
month. The profit on one gift item of type A is ₹ 75 and on one gift item of type, B is ₹
125. Assuming that the person can sell all the gift items produced, determine how many
gift items of each type should he make every month to obtain the best returns?
Solution: Let x: number of gift item A
y: number of gift item B
As numbers of the items are never negative
X ≥ 0; y ≥ 0

A (x) B (y)

Cutter 4 2

Finisher 2 4

Profit 75 125

Total time required for the cutter = 4x + 2y

Maximum available time 208 hours
∴ 4x+ 2y ≤ 208
Total time required for the finisher 2x +4y
Maximum available time 152 hours
∴ 2x+ 4y ≤ 152
Total Profit is 75x + 125y
∴ L.P.P. of the above problem is
Minimize Z = 75x + 125y
Subject to 4x+ 2y ≤ 208
2x + 4y ≤ 152
x≥0;y≥0
Graphical solution
2x + y = 104

x 0 52

y 104 0

(0 , 104) (52 , 0)

x + 2y = 76
x 0 0

y 38 76
(0 , 38) (76 , 0)

Corner points
Now, Z at
Z = (75x + 125y)
0(0, 0) = 75 x 0 + 125 x 0 = 0
A(52, 0) = 75 x 52 + 125 x 0 = 3900
B(44, 16) = 75 x 44 + 125 x 16 = 5300
C(O, 38) = 75 x 0 + 125 x 38 = 4750
∴ A person should make 44 items of type A and 16 Uems of type Band his returns are ₹
5,300.

Miscellaneous exercise 7 | Q 13 | Page 245

A firm manufactures two products A and B on which profit earned per unit ₹ 3 and ₹ 4
respectively. Each product is processed on two machines M1 and M2. The product A
requires one minute of processing time on M1 and two minutes of processing time on
M2, B requires one minute of processing time on M1 and one minute of processing time
on M2. Machine M1 is available for use for 450 minutes while M2 is available for 600
minutes during any working day. Find the number of units of product A and B to be
manufactured to get the maximum profit.
Solution: Let the firm manufactures x units of product A and y units of product B.
The profit earned per unit of A is ₹ 3 and B is ₹ 4.
Hence, the total profit is z = ₹ (3x + 4y)
This is the linear function that is to be maximized. Hence, it is an objective function.
The constraints are as per the following table:
Machine Product A (x) Product A (y) Total availability of
time (minutes)
M1 1 1 450
M2 2 1 600
From the table, the constraints are
x + y ≤ 450, 2x + y ≤ 600
Since, the number of gift items cannot be negative, x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0.
∴ the mathematical formulation of LPP is,
Maximize z = 3x + 4y, subject to
x + y ≤ 450, 2x + y ≤ 600, x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0
Now, we draw the lines AB and CD whose equations are x + y = 450, 2x + y = 600
respectively.
Line Equation Points on Points on Sign Region
the X-axis the Y-axis
AB x + y = 450 A(450,0) B(0,450) ≤ origin side of
line AB
CD 2x + y = 600 C(300,0) D(0,600) ≤ origin side of
line CD

The feasible region is OCPBO which is shaded in the graph.

The vertices of the feasible region are O (0, 0), C (300, 0), P and B (0, 450).
P is the point of intersection of the lines
2x + y = 600 .....(1)
and x + y = 450 .....(2)
On subtracting, we get
∴ x = 150
Substituting x = 150 in equation (2), we get
150 + y = 450
∴ y = 300
∴ P ≡ (150, 300)
The values of the objective function z = 3x + 4y at these vertices are
z(O) = 3(0) + 4(0) = 0 + 0 = 0
z(C) = 3(300) + 4(0) = 900 + 0 = 900
z(P) = 3(150) + 4(300) = 450 + 1200 = 1650
z(B) = 3(0) + 4(450) = 0 + 1800 = 1800
∴ z has the maximum value 1800 when x =0 and y = 450
Hence, the firm gets maximum profit of ₹ 1800 if it manufactures 450 units of product B
and no unit product A.

Miscellaneous exercise 7 | Q 14 | Page 245

A firm manufacturing two types of electrical items A and B, can make a profit of ₹ 20 per
unit of A and ₹ 30 per unit of B. Both A and B make use of two essential components a
motor and a transformer. Each unit of A requires 3 motors and 2 transformers and each
units of B requires 2 motors and 4 transformers. The total supply of components per
month is restricted to 210 motors and 300 transformers. How many units of A and B
should be manufactured per month to maximize profit? How much is the maximum
profit?
Solution: Let the firm manufactures x units of item A and y units of item B.
Firm can make profit of ₹ 20 per unit of A and ₹ 30 per unit of B.
Hence, the total profit is z = ₹ (20x + 30y)
This is the objective function which is to be maximized. The constraints are as per the
following table:
Item A (x) Item A (y) Total supply

Motor 3 2 210

Transformer 2 4 300

From the table, the constraints are

3x + 2y ≤ 210, 2x + 4y ≤ 300
Since, number of items cannot be negative, x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0.
Hence, the mathematical formulation of given LPP is :
Maximize z = 20x + 30y, subject to
3x + 2y ≤ 210, 2x + 4y ≤ 300, x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0
We draw the lines AB and CD whose equations are
3x + 2y = 210 and 2x + 4y = 300 respectively.
 Line Equation Points on Points on Sign Region
the X-axis the Y-axis
AB 3x + 2y = A(70,0) B(0,150) ≤ origin side of
210 line AB
CD 2x + 4y = C(150,0) D(0,75) ≤ origin side of
300 line CD

The feasible region is OAPDO which is shaded in the graph.

The vertices of the feasible region are O (0, 0), A (70, 0), P and D (0, 75).
P is the point of intersection of the lines
2x + 4y = 300 ....(1)
and 3x + 2y = 210 ....(2)
Multiplying equation (2) by 2, we get
6x + 4y = 420
Subtracting equation (1) from this equation, we get
∴ 4x = 120
∴ x = 30
Substituting x = 30 in (1), we get
2(30) + 4y = 300
∴ 4y = 240
∴ y = 60
∴ P is (30, 60)
The values of the objective function z = 20x + 30y at these vertices are
z(O) = 20(0) + 30(0) = 0 + 0 = 0
z(A) = 20(70) + 30(0) = 1400 + 0 = 1400
z(P) = 20(30) + 30(60) = 600 + 1800 = 2400
z(D) = 20(0) + 30(75) = 0 + 2250 = 2250
∴ z has the maximum value 2400 when x = 30 and y = 60
Hence, the firm should manufactured 30 units of item A and 60 units of item B to get the
maximum profit of ₹ 2400.
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 Chapter 1: Differentiation
EXERCISE 1.1 [PAGES 11 - 13]

Exercise 1.1 | Q 1.1 | Page 11

Differentiate the following w.r.t.x: (x 3 – 2x – 1)5

SOLUTION
Note : Out of the two methods given above, we will use Method 2 for solving the
remaining problems.

SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION

Exercise 1.1 | Q 2.01 | Page 12

Differentiate the following w.r.t.x: cos(x 2 + a2)

SOLUTION
SOLUTION

SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION

SOLUTION
SOLUTION

SOLUTION
SOLUTION

Exercise 1.1 | Q 2.1 | Page 12

Differentiate the following w.r.t.x: cos 2[log(x2 + 7)]

SOLUTION

Exercise 1.1 | Q 2.11 | Page 12

Differentiate the following w.r.t.x: tan[cos (sinx)]

SOLUTION

Exercise 1.1 | Q 2.12 | Page 12

Differentiate the following w.r.t.x: sec[tan (x 4 + 4)]

SOLUTION

SOLUTION
SOLUTION

SOLUTION
SOLUTION
Exercise 1.1 | Q 2.17 | Page 12

Differentiate the following w.r.t.x: [log {log(logx)}]2

SOLUTION

Exercise 1.1 | Q 2.18 | Page 12

Differentiate the following w.r.t.x: sin 2x2 – cos2x2
SOLUTION

Exercise 1.1 | Q 3.01 | Page 12

Differentiate the following w.r.t.x: (x 2 + 4x + 1)3 + (x3− 5x − 2)4

SOLUTION
Exercise 1.1 | Q 3.02 | Page 12
Differentiate the following w.r.t.x: (1 + 4x)5 (3 + x −x2)8

SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION

Exercise 1.1 | Q 3.05 | Page 12

Differentiate the following w.r.t.x: (1 + sin 2 x)2 (1 + cos2 x)3

SOLUTION
= 3(1 + sin 2x)2(1 + cos2x)2.[2cosx( – sinx)] + 2(1 + sin 2x)(1 + cos2x)3[2sinx .cosx]
= 3(1 + sin 2x)2(1 + cos2x)2(– sin2x) + 2(1 + sin 2x)(1 + cos2x)3(sin2x)

= sin2x(1 + sin 2x)(1 + cos2x)2 [– 3(1 + sin 2x) + 2(1 + cos2x)]

= sin2x(1 + sin 2x)(1 + cos2x)2(– 3 – 3sin 2x + 2 + 2cos2x)

= sin2x(1 + sin 2x)(1 + cos2x)2[– 1 – 3sin 2x + 2(1 – sin 2x)]

= sin2x(1 + sin 2x)(1 + cos2x)2(–1 – 3sin 2x + 2 – 2sin 2x)
= sin2x(1 + sin 2x)(1 + cos2x)2(1 – 5sin 2x).
SOLUTION

Exercise 1.1 | Q 3.07 | Page 12

Differentiate the following w.r.t.x: log (sec 3x+ tan 3x)
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION

Exercise 1.1 | Q 3.12 | Page 12

Differentiate the following w.r.t.x: log[tan 3x.sin 4x.(x2 + 7)7]
SOLUTION
SOLUTION

SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION

Exercise 1.1 | Q 4.1 | Page 12

A table of values of f, g, f' and g' is given :

x f(x) g(x) f'(x) g'(x)

 2 1 6 –3 4
4 3 4 5 -6
6 5 2 –4 7

If r(x) =f [g(x)] find r' (2).

SOLUTION

Exercise 1.1 | Q 4.2 | Page 12

A table of values of f, g, f' and g' is given :

x f(x) g(x) f'(x) g'(x)

2 1 6 –3 4
4 3 4 5 -6
6 5 2 –4 7

If R(x) =g[3 + f(x)] find R'(4).

SOLUTION

Exercise 1.1 | Q 4.3 | Page 12

A table of values of f, g, f' and g' is given :

x f(x) g(x) f'(x) g'(x)

2 1 6 –3 4
4 3 4 5 -6
6 5 2 –4 7

If s(x) =f[9 − f (x)] find s'(4).

SOLUTION

Exercise 1.1 | Q 4.4 | Page 12

A table of values of f, g, f' and g' is given :

x f(x) g(x) f'(x) g'(x)

2 1 6 –3 4
4 3 4 5 -6
6 5 2 –4 7

If S(x) =g [g(x)] find S'(6).

SOLUTION
SOLUTION

Exercise 1.1 | Q 7 | Page 12

Find the x co-ordinates of all the points on the curve y = sin 2x − 2 sin x, 0 ≤ x < 2π,
where dy/dx = 0.
SOLUTION
Exercise 1.1 | Q 8 | Page 13

Select the appropriate hint from the hint basket and fill up the blank spaces in the
following paragraph. [Activity]:

"Let f (x) =x2 + 5 and g (x) =ex + 3 then

f[g(x)] = .......... and g[f(x)] =...........

Now f'(x) = .......... and g'(x) = ..........

The derivative of f[g(x)] w. r. t. x in terms of f and g is ..........
SOLUTION

EXERCISE 1.2 [PAGES 29 - 30]

Exercise 1.2 | Q 1.1 | Page 29

Find the derivative of the function y = f(x) using the derivative of the inverse function x =
f -1(y) in the following: y = √x
SOLUTION

Exercise 1.2 | Q 1.2 | Page 29

Find the derivative of the function y = f(x) using the derivative of the inverse function x =

f -1(y) in the following: y =

SOLUTION

Exercise 1.2 | Q 1.3 | Page 29

Find the derivative of the function y = f(x) using the derivative of the inverse function x =

f-1(y) in the following: y =

SOLUTION

Exercise 1.2 | Q 1.4 | Page 29

Find the derivative of the function y = f(x) using the derivative of the inverse function x =
f –1(y) in the following: y = log(2x – 1)
SOLUTION

Exercise 1.2 | Q 1.5 | Page 29

Find the derivative of the function y = f(x) using the derivative of the inverse function x =
f –1(y) in the following: y = 2x + 3
SOLUTION

Exercise 1.2 | Q 1.6 | Page 29

Find the derivative of the function y = f(x) using the derivative of the inverse function x =
f –1(y) in the following: y = e x – 3
SOLUTION

Exercise 1.2 | Q 1.7 | Page 29

Find the derivative of the function y = f(x) using the derivative of the inverse function x =
f –1(y) in the following: y = e 2x-3
SOLUTION
y = e2x-3 ...(1)
We have to find the inverse function of y = f(x), i.e x in terms of y.
From (1),

2x – 3= log y
∴ 2x = log y + 3

∴ x = f –1(y)

Exercise 1.2 | Q 1.8 | Page 29

Find the derivative of the function y = f(x) using the derivative of the inverse function x =

f –1(y) in the following: y =

SOLUTION

Exercise 1.2 | Q 2.1 | Page 29

Find the derivative of the inverse function of the following : y = x 2·ex

SOLUTION

Exercise 1.2 | Q 2.2 | Page 29

Find the derivative of the inverse function of the following : y = x cos x

SOLUTION
Exercise 1.2 | Q 2.3 | Page 29
Find the derivative of the inverse function of the following : y = x ·7 x

SOLUTION

Exercise 1.2 | Q 2.4 | Page 29

Find the derivative of the inverse function of the following : y = x 2 + log x
SOLUTION

Exercise 1.2 | Q 2.5 | Page 29

Find the derivative of the inverse function of the following : y = x log x

SOLUTION
Exercise 1.2 | Q 3.1 | Page 29
Find the derivative of the inverse of the following functions, and also find their value at
the points indicated against them. y = x 5 + 2x3 + 3x, at x = 1

SOLUTION
Exercise 1.2 | Q 3.2 | Page 29
Find the derivative of the inverse of the following functions, and also find their value at
the points indicated against them. y = e x + 3x + 2
SOLUTION

Exercise 1.2 | Q 3.3 | Page 29

Find the derivative of the inverse of the following functions, and also find their value at
the points indicated against them. y = 3x2 + 2logx3
SOLUTION

Exercise 1.2 | Q 3.4 | Page 29

Find the derivative of the inverse of the following functions, and also find their value at
the points indicated against them. y = sin(x – 2) + x2

SOLUTION

Exercise 1.2 | Q 4 | Page 29

If f(x) = x3 + x – 2, find (f –1)'(–2).
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION

Exercise 1.2 | Q 6.01 | Page 29

Differentiate the following w.r.t. x : tan –1(log x)
SOLUTION

Exercise 1.2 | Q 6.02 | Page 29

Differentiate the following w.r.t. x : cosec –1 (e–x )

SOLUTION
Exercise 1.2 | Q 6.03 | Page 29
Differentiate the following w.r.t. x : cot–1(x3)

SOLUTION

Exercise 1.2 | Q 6.04 | Page 29

Differentiate the following w.r.t. x : cot–1(4x )
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION

Exercise 1.2 | Q 6.07 | Page 29

Differentiate the following w.r.t. x : cos –1(1 –x2)
SOLUTION
SOLUTION

Exercise 1.2 | Q 6.09 | Page 29

Differentiate the following w.r.t. x : cos 3[cos–1(x3)]

SOLUTION
SOLUTION

Exercise 1.2 | Q 6.02 | Page 29

Differentiate the following w.r.t. x : cosec –1 (e–x )

SOLUTION
Exercise 1.2 | Q 6.03 | Page 29
Differentiate the following w.r.t. x : cot–1(x3)

SOLUTION

Exercise 1.2 | Q 6.04 | Page 29

Differentiate the following w.r.t. x : cot–1(4x )

SOLUTION
SOLUTION

SOLUTION
Exercise 1.2 | Q 6.07 | Page 29
Differentiate the following w.r.t. x : cos –1(1 –x2)

SOLUTION
SOLUTION

Exercise 1.2 | Q 6.09 | Page 29

Differentiate the following w.r.t. x : cos 3[cos–1(x3)]
SOLUTION
SOLUTION

SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION

SOLUTION
SOLUTION

Exercise 1.2 | Q 7.11 | Page 30

Differentiate the following w.r.t. x : tan –1 (cosec x + cot x)

SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
Exercise 1.2 | Q 9.05 | Page 30
Differentiate the following w.r.t. x : cos –1(3x – 4x3)

SOLUTION
Let y = cos–1(3x – 4x3)
Put x = sinθ.
Then θ = sin –1x
∴ y = cos–1(3sinθ - 4sin 3θ)
= cos–1(sin3θ)
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION

SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION

EXERCISE 1.3 [PAGES 39 - 40]

SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION

SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION

SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION

SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION

SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION

SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION

SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
EXERCISE 1.4 [PAGES 48 - 49]

SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION

x = esin3t, y = ecos3t
∴ log x = logesin3t, logy = logecos3t

∴ log x = (sin 3t)(log e), log y = (cos 3t)(log e)

∴ log x = sin 3t, log y = cos 3t ...(1) ... [∵ log e = 1]

Differentiating both sides w.r.t. t, we get

SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION

SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
EXERCISE 1.5 [PAGE 60]
SOLUTION

Exercise 1.5 | Q 1.2 | Page 60

Find the second order derivatives of the following : e 2x . tan x
SOLUTION
Exercise 1.5 | Q 1.3 | Page 60
Find the second order derivatives of the following : e 4x . cos 5x

SOLUTION

Exercise 1.5 | Q 1.4 | Page 60

Find the second order derivatives of the following : x 3.logx

SOLUTION

Exercise 1.5 | Q 1.5 | Page 60

Find the second order derivatives of the following : log(logx)

SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION

SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISE 1 [PAGES 61 - 63]
SOLUTION
SOLUTION

SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION

MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISE 1 [PAGES 63 - 64]

Let u (x) = f[g(x)], v(x) = g[f(x)] and w(x) = g[g(x)]. Find each derivative at x = 1, if it
exists i.e. find u'(1), v' (1) and w'(1). If it doesn't exist, then explain why?
SOLUTION
Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 2 | Page 63
Solve the following :

The values of f(x), g(x), f'(x) and g'(x) are given in the following table :

x f(x) g(x) f'(x) fg'(x)

–1 3 2 –3 4
2 2 –1 –5 –4

Match the following :

SOLUTION
Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 3 | Page 63

Suppose that the functions f and g and their derivatives with respect to x have the
following values at x = 0 and x = 1:
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION

SOLUTION

x sin (a + y) + sin a . cos (a + y) = 0 ...(1)

Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get

SOLUTION

SOLUTION
SOLUTION

If y = f(x) is a differentiable function of x such that inverse function x = f –1(y) exists, then
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION

= (a2cos2x + b2sin 2x)(b2 – a2)(cos2x – sin 2x) – [(b2 – a2)sin x cosx]2 + (a2cos2x +
b2sin 2x)2 ...[By (1) and (2)]
= (a2b2cos2x – a4cos2x + b4sin 2x – a2b2sin 2x) x (cos2x –sin 2x) – (b4sin 2xcos2x +
a4sin 2xcos2x – 2a2b2sin 2x cos2x) + (a4cos4x + b4sin 4x + b4sin 4x + 2a2b2sin 2x cos2x)
= a2b2cos4x – a2b2sin 2xcos2x – a4cos4x + a4sin 2xcos2x + b4sin 2xcos2x – b4sin 2xcos2x –
a4sin 2xcos2x + 2a2b2sin 2xcos2x + a4cos4x + b4x + b4sin 4x + 2a2b2sin 2xcos2x
= a2b2cos4x + 2a2b2sin 2xcos2x + a2b2sin 4x
= a2b2 (sin 4x + 2sin 2x cos2x + cos4x)

SOLUTION
SOLUTION
Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 7.4 | Page 64
If y = A cos (log x) + B sin (log x), show that x 2y2 + xy1 + y = 0.

SOLUTION

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 7.5 | Page 64

If y = Aemx + Benx , show that y2 – (m + n)y1 + mny = 0.

SOLUTION
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 Chapter 2: Applications of Derivatives

EXERCISE 2.1 [PAGE 72]

Exercise 2.1 | Q 1.1 | Page 72

Find the equations of tangents and normals to the following curves at the indicated
points on them : y = x2 + 2ex 2 at (0, 4)

SOLUTION
Exercise 2.1 | Q 1.2 | Page 72
Find the equations of tangents and normals to the following curves at the indicated
points on them : x3 + y3 – 9xy = 0 at (2, 4)

SOLUTION
Exercise 2.1 | Q 1.3 | Page 72

Find the equations of tangents and normals to the following curves at the indicated
points on them :

SOLUTION
Exercise 2.1 | Q 1.4 | Page 72
Find the equations of tangents and normals to the following curves at the indicated

points on them : 2xy + π sin y

SOLUTION
Exercise 2.1 | Q 1.5 | Page 72

Find the equations of tangents and normals to the following curves at the indicated

points on them : x sin 2y = y cos 2x at

SOLUTION
Exercise 2.1 | Q 1.6 | Page 72
Find the equations of tangents and normals to the following curves at the indicated
points on them : x = sin θ and y = cos 2θ at θ = π/6

SOLUTION
Exercise 2.1 | Q 1.7 | Page 72
Find the equations of tangents and normals to the following curves at the indicated

points on them :

SOLUTION
SOLUTION
Exercise 2.1 | Q 3 | Page 72
Find the points on the curve y = x 3 – 2x2 – x where the tangents are parallel to 3x – y +
1 = 0.

SOLUTION
Exercise 2.1 | Q 4 | Page 72

Find the equation of the tangents to the curve x 2 + y2 – 2x – 4y + 1 =0 which a parallel

to the X-axis.

SOLUTION
Let P(x1,y1)be the point on the curve x2 + y2 – 2x – 4y + 1 = 0 where the tangent is
paralle to X-axis.
Differentiating x2 + y2 – 2x – 4y + 1 = 0 w.r.t. x, we get
When x1 = 1, (1)2 + y12 – 2(1) – 4y1 + 1 = 0

∴ 1 +y12 – 2 – 4y1 + 1 = 0
∴ y12 – 4y1 = 0

∴ y1(y1 – 4) = 0
∴ y1 = 0 or y1 = 4

∴ the coordinates of the point are (1, 0) or (1, 4)

Since, the tangents aare parallel to X-axis their equations are of the form y = k
If it passes through the point (1, 0), k = 0 and if it passes through the point (1, 4), k = 4
Hence, te equations of the tanganes are y = 0 and y = 4.
Exercise 2.1 | Q 5 | Page 72

Find the equations of the normals to the curve 3x 2 – y2 = 8, which are parallel to the line
x + 3y = 4.

SOLUTION
Let P(x1, y1) be the foot of the required normal to the curve 3x 2 – y2 = 8.
Differentiating 3x2 – y2 = 8 w.r.t. x, we get
Exercise 2.1 | Q 6 | Page 72
If the line y = 4x – 5 touches the curves y2 = ax3 + b at the point (2, 3), find a and b.

SOLUTION

Since, the line y = 4x – 5 touches the curve at the point (2, 3), slope of the tangent at (2,
3) is 4.
∴ 2a = 4
∴a=2

Since (2, 3) lies on the curve y 2 = ax3 + b,

(3)2 = a(2)3 + b
∴ 9 = 8a + b

∴ 9 = 8(2) + b ...[∵ a = 2]
∴b=–7
Hence, a = 2 and b = – 7.

Exercise 2.1 | Q 7 | Page 72

A particle moves along the curve 6y = x 3 + 2. Find the points on the curve at which y-
coordinate is changing 8 times as fast as the x-coordinate.

SOLUTION
Let P(x1, y1) be the point on the curve 6y = x 3 + 2 whose y-coordinate is changing 8
times as fast as the coordinate.
Exercise 2.1 | Q 8 | Page 72

A spherical soap bubble is expanding so that its radius is increasing at the rate of 0.02
cm/sec. At what rate is the surface area increasing, when its radius is 5 cm?

SOLUTION
Let r be the radius and S be the surface area of the soap bubble at any time t.

Then S = 4πr2

Differentiating w.r.t. t, we get

Exercise 2.1 | Q 9 | Page 72

The surface area of a spherical balloon is increasing at the rate of 2cm2/sec. At what
rate is the volume of the balloon is increasing, when the radius of the balloon is 6 cm?
SOLUTION
Let r be the radius, S be the surface area and V be the volume of the spherical balloon
at any time t.

Exercise 2.1 | Q 10 | Page 72

If each side of an equilateral triangle increases at the rate of √2cm/sec, find the rate of
increase of its area when its side of length 3 cm.

SOLUTION
If x cm is the side of the equilateral triangle and A is its area, then
Exercise 2.1 | Q 11 | Page 72
The volume of a sphere increases at the rate of 20cm3/sec. Find the rate of change of
its surface area, when its radius is 5 cm.

SOLUTION
Let r be the radius, S be the surface area and V be the volume of the sphere at any time
t.
Exercise 2.1 | Q 12 | Page 72
The edge of a cube is decreasing at the rate of 0.6cm/sec. Find the rate at which its
volume is decreasing, when the edge of the cube is 2 cm.

SOLUTION
Let x be the edge of the cube and V be its volume at any time t.
Then V = x3
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. t, we get

Exercise 2.1 | Q 13 | Page 72

A man of height 2 metres walks at a uniform speed of 6km/hr away from a lamp post of
6 metres high. Find the rate at which the length of the shadow is increasing.
SOLUTION
Let OA be the lamp post, MN the man, MB = x, his shadow and OM = y, the distance of
the man from lamp post at time t.

Exercise 2.1 | Q 14 | Page 72

A man of height 1.5 metres walks towards a lamp post of height 4.5 metres, at the rate

of
Find the rate at which
(i) his shadow is shortening
(ii) the tip of shadow is moving.

SOLUTION

Let OA be the lamp post, MN the man, MB = x his shadow and OM = y the distance of
the man from lamp post at time t.
Exercise 2.1 | Q 15 | Page 72
A ladder 10 metres long is leaning against a vertical wall. If the bottom of the ladder is
pulled horizontally away from the wall at the rate of 1.2 metres per second, find how fast
the top of the ladder is sliding down the wall, when the bottom is 6 metres away from
the wall.

SOLUTION

Let AB be the ladder, where AB = 10 meters. Let at time t seconds, the end A of the
ladder be x metres from the wall and the end B be y metres from the ground.
Since, OAB is a right angled triangle, by Pythagoras theorem
x2 + y2 = 102
i.e. y2 = 100 – x2
Differentiating w.r.t. t, we get
Exercise 2.1 | Q 16 | Page 72
If water is poured into an inverted hollow cone whose semi-vertical angle is 30°, so that
its depth (measured along the axis) increases at the rate of 1cm/sec. Find the rate at
which the volume of water increasing when the depth is 2 cm.

SOLUTION

Let r be radius, h be the height, θ be the semi-vertical angle and V be the volume of the
water at any time t.
EXERCISE 2.2 [PAGE 75]

SOLUTION
SOLUTION

SOLUTION
Exercise 2.2 | Q 1.4 | Page 75
Find the approximate values of : (3.97)4
SOLUTION

Exercise 2.2 | Q 1.5 | Page 75

Find the approximate values of : (4.01)3

SOLUTION

Let f(x) = x3.

Then, f'(x) = 3x2
Take a = 4 and h = 0.01. Then
f(a) = f(4) = 43 = 64 and
f'(a) = f'(4) = 3 x 42 = 48.

The formula for approximation is

f(a + h) ≑ f(a) + h.f'(a)
∴ (4.01)3 = f(4 + 0.01)
≑ f(4) + (0.01) f'(4)
≑ 64 + 0.01 x 48
≑ 64 + 0.48
= 64.48
∴ (4.01)3 ≑ 64.48.

Exercise 2.2 | Q 2.1 | Page 75

Find the approximate values of : sin 61° , given that 1° = 0.0174°, √3 = 1.732

SOLUTION
Exercise 2.2 | Q 2.2 | Page 75
Find the approximate values of : sin (29° 30'), given that 1°= 0.0175°, √3 = 1.732

SOLUTION
Exercise 2.2 | Q 2.3 | Page 75
Find the approximate values of : cos(60° 30°), given that 1° = 0.0175°, √3 = 1.732
SOLUTION

Exercise 2.2 | Q 2.4 | Page 75

Find the approximate values of : tan (45° 40°), given that 1° = 0.0175°.
SOLUTION
Exercise 2.2 | Q 3.1 | Page 75
Find the approximate values of : tan –1(0.999)

SOLUTION
Exercise 2.2 | Q 3.2 | Page 75
Find the approximate values of : cot–1 (0.999)

SOLUTION
Exercise 2.2 | Q 3.3 | Page 75
Find the approximate values of : tan –1 (1.001)

SOLUTION
Exercise 2.2 | Q 4.1 | Page 75
Find the approximate values of : e 0.995, given that e = 2.7183.

SOLUTION
Exercise 2.2 | Q 4.2 | Page 75
Find the approximate values of : e 2.1, given that e2 = 7.389

SOLUTION

Exercise 2.2 | Q 4.3 | Page 75

Find the approximate values of : 3 2.01, given that log 3 = 1.0986

SOLUTION
Exercise 2.2 | Q 5.1 | Page 75
Find the approximate values of : log e(101), given that loge10 = 2.3026.

SOLUTION
Exercise 2.2 | Q 5.2 | Page 75
Find the approximate values of : log e(9.01), given that log 3 = 1.0986.

SOLUTION
Exercise 2.2 | Q 5.3 | Page 75
Find the approximate values of : log 10(1016), given that log10e = 0.4343.

SOLUTION
Exercise 2.2 | Q 6.1 | Page 75
Find the approximate values of : f(x) = x 3 – 3x + 5 at x = 1.99.

SOLUTION
Exercise 2.2 | Q 6.2 | Page 75
Find the approximate values of : f(x) = x 3 + 5x2 – 7x + 10 at x = 1.12.

SOLUTION
EXERCISE 2.3 [PAGE 80]

Exercise 2.3 | Q 1.1 | Page 80

Check the validity of the Rolle’s theorem for the following functions : f(x) = x 2 – 4x + 3, x
∈ [1, 3]

SOLUTION
The function f given as f(x) = x 2 – 4x + 3 is polynomial function. Hence, it is continuous
om [1, 3] and differentiable on (1, 3).
Now,

f(1)
= 12 – 4(1) + 3
=1–4+3
=0

and
f(3)
= 32 – 4(3) + 3
= 9 – 12 + 3
=0

∴ f(1) = f(3)
Thus, the function f satisfies all the conditions of the Rolle’s theorem.
Exercise 2.3 | Q 1.2 | Page 80
Check the validity of the Rolle’s theorem for the following functions : f(x) = e –x sin x, x ∈
[0, π].

SOLUTION
The function e–x and sin x are continuous and differentiable on their domains.
∴ f(x) = e–x sin x is continuous on [0, π]
and differentiable on (0, π).

Now,
f(0) = e° sin 0 = 1 x 0 = 0

and
f(π) = e–π . sin π = e–π x 0 = 0

∴ f(0) = f(π)
Thus, the function f satisfies all the conditions of the Rolle's theorem.
Exercise 2.3 | Q 1.3 | Page 80
Check the validity of the Rolle’s theorem for the following functions : f(x) = 2x 2 – 5x + 3,
x ∈ [1, 3].

SOLUTION
The function f given as f(x) = 2x 2 – 5x + 3 is a polynomial function. Hence, it is
continuous on [1, 3] and differentiable on (1, 3).

Now,
f(1)
= 2(1)2 – 5(1) + 3
=2–5+3
=0
and

f(3)
= 2(3)2 – 5(3) + 3
= 18 – 15 + 3
=6

∴ f(1) ≠ f(3)
Hence, the conditions of the Rolle's theorem are not satisfied.
Exercise 2.3 | Q 1.4 | Page 80
Check the validity of the Rolle’s theorem for the following functions : f(x) = sin x – cos x
+ 3, x ∈ [0, 2π].

SOLUTION
The functions sin x, cos x and 3 are continuous and differentiable on their domains.
∴ f(x) = sin x – cos x + 3 is continuous n [0, 2π] and dfferentiable o (0, 2π).
Now,
f(0)
= sin 0 – cos 0 + 3
=0–1+3
=2
and
f(2π)
= sin 2π – cos 2π + 3
=0–1+3
=2
∴ f(0) = f(2π)
Thus, the function f satisfies all the conditions of the Rolle's theorem.
Exercise 2.3 | Q 1.5 | Page 80

Check the validity of the Rolle’s theorem for the following functions : f(x = x2, if 0 ≤ x ≤ 2
= 6 – x, if 2 < x ≤ 6.

SOLUTION

Exercise 2.3 | Q 1.6 | Page 80

Check the validity of the Rolle’s theorem for the following functions : f(x) =
SOLUTION

Exercise 2.3 | Q 2 | Page 80

Given an interval [a, b] that satisfies hypothesis of Rolle's theorem for the function f(x) =
x4 + x2 – 2. It is known that a = – 1. Find the value of b.

SOLUTION

f(x) = x4 + x2 – 2

Since the hypothesis of Rolle's theorem are satisfied by f in the interval [a, b], we have
f(a) = f(b), where a = – 1

Now, f(a)
= f(– 1)
= (– 1)4 + (– 1)2 – 2
=1+1–2
=0
and f(b)

= b4 + b2 – 2
∴ f(a) = f(b) gives
0 = b4 + b2 – 2
i.e. b4 + b2 – 2 = 0.
Since, b = 1 satisfies this equation, b = 1 is one of the root of this equation.
Hence, b = 1.
Exercise 2.3 | Q 3.1 | Page 80
Verify Rolle’s theorem for the following functions : f(x) = sin x + cos x + 7, x ∈ [0, 2π]

SOLUTION
The functions sin x, cos x and 7 are continuous and differentiable on their domains.
∴ f(x) = sin x + cos x + 7 is continuous on [0, 2π] and differentiable on (0, 2π)
Now, f(0)

= sin 0 + cos 0 + 7
=0+1+7=8

and f(2π)
= sin π + cos π + 7
=0+1+7=8

∴ f(0) = f(2π)
Thus, the function f satisfies all the conditions of Rolle's theorem.
∴ there exists c∈ (0, 2π) such that f'(c) = 0.
Now , f(x) = sin x + cos x + 7

Exercise 2.3 | Q 3.2 | Page 80

Verify Rolle’s theorem for the following functions : f(x) =

SOLUTION
Exercise 2.3 | Q 3.3 | Page 80
Verify Rolle’s theorem for the following functions : f(x) = x 2 – 5x + 9, x ∈ 1, 4].

SOLUTION
The function f gives as f(x) = x2 – 5x + 9 s a polynomial function. Hence it is continuous
on [1, 4] and differentiable on (1, 4).
Now, f(1)
= 12 – 5(1) + 9
=1–5+9
=5
and f(4)
= 42 – 5(4) + 9
= 16 – 20 + 9
=5
∴ f(1) = f(4)
Thus, the function f satisfies all the conditions of the Rolle's theorem.
∴ there exists c ∈ (1, 4) such that f'(c) = 0.
Now, f(x) = x2 – 5x + 9

Exercise 2.3 | Q 4 | Page 80

If Rolle's theorem holds for the function f(x) = x 3 + px2 + qx + 5, x ∈ [1, 3] with c =

find the values of p and q.

SOLUTION
The Rol's theorem hold for the function f(x) = x 3 + px2 + qx + 5, x ∈ [1, 3]
∴ f(1) = f(3)

∴ 13 + p(1)2 + q(1) + 5 = 33 + p(3)2 + q(3) + 5

∴ 1 + p + q + 5 = 27 + 9p + 3q + 5

∴ 8p + 2q = – 26
∴ 4p + q = – 13 ...(1)

Also, there exists at least one point c ∈ (1, 3) such that (c) = 0.
Exercise 2.3 | Q 5 | Page 80
If Rolle’s theorem holds for the function f(x) = (x –2) log x, x ∈ [1, 2], show that the
equation x log x = 2 – x is satisfied by at least one value of x in (1, 2).

SOLUTION
The Rolle’s theorem holds for the function f(x) = (x – 2) log x, x ∈ [1, 2].
∴ there exists t least onee real number c ∈ (1, 2) such that f'(c) 0.
Now, f(x) = (x – 2) log x
Exercise 2.3 | Q 6 | Page 80

The function f(x) = satisfies all the conditions of Rolle's theorem on [–

3, 0]. Find the value of c such that f'(c) = 0.

SOLUTION
The function f(x) satisfies all the conditions of Rolle's theorem on [– 3, 0] such that f'(c) =
0.
Exercise 2.3 | Q 7.1 | Page 80
Verify Lagrange’s mean value theorem for the following functions : f(x) = log x on [1, e].

SOLUTION
The function f given as f(x) = log x is a logarithmic function which is continuous for all
positive real numbers.
Hence, it is continuous on [1, e] and differentiable on (1, e).
Thus, the function f satisfies the conditions of Lagrange’s mean value theorem.
∴ there exists c ∈ (1, e) such that
Exercise 2.3 | Q 7.2 | Page 80

Verify Lagrange’s mean value theorem for the following functions : f(x) = (x – 1)(x – 2)(x
– 3) on [0, 4].

SOLUTION
The function f given as f(x) = (x – 1)(x – 2)(x – 3)

= (x – 1)(x2 – 5x + 6)
= x3 – 5x2 + 6x – x2 + 5x – 6

= x3 – 6x2 + 11x – 6 is a polynomial function.

Hence, it is continuous on [0, 4] and differentiable on (0, 4).

Thus, the function f satisfies the conditions of Lagrange’s mean value theorem.
∴ there exists c ∈ (0, 4) such that
Exercise 2.3 | Q 7.3 | Page 80
Verify Lagrange’s mean value theorem for the following functions :

SOLUTION

The function f given as f(x) = x 2 – 3x = 1 is a polynomial function. Hence, it is

continuous on
Exercise 2.3 | Q 7.4 | Page 80
Verify Lagrange’s mean value theorem for the following functions : f(x) = 2x – x2, x ∈ [0,
1].

SOLUTION
The function f given as f(x) = 2x – x2 is a polynomial function. Hence, it is continuous on
[0, 1] and differentiable on (0, 1).
Thus, the function f satisfies the conditions of Lagrange’s mean value theorem.
∴ there exists c ∈ (0, 1) such that
Exercise 2.3 | Q 7.5 | Page 80
Verify Lagrange’s mean value theorem for the following functions : f(x) =

SOLUTION
Exercise 2.4 | Q 1.1 | Page 89
Test whether the following functions are increasing or decreasing : f(x) = x 3 – 6x2 + 12x
– 16, x ∈ R.
SOLUTION

Exercise 2.4 | Q 1.2 | Page 89

Test whether the following functions are increasing or decreasing : f(x) = 2 – 3x + 3x2 –
x3, x ∈ R.

SOLUTION

Exercise 2.4 | Q 1.3 | Page 89

Test whether the following functions are increasing or decreasing : f(x) = 1/x
1x, x ∈ R , x ≠ 0.
SOLUTION

Exercise 2.4 | Q 2.1 | Page 89

Find the values of x for which the following functions are strictly increasing : f(x) = 2x 3 –
3x2 – 12x + 6

SOLUTION
Exercise 2.4 | Q 2.2 | Page 89

Find the values of x for which the following functions are strictly increasing : f(x) = 3 + 3x
– 3x2 + x3

SOLUTION

Exercise 2.4 | Q 2.3 | Page 89

Find the values of x for which the following functions are strictly increasing : f(x) = x 3 –
6x2 – 36x + 7

SOLUTION

Exercise 2.4 | Q 3.1 | Page 89

Find the values of x for which the following functions are strictly decreasing : f(x) = 2x 3 –
3x2 – 12x + 6
SOLUTION

Exercise 2.4 | Q 3.2 | Page 89

Find the values of x for which the following functions are strictly decreasing : f(x) =
SOLUTION

Exercise 2.4 | Q 3.3 | Page 89

Find the values of x for which the following functions are strictly decreasing : f(x) = x 3 –
9x2 + 24x + 12

SOLUTION
Exercise 2.4 | Q 4 | Page 90
Find the values of x for which the function f(x) = x 3 – 12x2 – 144x + 13 (a) increasing (b)
decreasing

SOLUTION
Exercise 2.4 | Q 5 | Page 90

Find the values of x for which f(x) = 2x 3 – 15x2 – 144x – 7 is (a) strictly increasing (b)
strictly decreasing.

SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
Exercise 2.4 | Q 8 | Page 90
Show that f(x) = x – cos x is increasing for all x.
SOLUTION

Exercise 2.4 | Q 9.1 | Page 90

Find the maximum and minimum of the following functions : y = 5x 3 + 2x2 – 3x

SOLUTION
Exercise 2.4 | Q 9.2 | Page 90
Find the maximum and minimum of the following functions : f(x) = 2x 3 – 21x2 + 36x – 20

SOLUTION
= 2(1)3 – 21(1)2 + 36(1) – 20
= 2 – 21 + 36 – 20
=–3
(b) f'(6) = 12(6) – 42 = 30 > 0
∴ by the second derivative test , f has minimum at x = 6 and minimum value of f at x = 6
= f(6)

= 2(6)3 – 21(6)2 + 36(6) – 20

= 432 – 756 + 216 – 20

= – 128.
Hence, the function f has maximum value – 3 at x = 1 and minimum value – 128 at x =
6.
Method 2 (Second Derivative Test) :
(a) f'(x) = 6(x – 1)(x – 6)
Consider x = 1

Let h be a small positive number. Then

f'(1 – h)
= 6(1 – h – 1)(1 – h – 6)

= 6(– h)(– 5 – h)
= 6h(5 + h) > 0

and
f'(1 + h)
= 6(1 + h – 1)(1 + h – 6)
= 6h(h – 5) < 0,

as h is small positive number.

∴ by the first derivative test, f has maximum at x = 1 and maximum value of f at x = 1
= f(1)
= 2(1)3 – 21(1)2 + 36(1) – 20
= 2 – 21 + 36 – 20
=–3
(b) f'(x) = 6(x – 1)(x – 6)
Consider x = 6
Let h be a small positive number. Then
f'(6 – h)
= 6(6 – h – 1)(6 – h – 6)
= 6(5 – h)(– h)
= 6h(5 – h) < 0,

as h is small positive number

and
f'(6 + h)

= 6(6 + h – 1)(6 + h – 6)
= 6(5 + h)(h) < 0,

∴ by the first derivative test, f has minimum at x = 6 and minimum value of f at x = 6

= f(6)
= 2(6)3 – 21(6)2 + 36(16) – 20

= 432 – 756 + 216 – 20

= – 128
Hence, the function f has maximum value – 3 at=1 and minimum value – 128 at x = 6.
Note : Out of the two methods, given above, we will use the second derivative test for
the remaining problems.
Exercise 2.4 | Q 9.3 | Page 90

Find the maximum and minimum of the following functions : f(x) = x 3 – 9x2 + 24x
SOLUTION
= f(2)
= (2)3 – 9(2)2 + 24(2)

= 8 – 36 + 48
= 20
(b) f"(4) = 6(4) – 18 = 6 > 0
∴ by the second derivative test, f has maximum at x = 4 and maximum value of at x = 4
= f(4)

= (4)3 – 9(4)2 + 24(4)

= 64 – 144 + 96

= 16.

Hence, the function f has maximum value 20 at x = 2 and minimum value 16 at x = 4.

SOLUTION
Exercise 2.4 | Q 9.5 | Page 90

Find the maximum and minimum of the following functions : f(x) = x log x

SOLUTION
SOLUTION
Exercise 2.4 | Q 10 | Page 90

Divide the number 30 into two parts such that their product is maximum.

SOLUTION
Exercise 2.4 | Q 11 | Page 90
Divide the number 20 into two parts such that sum of their squares is minimum.

SOLUTION

Exercise 2.4 | Q 12 | Page 90

A wire of length 36 metres is bent in the form of a rectangle. Find its dimensions if the
area of the rectangle is maximum.
SOLUTION
Let x metres and y metre be the length and breadth of the rectangle.
Then its perieter is 2(x + y) = 36

∴ x + y = 18
∴ y = 18 – x
Area of the rectangle
= xy
= x(18 – x)
Let f(x)
= x (18 – x)

= 18x – x2

Exercise 2.4 | Q 13 | Page 90

A ball is thrown in the air. Its height at any time t is given by h = 3 + 14t – 5t2 . Find the
maximum height it can reach.
SOLUTION
Exercise 2.4 | Q 14 | Page 90
Find the largest size of a rectangle that can be inscribed in a semicircle of radius 1 unit,
so that two vertices lie on the diameter.

SOLUTION

Let ABCD be the rectangle inscribed in a semicircle of radius 1 unit such that the
vertices A and B lie on the diameter.
Let AB = DC = x and BC = AD = y.
Let O be the centre of the semicircle.
Join OC and OD. Then OC = OD = radius = 1.
Also, AD = BC and m∠A = m∠B = 90°.
∴ OA= OB
Hence, the area of the rectangle is maximum (i.e. rectangle has the largest size) when
its length is √2 units and breadth is 1/√2 unit.

Exercise 2.4 | Q 15 | Page 90

An open cylindrical tank whose base is a circle is to be constructed of metal sheet so as
to contain a volume of πa3 cu cm of water. Find the dimensions so that the quantity of
the metal sheet required is minimum.

SOLUTION
Let x be the radius of the base, h be the height, V be the volume and S be the total
surface area of the cylindrical tank.
Hence, the quantity of metal sheet is n minimum when radius = height = a cm.

Exercise 2.4 | Q 16 | Page 90

The perimeter of a triangle is 10 cm. If one of the side is 4 cm. What are the other two
sides of the triangle for its maximum area?

SOLUTION

Let ABC be the triangle such that the side BC = a = 4 cm. Also, the perimeter of the
triangle is cm.
i.e. a + b + c = 10
∴ 2s = 10
∴s=5

Also, 4 + b + c = 10
∴b+c=6
∴b=6–c

Let Δ be the area of the trangle.

Exercise 2.4 | Q 17 | Page 90
A box with a square base is to have an open top. The surface area of the box is 192 sq
cm. What should be its dimensions in order that the volume is largest?

SOLUTION
=4

Hence, the volume of the box is largest, when the side of square base is 8cm and its
height is 4cm.
Exercise 2.4 | Q 18 | Page 90
The profit function P(x) of a firm, selling x items per day is given by P(x) = (150 – x)x –
1625 . Find the number of items the firm should manufacture to get maximum profit.
Find the maximum profit.

SOLUTION

= (150 – 75)75 – 1625

= 75 x 75 – 1625
= 4000
Hence, the profit will be maximum, if the manufacturer manufactures 75 items and
maximum profit is 4000.

Exercise 2.4 | Q 20 | Page 90

Show that among rectangles of given area, the square has least perimeter.
SOLUTION
Let x be the length and y be the breadth of the rectangle whose area is A sq units
(which is given as constant).
Then xy = A
Exercise 2.4 | Q 21 | Page 90
Show that the height of a closed right circular cylinder of given volume and least surface
area is equal to its diameter.

SOLUTION
Let x be the radius of base, h be the height and S be the surface area of the closed right
circular cylinder whose volume is V which is given to be constant.
Exercise 2.4 | Q 22 | Page 90
Find the volume of the largest cylinder that can be inscribed in a sphere of radius ‘r’ cm.

SOLUTION

Let R be the radius and h be the height of the cylinder which is inscribed in a sphere of
radius r cm.
Then from the figure,
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISE 2 [PAGE 92]

SOLUTION
1, – 6
[Hint : f(x) = ax3 + bx2 + 11x – 6 satisfies the conditions of Rolle's theorem in [1, 3]

∴ f(1) = f(3)
∴ a(1)3 + b(1)2 + 11(1) – 6 = a3 + b(3)2 + 11(3) - 6

∴ a + b + 11 = 27a + 9b + 33
∴ 26a + 8b = – 22

∴ 13a + 4b = – 11

Only a = 1, b = – 6 satisfy this equation].

SOLUTION
–1
Miscellaneous Exercise 2 | Q 3 | Page 92
Choose the correct option from the given alternatives :
A ladder 5 m in length is resting against vertical wall. The bottom of the ladder is pulled
along the ground away from the wall at the rate of 1.5m/sec. The length of the higher
point of ladder when the foot of the ladder is 4.0 m away from the wall decreases at the
rate of

SOLUTION
2
Miscellaneous Exercise 2 | Q 4 | Page 92
Choose the correct option from the given alternatives :
Let f(x) and g(x) be differentiable for 0 x < 1 such that f(0) = 0, g(0), f(1) = 6. Let there
exist a real number c in (0, 1) such that f'(c) = 2g'(c), then the value of g(1) must be

1. 1
2. 3
3. 2.5
4. –1

SOLUTION
3
SOLUTION
(1, 3)

SOLUTION
Miscellaneous Exercise 2 | Q 7 | Page 92
Choose the correct option from the given alternatives :
The normal to the curve x2 + 2xy – 3y2 = 0 at (1, 1)
1. meets the curve again in second quadrant
2. does not meet the curve again
3. meets the curve again in third quadrant
4. meets the curve again in fourth quadrant

SOLUTION
Substituting y = 2 – x in x2 + 2xy – 3y2 = 0, we get
x2 + 2x(2 – x) – 3(2 – x)2 = 0
∴ x2 + 4x – 2x2 – 3(4 – 4x + x2) = 0
∴ x2 – 4x + 3 = 0
∴ (x – 1)(x – 3) = 0
∴ x = 1, x = 3
When x = 1, y = 2 – 1
When x = 3, y = 2 – 3 = – 1
∴ the normal at (1, 1) meets the curve at (3, 91) which is in the fourth quadrant].

SOLUTION
x + 2y = 0
[Hint: The point of intersection of the curve with Y-axis is the origin (0 0)].

SOLUTION
Miscellaneous Exercise 2 | Q 10 | Page 92
Choose the correct option from the given alternatives :
The approximate value of tan (44° 30°), given that 1° = 0.0175, is
1. 0.8952
2. 0.9528
3. 0.9285
4. 0.9825

SOLUTION
0.9825
MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISE 2 [PAGES 93 - 94]

Miscellaneous Exercise 2 | Q 1 | Page 93

Solve the following : If the curves ax 2 + by2 = 1 and a'x2 + b'y2 = 1, intersect

orthogonally, then prove that

SOLUTION
Miscellaneous Exercise 2 | Q 2 | Page 93
Solve the following : Determine the area of the triangle formed by the tangent to the
graph of the function y = 3 – x2 drawn at the point (1, 2) and the coordinate axes.

SOLUTION
Miscellaneous Exercise 2 | Q 3 | Page 93
Solve the following : Find the equation of the tangent and normal drawn to the curve
y4 – 4x4 – 6xy = 0 at the point M (1, 2).

SOLUTION
Miscellaneous Exercise 2 | Q 4 | Page 93
Solve the following : A water tank in the farm of an inverted cone is being emptied at the
rate of 2 cubic feet per second. The height of the cone is 8 feet and the radius is 4 feet.
Find the rate of change of the water level when the depth is 6 feet.
SOLUTION

Let r be the radius of base, h be the height and V be the volume of the water level at
any time t. Since, the height of the cone is 8 feet and the radius s 4 feet,
Miscellaneous Exercise 2 | Q 5 | Page 93
Solve the following : Find all points on the ellipse 9x 2 + 16y2 = 400, at which the y-
coordinate is decreasing and the coordinate is increasing at the same rate.

SOLUTION
L P(x1, y1) be the point on the ellipse 9x 2 + 16y2 = 400, at which the y-coordinate
decreasing and the x-coordinate is increasing at the same rate..
SOLUTION
Miscellaneous Exercise 2 | Q 7 | Page 93

Solve the following : The position of a particle is given by the function s (t) = 2t 2 + 3t – 4.
Find the time t = c in the interval 0 ≤ t ≤ 4 when the instantaneous velocity of the particle
equal to its average velocity in this interval.
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
Miscellaneous Exercise 2 | Q 9 | Page 93

Solve the following : Find the approximate value of cos –1 (0.51), given π = 3.1416, 2/√3
= 1.1547.

SOLUTION
Miscellaneous Exercise 2 | Q 10 | Page 93
Solve the following : Find the intervals on which the function y = x x , (x > 0) is increasing
and decreasing.

SOLUTION
Miscellaneous Exercise 2 | Q 11 | Page 93

Solve the following : Find the intervals on which the function f(x) = x/logx is increasing
and decreasing.
SOLUTION
Miscellaneous Exercise 2 | Q 12 | Page 93
Solve the following : An open box with a square base is to be made out of given quantity

of sheet of area a2. Show that the maximum volume of the box is

SOLUTION
Miscellaneous Exercise 2 | Q 13 | Page 93
Solve the following : Show that of all rectangles inscribed in a given circle, the square
has the maximum area.

SOLUTION

Let ABCD be a rectangle inscribed in a circle of radius r. Let AB = x and BC = y.

Then x2 + y2 = 4r2 … (1)
Miscellaneous Exercise 2 | Q 14 | Page 93

Solve the following : Show that a closed right circular cylinder of given surface area has
maximum volume if its height equals the diameter of its base.

SOLUTION
Let r be the radius of the base, h be the height and V be the volume of the closed right
circular cylinder, whose surface area is a 2 sq units (which is given).

∴ 2πrh + 2πr2 = a2

∴ 2πr (h + r) = a2
Hence, the volume of the cylinder is maximum if its height is equal to the diameter of the
base.

Miscellaneous Exercise 2 | Q 15 | Page 93

Solve the following : A window is in the form of a rectangle surmounted by a semicircle.

If the perimeter be 30 m, find the dimensions so that the greatest possible amount of
light may be admitted.
SOLUTION

Let x be the length, y be the breadth of the rectangle and r be the radius of the
semicircle. Then perimeter of the window
Then perimeter of the window = x + 2y + πr, where x = 2r
This is given to be m
∴ 2r + 2y + πr = 30
2y = 30 – (π + 2)r

The greatest possible amount of light may be admitted if the area of the window is
maximum. Let A be the area of the window.
Miscellaneous Exercise 2 | Q 16 | Page 93

Solve the following : Show that the height of a right circular cylinder of greatest volume
that can be inscribed in a right circular cone is one-third of that of the cone.

SOLUTION

Given the right circular cone of fixed height h and semi-vertical angle ∞.
Let R be the radius of the base and H be the height of right circular cylinder that can be
inscribed in the right circular cone.

In the figure, ∠GAO = ∞, OG = r, OA = h, OE = R, CE = H.

Miscellaneous Exercise 2 | Q 17 | Page 93

Solve the following:

A wire of length l is cut into two parts. One part is bent into a circle and the other into a
square. Show that the sum of the areas of the circle and the square is the least, if the
radius of the circle is half of the side of the square.

SOLUTION
Let r be the radius of the circle and x be the length of the side of the square. Then
(circumference of the circle) + (perimeter of the square) = l
∴ 2πr + 4x = l
= 1/x

This shows that the sum of the areas of circle and square is least, when radius of the
circle = (1/2) side of the square.
Miscellaneous Exercise 2 | Q 18 | Page 94

Solve the following : A rectangular sheet of paper of fixed perimeter with the sides
having their lengths in the ratio 8 : 15 converted into an open rectangular box by folding
after removing the squares of equal area from all corners. If the total area of the
removed squares is 100, the resulting box has maximum volume. Find the lengths of
the rectangular sheet of paper.

SOLUTION

The sides of the rectangular sheet of paper are in the ratio 8 : 15. Let the sides of the
rectangular sheet of paper be 8k and 15k respectively.
Let x be the side of square which is removed from the corners of the sheet of paper.
Then total area of removed squares is 4x 2, which is given to be 100.

∴ 4x2 = 100
∴ x2 = 25
∴x=5 ...[∵ x > 0]

Now, length, breadth and the height of the rectangular box are 15k – 2x, 8k – 2x and x
respectively.
Let V be the volume of the box.

Then V = (15k – 2x)(8k – 2x).x

∴ V = (120k2 – 16kx – 30kx + 4x2).x

∴ V = 4x3 – 46kx2 + 120k2x

Miscellaneous Exercise 2 | Q 19 | Page 94

Solve the following : Show that the altitude of the right circular cone of maximum volume
that can be inscribed in a sphere of radius r is 4r/3.

SOLUTION
Let x be the radius of base and h be the height of the con which is inscribed in a sphere
of radius r.
In the figure, AD = h and CD = x = BD
Since, ΔABD and ΔBDE are similar,
Miscellaneous Exercise 2 | Q 20 | Page 94
Solve the following : Show that the height of the cylinder of maximum volume that can
be inscribed in a sphere of radius R is 2R/√3. Also, find the maximum volume.

SOLUTION

Let R be the radius and h be the height of the cylinder which is inscribed in a sphere of
radius r cm.
Then from the figure,
Miscellaneous Exercise 2 | Q 21 | Page 94

Solve the following : Find the maximum and minimum values of the function f(x) = cos 2x
+ sinx.

SOLUTION
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 Chapter 3: Indefinite Integration

EXERCISE 3.1 [PAGE 102]

Exercise 3.1 | Q 1.1 | Page 102

Integrate the following w.r.t. x : x 3 + x2 – x + 1

SOLUTION

SOLUTION

SOLUTION
SOLUTION

SOLUTION
SOLUTION

Exercise 3.1 | Q 2.01 | Page 102

Evaluate the following integrals : tan 2x

SOLUTION
SOLUTION

SOLUTION

SOLUTION
SOLUTION

SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION

SOLUTION
SOLUTION

SOLUTION
SOLUTION

SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION

SOLUTION
SOLUTION

SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION

SOLUTION
SOLUTION
EXERCISE 3.2 (A) [PAGE 110]

SOLUTION

SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION

SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION

SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION

SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION

SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION

SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION

SOLUTION
SOLUTION

SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION

SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION

SOLUTION
EXERCISE 3.2 (B) [PAGE 123]

SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION

SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION

SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION

SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION

SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION

SOLUTION
EXERCISE 3.2 (C) [PAGE 128]

SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
EXERCISE 3.3 [PAGES 137 - 138]
SOLUTION

SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION

SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION

SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION

SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION

SOLUTION
SOLUTION

SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION

SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION

SOLUTION
EXERCISE 3.4 [PAGES 144 - 145]

SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISE 3 [PAGES 148 - 150]

SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION

SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION

SOLUTION
SOLUTION

SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION

SOLUTION
SOLUTION

SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION

SOLUTION
SOLUTION

SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION

SOLUTION
SOLUTION

SOLUTION
SOLUTION

SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION

SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION

SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
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 Chapter 4: Definite Integration
EXERCISE 4.1 [PAGE 156]

SOLUTION
Let f(x) = 3x – 4, for 1 ≤ x ≤ 3
Divide the closed interval [1, 3] into n subintervals each of length h at the points
SOLUTION
Let f(x) = x2, for 0 ≤ x ≤ 4
Divide the closed interval [0, 4] into n subintervals each of length h at the points
0, 0 + h, 0 + 2h, ..., 0 + rh, ..., 0 + nh = 4
i.e. 0, h, 2h, ..., rh, ..., nh = 4
SOLUTION
Let f(x) = ex, for 0 ≤ x ≤ 2
DIvide the closed interval [0, 2] into n equal subntervals each of length h at the points
0, 0 + h, 0 + 2h, ..., 0 + rh, ... 0 + nh = 2
i.e. 0,h, 2h, ..., rh, ..., nh = 2
SOLUTION
Let f(x) = 3x2 – 1, for 0 ≤ x ≤ 2.
DIvide the closed interval [0, 2] int n subintervals each of length h at the points.
0, 0 + h, 0 + 2h, ..., 0 + rh, .., 0 + nh = 2
i.e. 0, h, 2h, ..., rh, ..., nh = 2
SOLUTION
Let f(x) = x3, for 1 ≤ x ≤ 3.
DIvide the closed interval [1, 3] into n equal subintervals each of length h at the points
1, 1 + h, 1 + 2h, ..., 1 + rh, ..., 1 + nh = 3
∴ nh = 2
EXERCISE 4.2 [PAGES 171 - 172]

SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION

SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION

SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
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SOLUTION
SOLUTION
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SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
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SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION

SOLUTION
SOLUTION

SOLUTION
SOLUTION
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SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION

SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISE 4 [PAGES 175 - 177]

SOLUTION
SOLUTION

SOLUTION

SOLUTION
SOLUTION

SOLUTION
SOLUTION

SOLUTION
SOLUTION

9/2

SOLUTION
0
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
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SOLUTION
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SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
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SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION

SOLUTION
SOLUTION

SOLUTION
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 Chapter 5: Application of Definite Integration

EXERCISE 5.1 [PAGE 187]

Exercise 5.1 | Q 1.1 | Page 187

Find the area of the region bounded by the following curves, X-axis and the given lines:
y = 2x, x = 0, x = 5

SOLUTION

Exercise 5.1 | Q 1.2 | Page 187

Find the area of the region bounded by the following curves, X-axis and the given lines:
x = 2y, y = 0, y = 4

SOLUTION
Exercise 5.1 | Q 1.3 | Page 187
Find the area of the region bounded by the following curves, X-axis and the given lines :
x = 0, x = 5, y = 0, y = 4

SOLUTION

Exercise 5.1 | Q 1.4 | Page 187

Find the area of the region bounded by the following curves, X-axis and the given lines :
y = sin x, x = 0, x = π/2

SOLUTION

Exercise 5.1 | Q 1.5 | Page 187

Find the area of the region bounded by the following curves, X-axis and the given lines:
xy = 2, x = 1, x = 4
SOLUTION

Exercise 5.1 | Q 1.6 | Page 187

Find the area of the region bounded by the following curves, X-axis and the given lines :
y2 = x, x = 0, x = 4

SOLUTION

The required area consists of two bounded regions A 1 and A2 which are equal in areas.
Exercise 5.1 | Q 1.7 | Page 187

Find the area of the region bounded by the following curves, X-axis and the given lines:
y2 = 16x, x = 0, x = 4

SOLUTION

The required area consists of two bounded regions A 1 and A2 which are equal in areas.
Exercise 5.1 | Q 2.1 | Page 187
Find the area of the region bounded by the parabola: y 2 = 16x and its latus rectum.

SOLUTION
Comparing y2 = 16x with y2 = 4ax, we get

4a = 16

∴a=4

∴ focus is S(a, 0) = (4, 0)

Exercise 5.1 | Q 2.2 | Page 187
Find the area of the region bounded by the parabola: y = 4 – x2 and the X-axis.

SOLUTION
The equation of the parabola is y = 4 – x2
∴ x2 = 4 – y, i.e. (x – 0)2 = – (y – 4)
It has vertex at P(0, 4)
For points of intersection of the parabola with X-axis,
we put y = 0 in its equation.

∴ 0 = 4 – x2
∴ x2 = 4
∴ x = ± 2.

∴ the parabola intersect the X-axis at A ( – 2, 0) and B(2, 0)

Required area = area of he region APBOA

= 2[area of the region OPBO]
Exercise 5.1 | Q 3.1 | Page 187
Find the area of the region included between: y 2 = 2x and y = 2x

SOLUTION
The vertex of the parabola y2 = 2x is at the origin O = (0, 0).

To find the points of intersection of the line and the parabola, equaling the values of 2x
from both the equations we get,
∴ y2 = y
∴ y2 – y = 0
∴ y(y – 1) = 0
∴ y = 0 or y = 1
Exercise 5.1 | Q 3.2 | Page 187
Find the area of the region included between: y 2 = 4x, and y = x

SOLUTION
The vertex of the parabola y2 = 4x is at the origin O = (0, 0).

To find the points of intersection of the line and the parabola, equaling the values of 4x
from both the equations we get,

∴ y2 = y

∴ y2 – y = 0

∴ y(y – 1) = 0

∴ y = 0 or y = 1
Exercise 5.1 | Q 3.3 | Page 187
Find the area of the region included between: y = x 2 and the line y = 4x

SOLUTION
The vertex of the parabola y = x2 is at the origin O(0, 0)
To find the points of the intersection of the line and the parabola.

Equating the values of y from the two equations, we get

x2 = 4x
∴ x2 – 4x = 0
∴ x(x – 4) = 0
∴ x = 0, x = 4
When x = 0, y = 4(0) = 0
When x = 4, y = 4(4) = 16

∴ the points of intersection are O(0, 0) and B(4, 16)

Required area = area of the region OABCO

= (area of the region ODBCO) – (area of the region ODBAO)

Now, area of the region ODBCO

= area under the line y = 4x between x = 0 and x = 4

Exercise 5.1 | Q 3.4 | Page 187
Find the area of the region included between: y 2 = 4ax and the line y = x

SOLUTION
The vertex of the parabola y2 = 4ax is at the origin O = (0, 0).

To find the points of intersection of the line and the parabola, equaling the values of 4ax
from both the equations we get,
∴ y2 = y
∴ y2 – y = 0
∴ y(y – 1) = 0
∴ y = 0 or y = 1
Exercise 5.1 | Q 3.5 | Page 187

Find the area of the region included between: y = x2 + 3 and the line y = x + 3

SOLUTION
The given parabola is y = x2 + 3, i.e. (x – 0)2 = y – 3
∴ its vertex is P(0, 3).
To find the points of intersection of the line and the parabola. Equating the values of y
from both the equations, we get

x3 + 3 = x + 3
∴ x2 – x = 0
∴ x(x – 1) =0
∴ x = 0 or x = 1

When x = 0, y = 0 + 3 = 3
When x = 1, y = 1 + 3 = 4

∴ the points of intersection are P(0, 3) and B(1, 4) Required area = area of the region
PABCP

= area of the region OPABDO – area of the region OPCBDO

Now, area of the region OPABDO

= area under the line y = x + 3 between x = 0 and x = 1

MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISE 5 [PAGES 188 - 190]
Miscellaneous Exercise 5 | Q 1.01 | Page 188
Choose the correct option from the given alternatives :
The area bounded by the regional ≤ x ≤ 5 and 2 ≤ y ≤ 5 is given by
1. 12 sq units
2. 8 sq units
3. 25 sq units
4. 32 sq units

SOLUTION
12 sq units.

SOLUTION
1 sq unit.

SOLUTION
SOLUTION

SOLUTION
SOLUTION
4 sq units.

SOLUTION
SOLUTION

SOLUTION
SOLUTION
πab sq units.

SOLUTION

SOLUTION
SOLUTION
9 sq units.

SOLUTION
SOLUTION

SOLUTION
SOLUTION

SOLUTION

SOLUTION
SOLUTION

Miscellaneous Exercise 5 | Q 2.01 | Page 190

Solve the following :

Find the area of the region bounded by the following curve, the X-axis and the given
lines : 0 ≤ x ≤ 5, 0 ≤ y ≤ 2

SOLUTION

Miscellaneous Exercise 5 | Q 2.01 | Page 190

Solve the following :
Find the area of the region bounded by the following curve, the X-axis and the given
lines : y = sin x, x = 0, x = π
SOLUTION
The curve y = sin x intersects the X-axis at x = 0 and x = π between x = 0 and x = π.

Two bounded regions A 1 and A2 are obtained. Both the regions have equal areas.
∴ required area = A 1 + A2 = 2A1

SOLUTION
By the symmetry of the circle, its area is equal to 4 times the area of the region OABO.
Clearly for this region, the limits of integration are 0 and 3.
From the equation of the circle, y2 = 9 – x2.
SOLUTION

By the symmetry of the ellipse, its area is equal to 4 times the area of the region OABO.
Clearly for this region, the limits of integration are 0 and 5.

From the equation of the ellipse

Miscellaneous Exercise 5 | Q 2.04 | Page 190
Solve the following :
Find the area of the region lying between the parabolas :
y2 = 4x and x2 = 4y

SOLUTION

For finding the points of intersection of the two parabolas, we equate the values of
y2 from their equations.
Miscellaneous Exercise 5 | Q 2.04 | Page 190

Solve the following :

Find the area of the region lying between the parabolas : y 2 = x and x2 = y.

SOLUTION

For finding the points of intersection of the two parabolas, we equate the values of
y2 from their equations.
Miscellaneous Exercise 5 | Q 2.05 | Page 190

Solve the following :

Find the area of the region in first quadrant bounded by the circle x 2 + y2 = 4 and the X-
axis and the line x = y √3.

SOLUTION
For finding the point of intersection of the circle and the line, we solve
Miscellaneous Exercise 5 | Q 2.06 | Page 190

Solve the following :

Find the area of the region bounded by the parabola y 2 = x and the line y = x in the first
quadrant.
SOLUTION
To obtain the points of intersection of the line and the parabola, we equate the values of
x from both the equations.

∴ y2 = y
∴ y2 – y = 0
∴ y(y – 1) = 0
∴ y = 0 or y = 1

When y = 0, x = 0
When y = 1, x = 1

∴ the points of intersection are O(0, 0) and A(1, 1). Required area of the region OCABO
= area of the region OCADO – area of the region OBADO

Now, area of the region OCADO

= area under the parabola y2 = x i.e. y = ±√x (in the first quadrant) between x = 0 and x
=1
Miscellaneous Exercise 5 | Q 2.07 | Page 190
Solve the following :
Find the area enclosed between the circle x 2 + y2 = 1 and the line x + y = 1, lying in the
first quadrant.

SOLUTION

Required area = area of the region ACBDA

= (area of the region OACBO) – (area of the region OADBO)
Now, area of the region OACBO
= area under the circle x2 + y2 = 1 between x = 0 and x = 1
Miscellaneous Exercise 5 | Q 2.08 | Page 190
Solve the following :
Find the area of the region bounded by the curve (y – 1)2 = 4(x + 1) and the line y = (x –
1).

SOLUTION
The equation of the curve is (y – 1)2 = 4(x + 1)
This is a parabola with vertex at A(– 1, 1).

To find the points of intersection of the line y = x – 1 and the parabola.

Put y = x – 1 in the equation of the parabola, we get
(x – 1 – 1)2 = 4(x + 1)

∴ x2 – 4x + 4 = 4x + 4
∴ x2 – 8x = 0
∴ x(x – 8) = 0

∴ x = 0, x = 8
When x = 0, y = 0 – 1 = – 1
When x = 8, y = 8 – 1 = 7

∴ the points of intersection are B(0, – 1) and C(8, 7)

To find the points where the parabola (y – 1)2 = 4(x + 1) cuts the Y-axis.
Put x = 0 in the equation of the parabola, we get

(y – 1)2 = 4(0 + 1) = 4
∴y–1=±2
∴ y – 1 =2 or y – 1 = – 2

∴ y = 3 or y = – 1
∴ the parabola cuts the Y-axis at the points B (0, – 1) and F(0, 3).
To find the point where the line y = x – 1 cuts the X-axis. Put y = 0 in the equation of the
line, we get

x–1=0
∴ x =1
∴ the line cuts the X-axis at the point G (1, 0).

Required area = area of the region BFAB + area of the region OGDCEFO + area of the
region OBGO

Now, area of the region BFAB

= area under the parabola (y – 1)2 = 4(x + 1), Y-axis from y = – 1 to y = 3
Miscellaneous Exercise 5 | Q 2.09 | Page 190

Solve the following :

Find the area of the region bounded by the straight line 2y = 5x + 7, X-axis and x = 2, x
= 5.
SOLUTION
Miscellaneous Exercise 5 | Q 2.10 | Page 190

Solve the following :

Find the area of the region bounded by the curve y = 4x 2, Y-axis and the lines y = 1, y =
4.
SOLUTION

By symmetry of the parabola, the required area is 2 times the area of the region ABCD.
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 Chapter 6: Differential Equations

SOLUTION

SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION

SOLUTION
SOLUTION

SOLUTION

Since, this D.E. cannot be expressed as a polynomial in differential coefficients, the

degree is not defined.
SOLUTION

SOLUTION
SOLUTION
EXERCISE 6.2 [PAGE 196]

Exercise 6.2 | Q 1.01 | Page 196

Obtain the differential equation by eliminating the arbitrary constants from the
following equation:
x3 + y3 = 4ax

SOLUTION

Exercise 6.2 | Q 1.02 | Page 196

Obtain the differential equation by eliminating the arbitrary constants from the
following equation:

Ax2 + By2 = 1
SOLUTION
Exercise 6.2 | Q 1.03 | Page 196

Obtain the differential equation by eliminating the arbitrary constants from the
following equation:

y = A cos (log x) + B sin (log x)

SOLUTION

Exercise 6.2 | Q 1.04 | Page 196

Obtain the differential equation by eliminating the arbitrary constants from the
following equation:

y2 = (x + c)3
SOLUTION

Exercise 6.2 | Q 1.05 | Page 196

Obtain the differential equation by eliminating the arbitrary constants from the
following equation:

y = Ae5x + Be-5x

SOLUTION
Exercise 6.2 | Q 1.06 | Page 196

Obtain the differential equation by eliminating the arbitrary constants from the
following equation:
(y - a)2 = 4(x - b)

SOLUTION
Exercise 6.2 | Q 1.07 | Page 196
Obtain the differential equation by eliminating the arbitrary constants from the
following equation:

y = a + a/x

SOLUTION
Exercise 6.2 | Q 1.08 | Page 196
Obtain the differential equation by eliminating the arbitrary constants from the
following equation:

y = c1e2x + c2e5x

SOLUTION
Exercise 6.2 | Q 1.09 | Page 196
Obtain the differential equation by eliminating the arbitrary constants from the
following equation:

c1x3 + c2y2 = 5

SOLUTION
Exercise 6.2 | Q 1.1 | Page 196
Obtain the differential equation by eliminating the arbitrary constants from the
following equation:
y = e-2x (A cos x + B sin x)

SOLUTION
Exercise 6.2 | Q 2 | Page 196
Form the differential equation of the family of lines having intercepts a and b on the
coordinate axes respectively.

SOLUTION
The equation of the line having intercepts a and b on the coordinate axes respectively,
is
Exercise 6.2 | Q 3 | Page 196

Find the differential equation all parabolas having a length of latus rectum 4a and axis is
parallel to the axis.

SOLUTION

Let A(h, k) be the vertex of the parabola whose length of the latus rectum is 4a.

Then the equation of the parabola is

(y - k)2 = 4a(x - h), where h and k are arbitrary constants. Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
Exercise 6.2 | Q 4 | Page 196
Find the differential equation of the ellipse whose major axis is twice its minor axis.

SOLUTION
Let 2a and 2b be lengths of major axis and minor axis of the ellipse.
Then 2a = 2(2b)
∴ a = 2b
∴ equation of the ellipse is
Exercise 6.2 | Q 5 | Page 196
Form the differential equation of family of lines parallel to the line 2x + 3y + 4 = 0.

SOLUTION
The equation of the line parallel to the line 2x + 3y + 4 = 0 is
2x + 3y + 4 = 0, where c is an arbitrary constant.
Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get

Exercise 6.2 | Q 6 | Page 196

Find the differential equation of all circles having radius 9 and centre at point (h, k).

SOLUTION
Equation of the circle having radius 9 and centre at point (h, k) is
(x - h)2 + (y - k)2 = 81, .....(1)
where h and k are arbitrary constant.
Differentiating (1) w.r.t. x, we get
Exercise 6.2 | Q 7 | Page 196
Form the differential equation of all parabolas whose axis is the X-axis.

SOLUTION

The equation of the parbola whose axis is the X-axis is y2 = 4a(x - h), ....(1)
where a and h are arbitrary constants.
Differentiating (1) w.r.t. x, we get
EXERCISE 6.3 [PAGES 200 - 201]
Exercise 6.3 | Q 1.1 | Page 200
In the following example verify that the given expression is a solution of the
corresponding differential equation:

SOLUTION
Exercise 6.3 | Q 1.2 | Page 200
In the following example verify that the given expression is a solution of the
corresponding differential equation:

SOLUTION
Exercise 6.3 | Q 1.3 | Page 200
In the following example verify that the given expression is a solution of the
corresponding differential equation:

SOLUTION
Exercise 6.3 | Q 1.4 | Page 200

In the following example verify that the given expression is a solution of the
corresponding differential equation:

SOLUTION

Exercise 6.3 | Q 1.5 | Page 200

In the following example verify that the given expression is a solution of the
corresponding differential equation:
SOLUTION

Exercise 6.3 | Q 1.6 | Page 200

In the following example verify that the given expression is a solution of the
corresponding differential equation:
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION

SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION

SOLUTION
Exercise 6.3 | Q 3.1 | Page 201

For the following differential equation find the particular solution satisfying the
given condition:
3ex tan y dx + (1 + ex ) sec2 y dy = 0, when x = 0, y = π.

SOLUTION
Exercise 6.3 | Q 3.2 | Page 201
For the following differential equation find the particular solution satisfying the
given condition:

SOLUTION
Exercise 6.3 | Q 3.3 | Page 201

For the following differential equation find the particular solution satisfying the
given condition:

SOLUTION
Exercise 6.3 | Q 3.4 | Page 201
For the following differential equation find the particular solution satisfying the
given condition:
SOLUTION

Exercise 6.3 | Q 3.5 | Page 201

For the following differential equation find the particular solution satisfying the
given condition:
SOLUTION

Exercise 6.3 | Q 3.6 | Page 201

For the following differential equation find the particular solution satisfying the
given condition:
Exercise 6.3 | Q 4.1 | Page 201
Reduce the following differential equation to the variable separable form and
hence solve:
SOLUTION

Exercise 6.3 | Q 4.2 | Page 201

Reduce the following differential equation to the variable separable form and
hence solve:
SOLUTION
Exercise 6.3 | Q 4.3 | Page 201

Reduce the following differential equation to the variable separable form and
hence solve:

SOLUTION
Exercise 6.3 | Q 4.4 | Page 201

Reduce the following differential equation to the variable separable form and
hence solve:

SOLUTION

Exercise 6.3 | Q 4.5 | Page 201

Reduce the following differential equation to the variable separable form and
hence solve:

(2x - 2y + 3)dx - (x - y + 1)dy = 0, when x = 0, y = 1.

SOLUTION
EXERCISE 6.4 [PAGE 203]

SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
EXERCISE 6.5 [PAGES 206 - 207]

SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
Exercise 6.5 | Q 2 | Page 207

Find the equation of the curve which passes through the origin and has the slope x + 3y
- 1 at any point (x, y) on it.

SOLUTION
SOLUTION
Exercise 6.5 | Q 4 | Page 207
The curve passes through the point (0, 2). The sum of the coordinates of any point on
the curve exceeds the slope of the tangent to the curve at any point by 5. Find the
equation of the curve.

SOLUTION
Exercise 6.5 | Q 5 | Page 207

If the slope of the tangent to the curve at each of its point is equal to the sum of
abscissa and the product of the abscissa and ordinate of the point. Also, the curve
passes through the point (0, 1). Find the equation of the curve.

SOLUTION
EXERCISE 6.6 [PAGE 213]

Exercise 6.6 | Q 1 | Page 213

In a certain culture of bacteria, the rate of increase is proportional to the number
present. If it is found that the number doubles in 4 hours, find the number of times the
bacteria are increased in 12 hours.
SOLUTION
Exercise 6.6 | Q 2 | Page 213

If the population of a country doubles in 60 years; in how many years will it be triple
(treble) under the assumption that the rate of increase is proportional to the number of
inhabitants?
(Given log = 20.6912, log 3 = 1.0986)

SOLUTION

Let P be the population at time t years. Then dP/dt, the rate of increase of population is
proportional to P.
Exercise 6.6 | Q 3 | Page 213

If a body cools from 80°C to 50°C at room temperature of 25°C in 30 minutes, find the
temperature of the body after 1 hour.

SOLUTION
Let θ° C be the temperature of the body at time t minutes. Room temperature is given to
be 25°C.
Then by Newton’s law of cooling, dΘ/dt the rate of change of temperature, is
proportional to (θ - 25).
Exercise 6.6 | Q 4 | Page 213

The rate of growth of bacteria is proportional to the number present. If initially, there
were 1000 bacteria and the number doubles in 1 hour, find the number of bacteria after
SOLUTION
Exercise 6.6 | Q 5 | Page 213

The rate of disintegration of a radioactive element at any time t is proportional to its

mass at that time. Find the time during which the original mass of 1.5 gm will
disintegrate into its mass of 0.5 gm.

SOLUTION
Exercise 6.6 | Q 6 | Page 213

The rate of decay of certain substances is directly proportional to the amount present at
that instant. Initially, there is 25 gm of certain substance and two hours later it is found
that 9 gm are left. Find the amount left after one more hour.
SOLUTION
Exercise 6.6 | Q 7 | Page 213
Find the population of a city at any time t, given that the rate of increase of population is
proportional to the population at that instant and that in a period of 40 years, the
population increased from 30,000 to 40,000.

SOLUTION
Exercise 6.6 | Q 8 | Page 213

A body cools according to Newton’s law from 100° C to 60° C in 20 minutes. The
temperature of the surrounding being 20° C. How long will it take to cool down to 30° C?

SOLUTION
Let θ°C be the temperature of the body at time t. The temperature of the surrounding is
given to be 20° C.
According to Newton’s law of cooling
Exercise 6.6 | Q 9 | Page 213

A right circular cone has height 9 cm and radius of the base 5 cm. It is inverted and
water is poured into it. If at any instant the water level rises at the rate of (π/A) cm/sec,
where A is the area of the water surface A at that instant, show that the vessel will be
full in 75 seconds.

SOLUTION

Let r be the radius of the water surface and h be the height of the water at time t.
∴ area of the water surface A = πr2 sq cm.
Since the height of the right circular cone is 9 cm and radius of the base is 5 cm.
Exercise 6.6 | Q 10 | Page 213

Assume that a spherical raindrop evaporates at a rate proportional to its surface area. If
its radius originally is 3 mm and 1 hour later has been reduced to 2 mm, find an
expression for the radius of the raindrop at any time t.

SOLUTION
Let r be the radius, V be the volume and S be the surface area of the spherical raindrop
at time t.

The rate at which the raindrop evaporates is dV/dt which is proportional to the surface
area.
Exercise 6.6 | Q 11 | Page 213
The rate of growth of the population of a city at any time t is proportional to the size of
the population. For a certain city, it is found that the constant of proportionality is 0.04.
Find the population of the city after 25 years, if the initial population is 10,000. [Take e =
2.7182]

SOLUTION
Exercise 6.6 | Q 12 | Page 213

Radium decomposes at the rate proportional to the amount present at any time. If p
percent of the amount disappears in one year, what percent of the amount of radium will
be left after 2 years?

SOLUTION
MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISE 6 [PAGES 214 - 216]

SOLUTION
2, 3
SOLUTION
SOLUTION

Miscellaneous exercise 6 | Q 1.04 | Page 215

Choose the correct option from the given alternatives:
The differential equation of all circles having their centres on the line y = 5 and touching
the X-axis is
SOLUTION

SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION

SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION

Miscellaneous exercise 6 | Q 1.14 | Page 216

Choose the correct option from the given alternatives:

The decay rate of certain substances is directly proportional to the amount present at
that instant. Initially there are 27 grams of substance and 3 hours later it is found that 8
grams left. The amount left after one more hour is

SOLUTION

Miscellaneous exercise 6 | Q 1.15 | Page 216

Choose the correct option from the given alternatives:
If the surrounding air is kept at 20° C and a body cools from 80° C to 70° C in 5 minutes,
the temperature of the body after 15 minutes will be

1. 51.7° C
2. 54.7° C
3. 52.7° C
4. 50.7° C

SOLUTION
54.7° C

MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISE 6 [PAGES 216 - 218]

SOLUTION

SOLUTION
SOLUTION

SOLUTION
SOLUTION

Since this D.E. cannot be expressed as a polynomial in differential coefficient, the

degree is not defined.

Miscellaneous exercise 6 | Q 2.1 | Page 217

In the following example verify that the given function is a solution of the
differential equation.
SOLUTION
Miscellaneous exercise 6 | Q 2.2 | Page 217
In the following example verify that the given function is a solution of the
differential equation.

SOLUTION
Miscellaneous exercise 6 | Q 2.3 | Page 217
In the following example verify that the given function is a solution of the
differential equation.

SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
Miscellaneous exercise 6 | Q 3.1 | Page 217
Obtain the differential equation by eliminating the arbitrary constants from the
following equation:

SOLUTION
Miscellaneous exercise 6 | Q 3.2 | Page 217

Obtain the differential equation by eliminating the arbitrary constants from the
following equation:
y = a sin (x + b)

SOLUTION

Miscellaneous exercise 6 | Q 3.3 | Page 217

Obtain the differential equation by eliminating the arbitrary constants from the
following equation:
(y - a)2 = b(x + 4)

SOLUTION
Miscellaneous exercise 6 | Q 3.4 | Page 217
Obtain the differential equation by eliminating the arbitrary constants from the
following equation:
SOLUTION
Miscellaneous exercise 6 | Q 3.5 | Page 217
Obtain the differential equation by eliminating the arbitrary constants from the
following equation:

SOLUTION
Miscellaneous exercise 6 | Q 4.1 | Page 217

Form the differential equation of all circles which pass through the origin and whose
centers lie on X-axis.

SOLUTION

Let C(h, 0) be the center of the circle which passes through the origin. Then the radius
of the circle is h.
∴ equation of the circle is (x - h)2 + (y - 0)2 = h 2
∴ x2 - 2hx + h + y2 = h 2
∴ x2 + h 2 = 2hx ....(1)
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get

Miscellaneous exercise 6 | Q 4.2 | Page 217

Form the differential equation of all parabolas which have 4b as latus rectum and whose
axis is parallel to the Y-axis.
SOLUTION
Let A(h, k) be the vertex of the parabola which has 4b as a latus rectum and whose axis
is parallel to Y-axis. Then the equation of the parabola is
(x - h)2 = 4b(y - k) .....(1)
where h and k are arbitrary constants.

Differentiating both sides of (1) w.r.t. x, we get

Miscellaneous exercise 6 | Q 4.3 | Page 217

Find the differential equation of the ellipse whose major axis is twice its minor axis.

SOLUTION
Let 2a and 2b be lengths of major axis and minor axis of the ellipse.
Then 2a = 2(2b)
∴ a = 2b
∴ equation of the ellipse is

Miscellaneous exercise 6 | Q 4.4 | Page 217

Form the differential equation of all the lines which are normal to the line 3x + 2y + 7 =
0.
SOLUTION

Miscellaneous exercise 6 | Q 4.5 | Page 217

Form the differential equation of the hyperbola whose length of transverse and

conjugate axes are half of that of the given hyperbola

SOLUTION
Let 2A and 2B be the lengths of the transverse and conjugate axes of the required
hyperbola.
Then according to the given condition
SOLUTION

SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION

SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
Miscellaneous exercise 6 | Q 6.4 | Page 218
Find the particular solution of the following differential equation:
(x + y)dy + (x - y)dx = 0; when x = 1 = y

SOLUTION
SOLUTION
Miscellaneous exercise 6 | Q 7 | Page 218

Show that the general solution of differential equation is

given by (x + y + 1) = (1 - x - y - 2xy).
SOLUTION
Miscellaneous exercise 6 | Q 8 | Page 218

The normal lines to a given curve at each point (x, y) on the curve pass through (2, 0).
The curve passes through (2, 3). Find the equation of the curve.

SOLUTION
Miscellaneous exercise 6 | Q 9 | Page 218
The volume of a spherical balloon being inflated changes at a constant rate. If initially its
radius is 3 units and after 3 seconds it is 6 units. Find the radius of the balloon after t
seconds.

SOLUTION
Let r be the radius and V be the volume of the spherical balloon at any time t. Then rate
of change in volume of spherical balloon is dV/dt
Miscellaneous exercise 6 | Q 10 | Page 218
A person’s assets start reducing in such a way that the rate of reduction of assets is
proportional to the square root of the assets existing at that moment. If the assets at the
beginning ax ‘ 10 lakhs and they dwindle down to ‘ 10,000 after 2 years, show that the

person will be bankrupt in from the start.

SOLUTION
Let x be the assets of the person at time t years. Then the rate of reduction is dx/dt
which is proportional to √x.
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 Chapter 7: Probability Distributions

EXERCISE 7.1 [PAGES 232 - 233]

Exercise 7.1 | Q 1 | Page 232

Let X represent the difference between the number of heads and the number of tails
when a coin is tossed 6 times. What are the possible values of X?

SOLUTION 1
Given: X = Number of heads − Number of tails
Number Number Number of
of heads of heads heads −
Number of
tails
0 6 −6
1 5 −4
2 4 −2
3 3 0
4 2 2
5 1 4
6 0 6

Therefore, the possible values of X are :

−6, −4, −2, 0, 2, 4, 6
SOLUTION 2
When a coin is tossed 6 times, the number of heads can be 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6.
The corresponding number of tails will be 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0.
∴ X can take values 0 – 6, 1 – 5, 2 – 4, 3 – 3, 4 – 2, 5 – 1, 6 – 0
i.e. -6, -4, -2, 0, 2, 4, 6.
∴ X = { -6, -4, -2, 0, 2, 4, 6 }.

Exercise 7.1 | Q 2 | Page 232

An urn contains 5 red and 2 black balls. Two balls are drawn at random. X denotes
number of black balls drawn. What are possible values of X?
SOLUTION
The urn contains 5 red and 2 black balls. If two balls are drawn from the urn, it contains
either 0 or 1 or 2 black balls.
X can take values 0, 1, 2.
∴ X = {0, 1, 2}.
Exercise 7.1 | Q 3.1 | Page 232
State if the following is not the probability mass function of a random variable. Give
reasons for your answer.

X 0 1 2
P(X) 0.4 0.4 0.2

SOLUTION
P.m.f. of random variable should satisfy the following conditions:
(a) 0 ≤ pi ≤1
(b) ∑pi = 1
X 0 1
P(X) 0.4 0.4 0.2
(a) Here 0 ≤ pi ≤1
(b) ∑pi = 0.4 + 0.4 + 0.2 = 1
Hence, P(X) can be regarded as p.m.f. of the random variable X.
Exercise 7.1 | Q 3.2 | Page 232

State if the following is not the probability mass function of a random variable. Give
reasons for your answer.

X 0 1 2 3 4
P(X) 0.1 0.5 0.2 -0.1 0.2

SOLUTION
P.m.f. of random variable should satisfy the following conditions:
(a) 0 ≤ pi ≤ 1
(b) ∑pi = 1
X 0 1
P(X) 0.1 0.5 0.2 -0.1 0.2
P(X = 3) = -0.1, i.e. pi < 0 which does not satisfy 0 ≤ pi ≤ 1
Hence, P(X) cannot be regarded as p.m.f. of the random variable X.
Exercise 7.1 | Q 3.3 | Page 232
State if the following is not the probability mass function of a random variable. Give
reasons for your answer.

X 0 1 2
P(X) 0.1 0.6 0.3

SOLUTION
P.m.f. of random variable should satisfy the following conditions :
(a) 0 ≤ pi ≤ 1
(b) ∑pi = 1
X 0 1
P(X) 0.1 0.6 0.3
(a) Here 0 ≤ pi ≤ 1
(b) ∑pi = 0.1 + 0.6 + 0.3 = 1
Hence, P(X) can be regarded as p.m.f. of the random variable X.
Exercise 7.1 | Q 3.4 | Page 232

State if the following is not the probability mass function of a random variable. Give
reasons for your answer

Z 3 2 1 0 -1
P(Z) 0.3 0.2 0.4 0 0.05

SOLUTION
P.m.f. of random variable should satisfy the following conditions :
(a) 0 ≤ pi ≤ 1
(b) ∑pi = 1.
Z 3 2 1 0 -1
P(Z) 0.3 0.2 0.4 0 0.05
Here ∑pi = 0.3 + 0.2 + 0.4 + 0 + 0.05 = 0.95 ≠ 1
Hence, P(Z) cannot be regarded as p.m.f. of the random variable Z.
Exercise 7.1 | Q 3.5 | Page 232

State if the following is not the probability mass function of a random variable. Give
reasons for your answer.

Y -1 0 1
P(Y) 0.6 0.1 0.2

SOLUTION
P.m.f. of random variable should satisfy the following conditions :
(a) 0 ≤ pi ≤ 1
(b) ∑pi = 1
Y -1 0 1
P(Y) 0.6 0.1 0.2
Here ∑pi = 0.6 + 0.1 + 0.2 = 0.9 ≠ 1
Hence, P(Y) cannot be regarded as p.m.f. of the random variable Y.
Exercise 7.1 | Q 3.6 | Page 232

State if the following is not the probability mass function of a random variable. Give
reasons for your answer.

X 0 -1 -2
P(X) 0.3 0.4 0.3

SOLUTION
P.m.f. of random variable should satisfy the following conditions :
(a) 0 ≤ pi ≤ 1
(b) ∑pi = 1.
X 0 -1 -2
P(X) 0.3 0.4 0.3
(a) Here 0 ≤ pi ≤ 1
(b) ∑pi = 0.3 + 0.4 + 0.3 = 1
Hence, P(X) can be regarded as p.m.f. of the random variable X.
Exercise 7.1 | Q 4.1 | Page 232
Find the probability distribution of number of heads in two tosses of a coin.

SOLUTION
When one coin is tossed twice, the sample space is
{HH, HT, TH, TT}
Let X represent the number of heads s in two tosses of a coin.
∴ X (HH) = 2, X (HT) = 1, X (TH) = 1, X (TT) = 0
Therefore, X can take the value of 0, 1, or 2.
It is known that,

Exercise 7.1 | Q 4.2 | Page 232

Find the probability distribution of number of tails in the simultaneous tosses of three
coins.

SOLUTION
When three coins are tossed simultaneously, the sample space is
{HHH,HHT,HTH,HTT,THH,THT,TTH,TTT}
Let X represent the number of tails.
It can be seen that X can take the value of 0, 1, 2, or 3.
Exercise 7.1 | Q 4.3 | Page 232

Find the probability distribution of number of heads in four tosses of a coin

SOLUTION
When a coin is tossed four times, the sample space is
S = {HHHH, HHHT, HHTH, HTHH, THHH, HHTT, HTHT, HTTH, THHT, THTH, TTHH,
HTTT, THTT, TTHT, TTTH, TTTT}
∴ n (S) = 16
Let X be the random variable, which represents the number of heads.
It can be seen that X can take the value of 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4.
When X = 0, then X = {TTTT}
∴ n (X) = 1
Exercise 7.1 | Q 5 | Page 232

Find the probability distribution of the number of successes in two tosses of a die, where
a success is defined as number greater than 4 appears on at least one die.
SOLUTION
When a die is tossed twice, the sample space S has 6 × 6 = 36 sample points.
∴ n(S) = 36
Trial will be a success if the number on at least one die is 5 or 6.
Let X denote the number of dice on which 5 or 6 appears.
Then X can take values 0, 1, 2
When X = 0 i.e., 5 or 6 do not appear on any of the dice, then
X = {(1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 4), (2, 1), (2, 2), (2, 3), (2, 4), (3, 1), (3, 2), (3, 3), (3, 4), (4,
1), (4, 2), (4, 3), (4, 4)}.
∴ n(X) = 16.

Exercise 7.1 | Q 6 | Page 232

From a lot of 30 bulbs which include 6 defectives, a sample of 4 bulbs is drawn at
random with replacement. Find the probability distribution of the number of defective
bulbs.
SOLUTION
It is given that out of 30 bulbs, 6 are defective.
⇒ Number of non-defective bulbs = 30 − 6 = 24
4 bulbs are drawn from the lot with replacement.
Let X be the random variable that denotes the number of defective bulbs in the selected
bulbs.
∴ X can take the value 0, 1, 2, 3, 4.

Exercise 7.1 | Q 7 | Page 232

A coin is biased so that the head is 3 times as likely to occur as tail. If the coin is tossed
twice, find the probability distribution of number of tails.

SOLUTION
Exercise 7.1 | Q 8 | Page 232

A random variable X has the following probability distribution :

X 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
2 2 2
P(X) 0 k 2k 2k 3k k 2k 7k + k

Determine :
(i) k
(ii) P (X < 3)
(iii) P ( X > 4)
SOLUTION

Exercise 7.1 | Q 9 | Page 232

Find expected value and variance of X for the following p.m.f.

x -2 -1 0 1 2
 P(X) 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.15 0.25

SOLUTION
We construct the following table to calculate E (X) and V (X) :

X = xi pi =P [X = xi] xi · pi xi 2·pi = xi × xi·pi

-2 0.2 -0.4 0.8

-1 0.3 -0.3 0.3

0 0.1 0 0

1 0.15 0.15 0.15

2 0.25 0.5 1

Total 1 -0.05 2.25

From the table, Σxi · pi = -0.05 and Σxi2 · pi = 2.25

∴E (X) = Σxi · pi= -0.05
and V (X) = Σxi 2 ·pi - ( Σxi · pi)2
= 2.25 - (-0.05)2
= 2.25 - 0.0025 = 2.2475
Hence, E (X)= -0.05 and V (X) = 2.2475.
Exercise 7.1 | Q 10 | Page 233

Find expected value and variance of X, where X is number obtained on uppermost face
when a fair die is thrown.

SOLUTION
If a die is tossed, then the sample space for the random variable X is
S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
Exercise 7.1 | Q 11 | Page 233
Find the mean number of heads in three tosses of a fair coin.

SOLUTION
Let X denote the success of getting heads.
Therefore, the sample space is
S = {HHH, HHT, HTH, HTT, THH, THT, TTH, TTT}
It can be seen that X can take the value of 0, 1, 2, or 3.
∴ P(X = 0) = P(TTT)
= P(T) . P(T) . P(T)
Exercise 7.1 | Q 12 | Page 233
Two dice are thrown simultaneously. If X denotes the number of sixes, find the
expectation of X.

SOLUTION
Here, X represents the number of sixes obtained when two dice are thrown
simultaneously. Therefore, X can take the value of 0, 1, or 2.

Exercise 7.1 | Q 13 | Page 233

Two numbers are selected at random (without replacement) from the first six positive
integers. Let X denotes the larger of the two numbers obtained. Find E(X).
SOLUTION
The two positive integers can be selected from the first six positive integers without
replacement in 6 × 5 = 30 ways
X represents the larger of the two numbers obtained. Therefore, X can take the value of
2, 3, 4, 5, or 6.
For X = 2, the possible observations are (1, 2) and (2, 1).
Exercise 7.1 | Q 14 | Page 233
Let X denote the sum of the numbers obtained when two fair dice are rolled. Find the
standard deviation of X.

SOLUTION
If two fair dice are rolled then the sample space S of this experiment is
S = {(1,1),
(1,2),(1,3),(1,4),(1,5),(1,5),(1,6),(2,1),(2,2),(2,3),(2,3),(2,4),(2,5),(2,6),(3,1),(3,2),(3,3),(3,
4),(3,5),(3,6),(4,1),(4,2),(4,3),(4,4),(4,5),(4,6),(5,1),(5,2),(5,3),(5,4),(5,5),(5,6),(6,1),(6,2),(
6,3),(6,4),(6,5),(6,6)}
∴ n(S) = 36
Let X denote the sum of the numbers on uppermost faces.
Then X can take the values 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12
∴ the probability distribution of X is given by

Expected value = E (X) = Σxi · P (xi)

Exercise 7.1 | Q 15 | Page 233

A class has 15 students whose ages are 14, 17, 15, 14, 21, 17, 19, 20, 16, 18, 20, 17,
16, 19 and 20 years. One student is selected in such a manner that each has the same
chance of being chosen and the age X of the selected student is recorded. What is the
probability distribution of the random variable X? Find mean, variance and standard
deviation of X.

SOLUTION
There are 15 students in the class. Each student has the same chance to be chosen.
Therefore, the probability of each student to be selected is 1/15
The given information can be compiled in the frequency table as follows.
X 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
f 2 1 2 3 1 2 3
1
Exercise 7.1 | Q 16 | Page 233

In a meeting, 70% of the members favour and 30% oppose a certain proposal. A
member is selected at random and we take X = 0 if he opposed, and X = 1 if he is in
favour. Find E(X) and Var(X).
SOLUTION

EXERCISE 7.2 [PAGES 238 - 239]

SOLUTION

Exercise 7.2 | Q 1.2 | Page 238

Verify which of the following is p.d.f. of r.v. X:
f(x) = x, for 0 ≤ x ≤ 1 and -2 -x for 1 < x < 2

SOLUTION
Exercise 7.2 | Q 1.3 | Page 238

Verify which of the following is p.d.f. of r.v. X:

f(x) = 2, for 0 ≤ x ≤ 1.

SOLUTION
SOLUTION

SOLUTION
SOLUTION

Exercise 7.2 | Q 3.1 | Page 239

It is known that error in measurement of reaction temperature (in 0° c) in a certain

experiment is continuous r.v. given by
SOLUTION

Exercise 7.2 | Q 3.2 | Page 239

It is known that error in measurement of reaction temperature (in 0° c) in a certain
experiment is continuous r.v. given by

SOLUTION
Exercise 7.2 | Q 3.3 | Page 239
It is known that error in measurement of reaction temperature (in 0° c) in a certain
experiment is continuous r.v. given by

SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
Exercise 7.2 | Q 5.1 | Page 239
Let X be amount of time for which a book is taken out of library by randomly selected
student and suppose X has p.d.f
f (x) = 0.5x, for 0 ≤ x ≤ 2 and = 0 otherwise.
Calculate: P(x≤1)

SOLUTION
Exercise 7.2 | Q 5.2 | Page 239

Let X be amount of time for which a book is taken out of library by randomly selected
student and suppose X has p.d.f
f (x) = 0.5x, for 0 ≤ x ≤ 2 and = 0 otherwise.
Calculate: P(0.5 ≤ x ≤ 1.5)

SOLUTION
Exercise 7.2 | Q 5.3 | Page 239

Let X be amount of time for which a book is taken out of library by randomly selected
student and suppose X has p.d.f
f (x) = 0.5x, for 0 ≤ x ≤ 2 and = 0 otherwise. Calculate: P(x ≥ 1.5)

SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION

SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION

SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION

SOLUTION
MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISE [PAGES 241 - 242]

SOLUTION
If P (X < a) = P (X > a), then a = 1/2
Miscellaneous Exercise | Q 2 | Page 242
Choose the correct option from the given alternative:
If the p.d.f of a.c.r.v. X is f (x) = 3 (1 − 2x2), for 0 < x < 1 and = 0, otherwise (elsewhere)
then the c.d.f of X is F(x) =

1. 2x − 3x2
2. 3x − 4x3
3. 3x − 2x3
4. 2x3 − 3x

SOLUTION
If the p.d.f of a.c.r.v. X is f (x) = 3 (1 – 2 x 2), for 0 < x < 1 and = 0, otherwise
(elsewhere) then the c.d.f of X is F(x) = 3x − 2x3

SOLUTION

If the p.d.f of a.c.r.v. X is f (x) = for −3 < x < 3 and = 0, otherwise then P (| X | <
1) = 1/27

Miscellaneous Exercise | Q 4 | Page 242

Choose the correct option from the given alternative:
If a d.r.v. X takes values 0, 1, 2, 3, . . . which probability P (X = x) = k (x + 1)·5 −x , where
k is a constant, then P (X = 0) =
SOLUTION
If a d.r.v. X takes values 0, 1, 2, 3, . . . which probability P (X = x) = k (x + 1)·5 −x ,
where k is a constant, then P (X = 0) = 16/25
Miscellaneous Exercise | Q 5 | Page 242
Choose the correct option from the given alternative:

If p.m.f. of a d.r.v. X is P (X = x) = for x = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and = 0, otherwise If a =

P (X ≤ 2) and b = P (X ≥ 3), then E (X) =

1. a<b
2. a>b
3. a=b
4. a+b

SOLUTION

If p.m.f. of a d.r.v. X is P (X = x) = for x = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and = 0, otherwise If a =

P (X ≤ 2) and b = P (X ≥ 3), then E (X) = a = b

SOLUTION

If p.m.f. of a d.r.v. X is P (X = x) = for x = 1, 2, 3, . . ., n and = 0, otherwise

then E (X) =
SOLUTION

If p.m.f. of a d.r.v. X is P (x) = for x = 1, 2, 3 and = 0, otherwise (elsewhere) then E

(X) = 294/251

SOLUTION
If the a d.r.v. X has the following probability distribution:
 x -2 -1 0 1 2 3
p(X=x) 0.1 k 0.2 2k 0.3 k
then P (X = −1) = 1/10
Miscellaneous Exercise | Q 9 | Page 242

Choose the correct option from the given alternative:

If the a d.r.v. X has the following probability distribution:

X 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
P(X=x) k 2k 2k 3k k2 2k2 7k2+k

k=

SOLUTION
If the a d.r.v. X has the following probability distribution:
X 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
P(X=x) k 2k 2k 3k k2 2k2 7k2+k
k = 1/10
Miscellaneous Exercise | Q 10 | Page 242

Choose the correct option from the given alternative:

Find expected value of and variance of X for the following p.m.f.

X -2 -1 0 1 2
P(x) 0.3 0.4 0.2 0.15 0.25
1. 0·85
2. – 0·35
3. 0·15
4. – 0·15

SOLUTION
Find expected value of and variance of X for the following p.m.f.
 X -2 -1 0 1 2
P(x) 0.3 0.4 0.2 0.15 0.25
= – 0·35

MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISE [PAGES 242 - 244]

Miscellaneous Exercise | Q 1.1 | Page 242

Solve the following :
Identify the random variable as either discrete or continuous in each of the following.
Write down the range of it.
An economist is interested the number of unemployed graduate in the town of
population 1 lakh.

SOLUTION
Let X = number of unemployed graduates in a town.
Since, the population of the town is 1 lakh, X takes the finite values.
∴ random variable X is discrete.
Range = {0, 1, 2, …, 99999, 100000}.

Miscellaneous Exercise | Q 1.2 | Page 242

Solve the following :
Identify the random variable as either discrete or continuous in each of the following.
Write down the range of it.
Amount of syrup prescribed by physician.

SOLUTION
Let X = amount of syrup prescribed by a physician.
Then X takes uncountable infinite values.
∴ random variable X is continuous.
Miscellaneous Exercise | Q 1.3 | Page 242

Solve the following :

Identify the random variable as either discrete or continuous in each of the following.
Write down the range of it.
The person on the high protein diet is interested gain of weight in a week.

SOLUTION
Let X = gain of weight in a week
Then X takes uncountable infinite values
∴ random variable X is continuous.
Miscellaneous Exercise | Q 1.4 | Page 242

Solve the following :

Identify the random variable as either discrete or continuous in each of the following.
Write down the range of it.

20 white rats are available for an experiment. Twelve rats are male. Scientist randomly
selects 5 rats number of female rats selected on a specific day

SOLUTION
Let X = number of female rats selected on a specific day
Since the total number of rats is 20 which include 12 males and 8 females, X takes the
finite values
∴ random variable X is discrete.
Range = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
Miscellaneous Exercise | Q 1.5 | Page 242

Solve the following:

Identify the random variable as either discrete or continuous in each of the following.
Write down the range of it.
A highway safety group is interested in studying the speed (km/hrs) of a car at a check
point.

SOLUTION
Let X = speed of the car in km/hr
Then X takes uncountable infinite values
∴ random variable X is continuous.
Miscellaneous Exercise | Q 2 | Page 242
The probability distribution of discrete r.v. X is as follows :

x=x 1 2 3 4 5 6
P[x=x] k 2k 3k 4k 5k 6k

(i) Determine the value of k.

(ii) Find P(X≤4), P(2<X< 4), P(X≥3).

SOLUTION
Miscellaneous Exercise | Q 3.1 | Page 242

Solve the following :

The following probability distribution of r.v. X

X=x -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
P(X=x) 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.15 0.1

Find the probability that

X is positive

SOLUTION
P (X is positive) = P(X = 1) + P (X = 2) + P(X = 3)
= 0.25 + 0.15 +0.1+ = 0.50
Miscellaneous Exercise | Q 3.3 | Page 242

Solve the following :

The following probability distribution of r.v. X

X=x -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
P(X=x) 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.15 0.1

Find the probability that

X is odd

SOLUTION
P (X is odd)
= P (X = -3) + P (X = -1) + P (x=1) + P (X=3)
= 0.05 + 0.15 + 0.25 + 0.1 = 0.55
Miscellaneous Exercise | Q 3.4 | Page 242

Solve the following :

The following probability distribution of r.v. X

X=x -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
P(X=x) 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.15 0.1

Find the probability that

X is even

SOLUTION
P (X is even)
= P (X = - 2) + P (X = 0) + P (X = 2)
= 0.10 + 0.20 + 0.15 = 0.45

SOLUTION
SOLUTION
Miscellaneous Exercise | Q 6 | Page 242
Solve the following problem :
A fair coin is tossed 4 times. Let X denote the number of heads obtained. Identify the
probability distribution of X and state the formula for p. m. f. of X.

SOLUTION 1
When a fair coin is tossed 4 times then the sample space is
S = {HHHH,HHHT,HHTH, HTHH, THHH, HHTT, HTHT, HTTH, THHT, THTH, TTHH,
HTTT, THTT, TTHT, TTTH, TTTT}
∴ n (S) = 16
X denotes the number of heads.
∴ X can take the value 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 When X = 0,
then X= {TTTT}
∴ n (X) = 1
SOLUTION 2
Miscellaneous Exercise | Q 7 | Page 244

Find the probability distribution of the number of successes in two tosses of a die, where
a success is defined as
(i) number greater than 4
(ii) six appears on at least one die

SOLUTION
When a die is tossed two times, we obtain (6 × 6) = 36 number of observations.
Let X be the random variable, which represents the number of successes.
Here, success refers to the number greater than 4.
P (X = 0) = P (number less than or equal to 4 on both the tosses) =

P (X = 1) = P (number less than or equal to 4 on first toss and greater than 4 on second
toss) + P (number greater than 4 on first toss and less than or equal to 4 on second
toss)
P(Y = 1) = P (six appears on none of the dice x six appears on at least one of the dice )
+ P (six appears on none of the dice x six appears on at least one of the dice)

Miscellaneous Exercise | Q 8 | Page 244

A random variable X has the following probability distribution :

x=x 0 1 2 3 7
P(X=x) 0 k 2k 2k 3k k2 2k2 7k2 + k

Determine (i) k
(ii) P(X> 6)
(iii) P(0<X<3).

SOLUTION
Refer to the solution of Q. 8 of Exercise 7.1.
Miscellaneous Exercise | Q 9.1 | Page 244

The following is the c.d.f. of r.v. X

x -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
F(X) 0.1 0.3 0.5 0.65 0.75 0.85 0.9 1

Find p.m.f. of X.

SOLUTION
From the given table
F(-3)= 0.1, F(-2)=0.3,F(-1)=0.5
F(0) = 0.65, f(1) = 0.75, F(2) = 0.85
F(3) = 0.9, F(4) = 1
P(X= -3) = F(-3) = 0.1
P(X= - 2)= F(- 2)- F(-3)= 0.3 - 0.1 = 0.2
P(X= - 1)= F(-1)-F(-2) = 0.5 - 0.3 = 0.2
P(X = 0) = F(0) - F(- 1) = 0.65 - 0.5 = 0.15
P(X = 1) = F(1) - F(0) = 0.75 - 0.65 = 0.1
P(X = 2) = F(2) - F(1) = 0.85 - 0.75 = 0.1
P(X = 3) = F(3) - F(2) = 0.9 - 0.85 = 0.05
P(X = 4) = F(4) - F(3) = 1 - 0.9 = 0.1
∴ the p.m.f of X is as follows :
X=x -3 -2 -1 0 1 4
P(X = x) 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.15 0.1 0.1 00.5 0.1

Miscellaneous Exercise | Q 9.2 | Page 244

The following is the c.d.f. of r.v. X

x -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
F(X) 0.1 0.3 0.5 0.65 0.75 0.85 0.9 *1
P (–1 ≤ X ≤ 2)

SOLUTION
P (–1 ≤ X ≤ 2)
=P(X= -1) +P(X=0)+ P(X = 0)+P(X = 2)
= 0.2 + 0.15 + 0.1 + 0.1 = 0.55
Miscellaneous Exercise | Q 9.3 | Page 244

The following is the c.d.f. of r.v. X

x -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
F(X) 0.1 0.3 0.5 0.65 0.75 0.85 0.9 1

P (X ≤ 3/ X > 0)

SOLUTION
Miscellaneous Exercise | Q 10.1 | Page 244
Find the expected value, variance and standard deviation of the random variable whose
p.m.f.’s are given below :

SOLUTION
We construct the following table to find the expected value, variance and standard
deviation:
Miscellaneous Exercise | Q 10.2 | Page 244

Find the expected value, variance and standard deviation of the random variable whose
p.m.f.’s are given below :

SOLUTION
We construct the following table to find the expected value, variance and standard
deviation:
Miscellaneous Exercise | Q 10.3 | Page 244

Find the expected value, variance and standard deviation of the random variable whose
p.m.f.’s are given below :
SOLUTION
We construct the following table to find the expected value, variance, and standard
deviation:
Miscellaneous Exercise | Q 10.4 | Page 244

Find the expected value, variance, and standard deviation of the random variable
whose p.m.f.’s are given below :

SOLUTION
We construct the following table to find the expected value, variance and standard
deviation:
Miscellaneous Exercise | Q 11 | Page 244

Solve the following problem :

A player tosses two coins. He wins ₹ 10 if 2 heads appear, ₹ 5 if 1 head appears, and ₹
2 if no head appears. Find the expected value and variance of winning amount.

SOLUTION 1
When a coin is tossed twice, the sample space is
S = {HH, HT, TH, HH}
Let X denote the amount he wins.
Then X takes values 10, 5, 2.
SOLUTION 2
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
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 Chapter 8: Binomial Distribution

EXERCISE 8.1 [PAGES 251 - 252]

Exercise 8.1 | Q 1.1 | Page 251

A die is thrown 6 times. If ‘getting an odd number’ is a success, find the probability of 5
successes.

SOLUTION
Exercise 8.1 | Q 1.2 | Page 251
A die is thrown 6 times. If ‘getting an odd number’ is a success, find the probability of at
least 5 successes.

SOLUTION
Let X = number of successes, i.e. number of odd numbers.
p = probability of getting an odd number in a single throw of a die
Exercise 8.1 | Q 1.3 | Page 251
A die is thrown 6 times. If ‘getting an odd number’ is a success, find the probability of at
most 5 successes.

SOLUTION
Let X = number of successes, i.e. number of odd numbers.
p = probability of getting an odd number in a single throw of a die
Exercise 8.1 | Q 2 | Page 251
A pair of dice is thrown 4 times. If getting a doublet is considered a success, find the
probability of two successes.

SOLUTION
Let X = number of doublets.
p = probability of getting a doublet when a pair of dice is thrown
Exercise 8.1 | Q 3 | Page 251
There are 5% defective items in a large bulk of items. What is the probability that a
sample of 10 items will include not more than one defective item?

SOLUTION
Exercise 8.1 | Q 4.1 | Page 251

Five cards are drawn successively with replacement from a well-shuffled deck of 52
cards, find the probability that all the five cards are spades.

SOLUTION 1
Let X = number of spade cards.
p = probability of drawing a spade card from pack of 52 cards.
Since, there are 13 spade cards in the pack of 52 cards,
SOLUTION 2

Exercise 8.1 | Q 4.2 | Page 251

Five cards are drawn successively with replacement from a well-shuffled deck of 52
cards, find the probability that only 3 cards are spades

SOLUTION 1
Let X = number of spade cards.
p = probability of drawing a spade card from pack of 52 cards.
Since, there are 13 spade cards in the pack of 52 cards,
SOLUTION 2
Exercise 8.1 | Q 4.3 | Page 251
Five cards are drawn successively with replacement from a well-shuffled deck of 52
cards, find the probability that none is a spade.

SOLUTION 1
Let X = number of spade cards.
p = probability of drawing a spade card from pack of 52 cards.
Since, there are 13 spade cards in the pack of 52 cards,
SOLUTION 2
Let X = number of spade cards.
p = probability of drawing a spade card from pack of 52 cards.
Since, there are 13 spade cards in the pack of 52 cards,
Exercise 8.1 | Q 5 | Page 251
The probability that a bulb produced by a factory will fuse after 150 days of use is 0.05.
What is the probability that out of 5 such bulbs
(i) none
(ii) not more than one
(iii) more than one
(iv) at least one
will fuse after 150 days of use.

SOLUTION
Let X represent the number of bulbs that will fuse after 150 days of use in an
experiment of 5 trials. The trials are Bernoulli trials.
It is given that, p = 0.05
∴ q = 1 - p = 1- 0.05 = 0.95`
X has a binomial distribution with n = 5 and p = 0.05
Exercise 8.1 | Q 6 | Page 252
A bag consists of 10 balls each marked with one of the digits 0 to 9. If four balls are
drawn successively with replacement from the bag, what is the probability that none is
marked with the digit 0?

SOLUTION
Let X denote the number of balls marked with the digit 0 among the 4 balls drawn.
Since the balls are drawn with replacement, the trials are Bernoulli trials.
X has a binomial distribution with n = 4 and p = 1/10
Exercise 8.1 | Q 7 | Page 252
On a multiple choice examination with three possible answers for each of the five
questions, what is the probability that a candidate would get four or more correct
answers just by guessing?

SOLUTION
The repeated guessing of correct answers from multiple-choice questions is Bernoulli
trials. Let X represent the number of correct answers by guessing in the set of 5
multiple-choice questions.
Probability of getting a correct answer is, p = 1/3
Exercise 8.1 | Q 8.1 | Page 252

A person buys a lottery ticket in 50 lotteries, in each of which his chance of winning a
prize is 1/100. What is the probability that he will win a prize at least once.

SOLUTION
Let X denote the number of times the person wins the lottery.
Then, X follows a binomial distribution with n = 50.

Exercise 8.1 | Q 9.1 | Page 252

In a box of floppy discs, it is known that 95% will work. A sample of three of the discs is
selected at random. Find the probability that none of the floppy disc work.
SOLUTION

Exercise 8.1 | Q 9.2 | Page 252

In a box of floppy discs, it is known that 95% will work. A sample of three of the discs is
selected at random. Find the probability that exactly one floppy disc work.

SOLUTION
Exercise 8.1 | Q 9.3 | Page 252

In a box of floppy discs, it is known that 95% will work. A sample of three of the discs is
selected at random. Find the probability that exactly two floppy disc work.

SOLUTION

Let X = number of working discs.

p = probability that a floppy disc works

Exercise 8.1 | Q 9.4 | Page 252

In a box of floppy discs, it is known that 95% will work. A sample of three of the discs is
selected at random. Find the probability that all 3 of the sample will work.
SOLUTION

Exercise 8.1 | Q 10 | Page 252

Find the probability of throwing at most 2 sixes in 6 throws of a single die.

SOLUTION
The repeated tossing of the die are Bernoulli trials. Let X represent the number of times
of getting sixes in 6 throws of the die.
Exercise 8.1 | Q 11 | Page 252
It is known that 10% of certain articles manufactured are defective. What is the
probability that in a random sample of 12 such articles, 9 are defective?

SOLUTION
The repeated selections of articles in a random sample space are Bernoulli trails. Let X
denote the number of times of selecting defective articles in a random sample space of
12 articles.
Exercise 8.1 | Q 12.1 | Page 252

Given X ~ B(n, P) if n = 10 and p = 0.4, find E(x) and Var(X).

SOLUTION
Given: n = 10 and p = 0.4
∴ q = 1 - p = 1 - 0.4 = 0.6
∴ E(X) = np
= 10(0.4) = 4
∴ Var(X) = npq
= 10(0.4)(0.6) = 2.4
Hence, E(x) = 4, Var(X) = 2.4

Exercise 8.1 | Q 12.2 | Page 252

Given X ~ B(n, P) if p = 0.6 and E(X) = 6, find n and Var(X).

SOLUTION
Exercise 8.1 | Q 12.3 | Page 252

Given X ~ B(n, P) if n = 25 and E(X) = 10, find p and SD(X).

SOLUTION
Exercise 8.1 | Q 12.4 | Page 252

Given X ~ B(n, P) if n = 10, E(X) = 8, find Var(X).

SOLUTION

MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISE 8 [PAGE 253]

Miscellaneous exercise 8 | Q 1 | Page 253

Choose the correct option from the given alternatives:
A die is thrown 100 times. If getting an even number is considered a success, then the
standard deviation of the number of successes is

SOLUTION
5
Miscellaneous exercise 8 | Q 2 | Page 253

Choose the correct option from the given alternatives:

The mean and the variance of a binomial distribution are 4 and 2 respectively. Then the
probability of 2 successes is

SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION

9/13

SOLUTION
Miscellaneous exercise 8 | Q 6 | Page 253

Choose the correct option from the given alternatives:

The probability of a shooter hitting a target is 3/4 How many minimum numbers of times
must he fire so that the probability of hitting the target at least once is more than 0·99?

1. 2
2. 3
3. 4
4. 5

SOLUTION

Miscellaneous exercise 8 | Q 7 | Page 253

Choose the correct option from the given alternatives:

If the mean and variance of a binomial distribution are 18 and 12 respectively, then n =

1. 36
2. 54
3. 18
4. 27
SOLUTION

MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISE 8 [PAGES 253 - 524]

Miscellaneous exercise 8 | Q 1.1 | Page 253

Let X ~ B(10, 0.2). Find P(X = 1).

SOLUTION
Miscellaneous exercise 8 | Q 1.2 | Page 253

Let X ~ B(10, 0.2). Find P(X ≥ 1).

SOLUTION

Miscellaneous exercise 8 | Q 1.3 | Page 253

Let X ~ B(10, 0.2). Find P(X ≤ 8).

SOLUTION
Miscellaneous exercise 8 | Q 2.1 | Page 253

Let X ~ B(n, p) if n = 10, E(X) = 5, find p and Var(X).

SOLUTION
Miscellaneous exercise 8 | Q 2.2 | Page 253

Let X ~ B(n, p) if E(X) = 5 and Var(X) = 2.5, find n and p.

SOLUTION

Miscellaneous exercise 8 | Q 3.1 | Page 253

If a fair coin is tossed 10 times and the probability that it shows heads 5 times.

SOLUTION
Miscellaneous exercise 8 | Q 3.2 | Page 253

If a fair coin is tossed 10 times and the probability that it shows heads in the first four
tosses and tail in last six tosses.
SOLUTION

Hence, the probability that getting heads in first four tosses and tails in last six tosses =
105/512.

Miscellaneous exercise 8 | Q 4 | Page 254

The probability that a bomb will hit a target is 0.8. Find the probability that out of 10
bombs dropped, exactly 2 will miss the target.
SOLUTION

Miscellaneous exercise 8 | Q 5.1 | Page 254

The probability that a mountain -bike travelling along a certain track will have a tyre burst
is 0.05. Find the probability that among 17 riders: exactly one has a burst tyre.
SOLUTION
Let X = number of burst tyre.
p = probability that a mountain-bike travelling along a certain track will have a tyre burst
∴ p = 0.05
∴ q = 1 - p = 1 - 0.05 = 0.95
Given: n = 17
∴ X ~ B(17, 0.05)
The p.m.f. of X is given by

Miscellaneous exercise 8 | Q 5.2 | Page 254

The probability that a mountain -bike travelling along a certain track will have a tyre burst
is 0.05. Find the probability that among 17 riders: at most three have a burst tyre

SOLUTION
Let X = number of burst tyre.
p = probability that a mountain-bike travelling along a certain track will have a tyre burst
∴ p = 0.05
∴ q = 1 - p = 1 - 0.05 = 0.95
Given: n = 17
∴ X ~ B(17, 0.05)
The p.m.f. of X is given by
Miscellaneous exercise 8 | Q 5.3 | Page 254

The probability that a mountain -bike travelling along a certain track will have a tyre burst
is 0.05. Find the probability that among 17 riders: two or more have burst tyre.

SOLUTION
Let X = number of burst tyre.
p = probability that a mountain-bike travelling along a certain track will have a tyre burst
∴ p = 0.05
∴ q = 1 - p = 1 - 0.05 = 0.95
Given: n = 17
∴ X ~ B(17, 0.05)
The p.m.f. of X is given by
Miscellaneous exercise 8 | Q 6 | Page 254

The probability that a lamp in a classroom will be burnt out is 0.3. Six such lamps are
fitted in the class-room. If it is known that the classroom is unusable if the number of
lamps burning in it is less than four, find the probability that the classroom cann ot be
used on a random occasion.

SOLUTION
Since, the classroom is unusable if the number of lamps burning in it is less than four,
therefore
P (classroom cannot be used)
= P[X < 4] = P[X = 0] + P[X = 1] + P[X = 2] + P[X = 3]
= p(0) + p(1) + p(2) + p(3)

Miscellaneous exercise 8 | Q 7 | Page 254

A lot of 100 items contain 10 defective items. Five items are selected at random from
the lot and sent to the retail store. What is the probability that the store will receive at
most one defective item?
SOLUTION
Miscellaneous exercise 8 | Q 8 | Page 254

A large chain retailer purchases a certain kind of electronic device from a manufacturer.
The manufacturer indicates that the defective rate of the device is 3%. The inspector of
the retailer picks 20 items from a shipment. What is the probability that the store will
receive at most one defective item?

SOLUTION
Miscellaneous exercise 8 | Q 9 | Page 524

The probability that a certain kind of component will survive a check test is 0.5. Find the
probability that exactly two of the next four components tested will survive.

SOLUTION
Let X = number of tested components survive.
p = probability that the component survives the check test
Miscellaneous exercise 8 | Q 10 | Page 254

An examination consists of 10 multiple choice questions, in each of which a candidate

has to deduce which one of five suggested answers is correct. A completely unprepared
student guesses each answer completely randomly. What is the probability that this
student gets 8 or more questions correct? Draw the appropriate morals.

SOLUTION
Let X = number of correct answers.
p = probability that student gets a correct answer
Miscellaneous exercise 8 | Q 11.1 | Page 254

The probability that a machine will produce all bolts in a production run within
specification is 0.998. A sample of 8 machines is taken at random. Calculate the
probability that all 8 machines.

SOLUTION
Let X = number of machines that produce the bolts within specification.
p = probability that a machine produce bolts within specification
p = 0.998
and q = 1 - p = 1 - 0.998 = 0.002
Given: n = 8
∴ X ~ B (8, 0.998)
The p.m.f. of X is given by
Miscellaneous exercise 8 | Q 11.2 | Page 524

The probability that a machine will produce all bolts in a production run within
specification is 0.998. A sample of 8 machines is taken at random. Calculate the
probability that 7 or 8 machines.

SOLUTION
Let X = number of machines that produce the bolts with in specification.
p = probability that a machine produce bolts within specification
p = 0.998
and q = 1 - p = 1 - 0.998 = 0.002
Given: n = 8
∴ X ~ B (8, 0.998)
The p.m.f. of X is given by
Miscellaneous exercise 8 | Q 11.3 | Page 254

The probability that a machine will produce all bolts in a production run within
specification is 0.998. A sample of 8 machines is taken at random. Calculate the
probability that at most 6 machines will produce all bolts within specification.

SOLUTION
Let X = number of machines that produce the bolts within specification.
p = probability that a machine produce bolts within specification
p = 0.998
and q = 1 - p = 1 - 0.998 = 0.002
Given: n = 8
∴ X ~ B (8, 0.998)
The p.m.f. of X is given by

Hence, the probability that at most 6 machines will produce all bolts with specification =
1 - (1.014)(0.998)7

Miscellaneous exercise 8 | Q 12 | Page 254

The probability that a machine develops a fault within the first 3 years of use is 0.003. If
40 machines are selected at random, calculate the probability that 38 or more will
develop any faults within the first 3 years of use.

SOLUTION
Let X = number of machines who develops a fault.
p = probability that a machine develops a falt within the first 3 years of use
∴ p = 0.003
and q = 1 - p = 1 - 0.003 = 0.997
Given: n = 40
∴ X ~ B (40, 0.003)
The p.m.f. of X is given by

Miscellaneous exercise 8 | Q 13.1 | Page 254

A computer installation has 10 terminals. Independently, the probability that any one
terminal will require attention during a week is 0.1. Find the probabilities that 0.

SOLUTION
Let X = number of terminals which required attention during a week.
p = probability that any terminal will require attention during a week
∴ p = 0.1
and q = 1 - p = 1 - 0.1 = 0.9
Given: n = 10
∴ X ~ B (10, 0.1)
The p.m.f. of X is given by

Miscellaneous exercise 8 | Q 13.2 | Page 254

A computer installation has 10 terminals. Independently, the probability that any one
terminal will require attention during a week is 0.1. Find the probabilities that 1.

SOLUTION
Let X = number of terminals which required attention during a week.
p = probability that any terminal will require attention during a week
∴ p = 0.1
and q = 1 - p = 1 - 0.1 = 0.9
Given: n = 10
∴ X ~ B (10, 0.1)
The p.m.f. of X is given by
Miscellaneous exercise 8 | Q 13.3 | Page 254

A computer installation has 10 terminals. Independently, the probability that any one
terminal will require attention during a week is 0.1. Find the probabilities that 2.

SOLUTION
Let X = number of terminals which required attention during a week.
p = probability that any terminal will require attention during a week
∴ p = 0.1
and q = 1 - p = 1 - 0.1 = 0.9
Given: n = 10
∴ X ~ B (10, 0.1)
The p.m.f. of X is given by

Miscellaneous exercise 8 | Q 13.4 | Page 254

A computer installation has 10 terminals. Independently, the probability that any one
terminal will require attention during a week is 0.1. Find the probabilities that 3 or more,
terminals will require attention during the next week.
SOLUTION
Let X = number of terminals which required attention during a week.
p = probability that any terminal will require attention during a week
∴ p = 0.1
and q = 1 - p = 1 - 0.1 = 0.9
Given: n = 10
∴ X ~ B(10, 0.1)
The p.m.f. of X is given by

Hence, the probability that 3 or more terminals require attention = 1 - (2.16) × (0.9)8
Miscellaneous exercise 8 | Q 14.1 | Page 255

In a large school, 80% of the pupil like Mathematics. A visitor to the school asks each of
4 pupils, chosen at random, whether they like Mathematics.
Calculate the probabilities of obtaining an answer yes from 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 of the pupils.

SOLUTION
The probabilities of obtaining an answer yes from 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 of pupils are P(X= 0), P(X
= 1), P(X = 2), P(X = 3) and P(X = 4) respectively.
Miscellaneous exercise 8 | Q 14.2 | Page 255

In a large school, 80% of the pupil like Mathematics. A visitor to the school asks each of
4 pupils, chosen at random, whether they like Mathematics.
Find the probability that the visitor obtains answer yes from at least 2 pupils:
a. when the number of pupils questioned remains at 4.
b. when the number of pupils questioned is increased to 8.

SOLUTION

(a) P(visitor obtains the answer yes from at least 2 pupils when the number of pupils
questioned remains at 4) = P(X ≥ 2)
= P(X = 2) + P(X = 3) + P(X = 4)
(b) P(the visitor obtains the answer yes from at least 2 pupils when number of pupils
questioned is increased to 8)
= P(X ≥ 2)
= 1 - P(X < 2)
= 1 - [P(X = 0) + P(X = 1)]

Miscellaneous exercise 8 | Q 15.1 | Page 255

It is observed that it rains on 12 days out of 30 days. Find the probability that it rains
exactly 3 days of week.

SOLUTION
Miscellaneous exercise 8 | Q 15.2 | Page 255

It is observed that it rains on 12 days out of 30 days. Find the probability that it it will rain
at least 2 days of given week.

SOLUTION
Miscellaneous exercise 8 | Q 16 | Page 255

If the probability of success in a single trial is 0.01. How many trials are required in order
to have a probability greater than 0.5 of getting at least one success?

SOLUTION
Let X = number of successes.
p = probability of success in a single trial
∴ p = 0.01
and q = 1 - p = 1 - 0.01 = 0.99
∴ X ~ B(n, 0.01)
The p.m.f. of X is given by
Hence, the number of trials required in order to have probability greater than 0.5 of

getting at least one success is

Miscellaneous exercise 8 | Q 17 | Page 255

In binomial distribution with five Bernoulli’s trials, the probability of one and two success
are 0.4096 and 0.2048 respectively. Find the probability of success.

SOLUTION
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