UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF SOUTHERN PHILIPPINES

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Mechanical Engineering Laboratory 1

Laboratory Manual

First Edition (2022)

Compiled by:

Nelson T. Corbita Jr.

Ma. Leona Maye P. Gemina
 Preface

Mechanical engineering program prescribed three (3) laboratory subjects in its

curriculum. Mechanical Engineering Laboratory 1 (ME 321) is the first of a series of
laboratory courses. This course involves the study and use of devices and instruments used to
measure pressure, temperature level, flow, speed, weight, area, volume, viscosity, steam
quality, and products of combustion. It also includes the study and analysis of fuels and
lubricants.

In preparing this manual, the authors considered the availability apparatus and
equipment in the Mechanical Engineering Laboratory in the College of Engineering and
Architecture, in compliance to the minimum requirements of the Commission on Higher
Education (CHED) Memorandum Order 97 Series of 2017 (CMO 97 s2017). The laboratory
activities for the entire semester were carefully selected to ensure conformity with the CHED
requirements on laboratory activities. Students who will use this manual must have essential
knowledge of metrology, thermodynamics, physics, and fluid mechanics.

Finally, the authors gratefully acknowledge and appreciate the support and
encouragement of the College of Engineering and Architecture for the support in writing this
laboratory manual.

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 UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF SOUTHERN PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

USTP Vision
A nationally - recognized Science and Technology University providing the vital link
between education and the economy.

USTP Mission
 Bring the world of work (industry) into the actual higher education and training of
students;
 Offer entrepreneurs the opportunity to maximize their business potentials through a
gamut of services from product conceptualization to commercialization;
 Contribute significantly to the national development goals of food security and energy
sufficiency through Technology solutions

BSME Program Educational Objectives:

Three to Five years from Graduation

PEO 1. Graduates are technically equipped and globally competent professionals in a broad
range of industrial practices, design and innovation in the various fields of mechanical
engineering.
PEO 2. The graduates are significant contributors to economic development through
entrepreneurial and business ventures applying mechanical engineering solutions and
innovations
PEO 3. The graduates are recognized leaders and prime movers for improvement in the
industry, business, and academe.

BSME Program Outcomes:

The graduates of the Mechanical Engineering Program will be able to:

a. Apply knowledge of mathematics, sciences, and engineering fundamentals to solve
complex engineering problems relevant to the field of mechanical engineering practice.
b. Identify the research literature, analyze the complex mechanical engineering problems
and formulate solutions using the principles of mathematics, and engineering sciences.
c. Design solutions for complex engineering problems and develop system, component, or
process to meet desired needs within realistic constraints such as economic,
environmental, social, political, ethical, health and safety, manufacturability and
sustainability, in accordance with standards.
d. Conduct investigations of complex problems using research-based knowledge in
designing, and conducting experiments, as well as to analyze and interpret data in the
field mechanical engineering with special focus on Energy and Thermofluids.
e. Create, select and apply mechanical engineering skills, techniques, and use of these
advanced technologies necessary for engineering practice to satisfy the needs of the

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 industry and the society in accordance with the internationally accepted standards
necessary for mechanical engineering practice.
f. Discuss the current issues based on appropriate knowledge involving societal, health,
safety, legal and cultural concerning relevant to the mechanical engineering practice and
solutions to complex engineering problems.
g. Identify and evaluate the impact of mechanical engineering solutions in wide range of
societal issues, such as economic, environmental, legal, social, that shape decision
making and demonstrate knowledge of, and need for sustainable development.
h. Apply ethical principles and exemplify utmost professionalism in mechanical
engineering practice;
i. Communicate effectively in mechanical engineering activities with the engineering
community and with society in general, such as being able to comprehend and write
reports, design documentation, make presentations, and give and receive clear
instructions.
j. Work and function effectively as an individual and as member or a leader in trans-
disciplinary and multi-cultural teams recognizing the different roles within a team to
accomplish a common goal.
k. Update oneself on the latest technological advancements in mechanical engineering, and
engage in independent and life-long learning.
l. Demonstrate knowledge on project management principles, economic decision-making
in a trans-disciplinary environment.
m. Participate in the generation of new knowledge and advancement of existing knowledge,
in research and development projects, and in technopreneurial activities in the areas of
Thermofluids, and Energy Engineering aligned to the regional and national development
agenda or goals.
n. Promote and Preserve the Filipino Culture and Heritage.

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 Introduction

Mechanical Engineering Laboratory 1 (ME 321) is the first of three laboratory courses
required in mechanical engineering curricula. It is a 1-unit course where students have six (6)
hours of laboratory work per week.

The course involves the study and use of devices and instruments used to measure
pressure, temperature level, flow, speed, weight, area, volume, viscosity, steam quality, and
products of combustion. It also includes the study and analysis of fuels and lubricants.

After completing this course the students acquire sufficient understanding of the
engineering measurements and their application; describe and explain correctly the basic
concepts, uses and principles of engineering instruments and equipment; and analyze the
significance of the quantities determined by the use of engineering measuring devices.

Students’ grades for the course are computed using the following formula:

A. Midterm Grade: (%) B. Final Term Grade: (%)

Midterm Exam 30 Final Exam 30
Laboratory Reports 60 Laboratory Reports 60
Prelim Exam 10 Semi Final Exam 10
TOTAL 100 TOTAL 100

Final Grade = 50% Midterm Grade + 50% Final Term Grade

Criterion: Passing score is 70% of the score per quiz/examination.

Attendance Policy:

1. Attendance and punctuality shall be checked by the instructor.

2. A student who exceeds the allowable number of absences as stipulated in the college
student manual shall be given a final grade of D/F.
3. To be considered in attendance a student must wear the prescribed university uniform
plus their own personal protective equipment as needed in the laboratory. Please refer
also to the USTP Student Handbook of 2021 - Chapter 8 Article 1 to 4, Attendance of
Students on page 18.

Laboratory Requirements and Policies:

1. Attend the Laboratory Orientation!

2. The apparatuses and equipment used in this course are delicate and expensive. Learn to
handle them properly and treat them with extreme care. The students will be held
responsible for damage resulting from abuse or misuse.

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3. Utmost care should be exercised to prevent damage to equipment and injury to personnel.
Safety First! Each student should be in appropriate Laboratory Attire (gown, working
shirt, gloves, safety gears, etc.). A student not in appropriate Laboratory Attire for a
particular activity will be marked absent for the said exercise.
4. Laboratory / Field exercises will be done in teams. It is the responsibility of each team to
clean its own apparatuses / equipment and area where their laboratory work has been
performed.
5. Once testing is done, the raw data must be documented and all necessary computations
made; and have this data sheet signed by the Instructor before leaving the laboratory.
6. Each team will be required to generate and submit a single Report for the exercise.
Reports will be evaluated both on accuracy of solution and neatness/presentation. Grades
will however include the way how the team actually conducted the whole exercise:
knowledge, system, efficiency, teamwork, housekeeping, etc.
7. Reports shall be submitted a week after each laboratory / field exercise. A deduction of 5
points per day shall be made for late submission.
8. Absence during the laboratory / field exercise prohibits the student from obtaining data
from his/her teammates. He/She must perform his/her experiments to obtain the necessary
data for his/her Report.

SAFETY IN THE LABORATORY

1. All students taking Mechanical Engineering Laboratory course are required to
perform all prescribed laboratory exercises/experiments.
2. In case of a student’s absence, he/she should negotiate with the laboratory technician
for whatever make-up exercise he will undertake.
3. Apparatus/equipment/tools to be borrows must be arranged with the attending
laboratory technician.
4. Apparatus/equipment/tools borrowed must be returned after laboratory exercise and in
the presence of lab technician.
5. Any apparatus/equipment/tools the students lost or damaged must be replaced. Failure
to do so means an INCOMPLETE grade in the course.
6. Students should avoid creating too much noise when doing the exercise/experiment so
as not to disturb other classes.
7. EATING and DRINKING are strictly prohibited inside the laboratory.
8. Students should conserve water and electricity.
9. Maintain Good Housekeeping always. Thus students are responsible for CLEANING
THE WORKING AREA AFTER LABORATORY PERIOD.

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 Rules in Making Reports

01. Reports must be written in blue ink on a 8 ½” x 11” bond paper.

02. The first few pages of a report must be detached from the manual that contains the titles,
objectives, theory, apparatuses and equipment, materials, procedures, data, graphs,
reports and sheets containing sketches.
03. The suggested arrangement on an experiment report will be as follows:
a. Experiment No.
b. Title of the Experiment
c. Objectives
d. Theory
e. Apparatus and Equipment
f. Procedures
g. Data and Results
h. Sample computations
i. Graphs
j. Drawings
k. Observation/Conclusion
l. References
m. Questions/Problems
04. A report will have two sheets of data, one original sheet detached from the manual with
the instructor’s initial and the other data sheet to be done by the students.
05. Use ink or pencil in making sketches and drawings of apparatus and/or equipment,
06. If some quantities are computed, a sample computation must be presented in the report.
07. Graphs and diagrams must be done with the aid of drawing instruments and must be in
ink.
08. Answer to report will have the answers to questions and solutions to problems listed in
the reports of the manual.
09. In discussion, the students will cite theories and facts from which the results will be
adapted.
10. Conclusion must be in the student’s own words and it must be related to the objectives of
the experiment.
11. Grades will be based on originality, accuracy, creativeness, neatness, and promptness in
submitting the report.

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 General Laboratory Guidelines

Laboratory workers are required to follow guidelines, policies and procedures set down by
the College of Engineering.

1. On Laboratory Protective Clothing/Equipment

It shall be the responsibility of all laboratory workers to always wear appropriate clothing
(e.g. pants, shirts, shoes) and personal protective equipment (e.g. safety glasses, laboratory
coats or aprons, gloves) in the laboratory. Personal protection may vary according to the
activities set forth by the laboratory instructors. The following should be observed inside
the laboratory:
a. The worker’s personal clothing should be fully covering. Open sandals as well as high
heeled shoes are prohibited, shorts are not recommended.
b. Unrestrained long hair and loose clothing such as neckties and baggy pants are
inappropriate in a laboratory and are therefore prohibited. Such items can catch fire, be
dipped in chemicals and get caught in equipment. Similarly, rings, bracelets, watches or
other jewelry that could be damaged, trap chemicals close to the skin, come in contact
with electrical sources or get caught in machinery should not be worn in situations
where chemicals could be absorbed in the leather and held close to the skin.

2. On Borrowing Equipment and/or Apparatuses

When performing a regular laboratory exercise, the student, or group of students, should
accomplish the following:

a. Complete Two (2) copies of the Borrower’s Form for Equipment and/or Apparatuses.
The borrower’s form can be obtained from the Laboratory Technician. The Group Leader
should fill up the following information:
Laboratory/Room – This refers to the laboratory where the equipment/or apparatuses
are housed, and/or where the student(s) is/are to performing the exercise.
Experiment Title – This refers to the name of experiment and/or exercise that is to be
conducted in the laboratory.
Subject, Instructor, Schedule, and Date of Actual Use – These refer to, respectively,
the subject for which the laboratory exercise is to be conducted, the faculty handling
the subject, the regular laboratory schedule, and the actual date that the laboratory
exercise is to be conducted.
Time Checked Out – This refers to the specific time that the equipment and/or
apparatuses are checked out. This will facilitate the logistics associated with the
equipment and/or apparatuses.
Item Code, Description, Quantity, and Purpose/Remarks – Similarly, when
meticulously accomplished, these details facilitate logistics. The Laboratory
Technician fills in the portion for Purpose/Remarks with details as to the general
condition of the apparatuses and/or equipment, or purpose for which the items are

8
 borrowed. Especially noted are slightly scratched or dented apparatuses and/or
equipment so that the group members are not made accountable for said damage.
Name and Signature – Group members who are actually present, and are to perform
the laboratory exercise, write their names and affix respective signatures on the spaces
provided for.

b. The Group Leader submits the completed form together with his/her University ID before
the instruments and materials are released to the group for the day’s laboratory exercise.
c. Upon completion of the activity, the group members return all borrowed equipment and/or
apparatuses to the Laboratory Technician, who then affixes his remarks and/or signature on
both copies of the Borrower’s Form, indicating that the borrowed items are returned in the
condition indicated, and hands back the borrower’s University ID.
d. The group members must make sure that, upon the return of the equipment and/or
apparatuses, the space indicated for Time Returned is filled out and countersigned by the
Group Leader (the last group recorded to have borrowed an item is accountable for it, until
the return of the same).
e. One copy of the slip is given to the Group Leader, and the other copy retained as file for
the Department by the Laboratory Technician.

3. On Borrowing Equipment and/or Apparatuses for Out-of-Campus Laboratory Activities

For regular laboratory exercises that require the instrument(s) to be brought outside of the
University campus, the Laboratory Course Instructor submits to the Engineering Laboratory
Manager a request letter, noted by the Department Chair indicating the description and
quantity, and the dates of actual loan and subsequent return, of the instrument/s.

a. Out of Campus Activity for One (1) Day

The Group Leader submits the completed form together with any ID of the Laboratory
Course Instructor before the instruments are released to the group for the day’s laboratory
exercise.
b. More than One (1) Day Activity
The completed borrower’s form must be accompanied by a Request Letter, noted by the
Laboratory Course Instructor and approved by the Engineering Laboratory Manager
indicating the description and quantity, and the dates of actual loan and subsequent return, of
the instrument/s.
Note: NO EQUIPMENT AND/OR APPARATUS SHALL BE BROUGHT OUT OF
CAMPUS FOR THE CONDUCT OF REGULAR LABORATORY EXERCISES
WITHOUT THE EXPLICIT APPROVAL OF THE ENGINEERING LABORATORY
MANAGER AND THE DEAN.

c. Instruments on loan must be returned on the same day of the scheduled activity, or on the
date stipulated in the approved request letter otherwise the group shall no longer be allowed
to bring any of the College’s instruments outside the university campus. The Laboratory
Technician affixes his remarks and/or signature on both copies of the Borrower’s Form,

9
indicating that the borrowed items are returned in the condition indicated, and hands back the
borrower’s University ID.
d. The group members must make sure that, upon the return of the equipment and/or
apparatuses, the space indicated for Date and Time Returned is filled out and countersigned
by the Group Leader (the last group recorded to have borrowed an item is accountable for it,
until the return of the same).

4. On Materials, Chemicals and other Consumable Supplies

When the laboratory exercise makes use of materials and other consumable supplies, the
student, or group of students, should accomplish the following:
a. Two (2) copies of the Request Form for Materials and Supplies should be
obtained and filled up by the student or group of students, at least two weeks before
the scheduled date of the exercise. The request form can be obtained from the
Laboratory Technician.
b. All group members sign the Request Form and gives it to the Laboratory Course
Instructor for his/her signature and brings it to the Laboratory Technician, who
indicates his Remarks 13 (i.e., hazard or toxicity, special handling requirement, etc.)
and promptly distributes the materials and/or supplies requested for the scheduled
laboratory exercise.
c. Upon issuance of the requested materials and/or supplies, the Laboratory
Technician affixes his signature on the Request Form, gives one (1) copy to the Group
Leader, and retains the other copy as file for the Laboratory Documentation.
d. Laboratory workers shall exercise frugality in utilizing laboratory supplies. All
unused materials that remain unadulterated at the end of the laboratory exercise shall
be returned to the Laboratory Technician.

5. On Request for Extension

An extension may be requested for exercises in progress and the subsequent
continuation and completion of which require more than 30 minutes. A laboratory
exercise that extends beyond the allotted period for not more than 30 minutes does not need
the extension request. However since the group members MUST return all borrowed
instruments and/or apparatuses ONLY to the Laboratory Technician (who might otherwise be
engaged elsewhere by then) the group members MUST wait for the Laboratory Technician to
be available for them.
Requests for extension may be granted subject to the following conditions:
a. Availability of Instructors who may supervise the Extended Laboratory Activity
b. Availability of the Laboratory Technicians who will attend to the needs of the
requesting party
For request for extension, the student, or group of students, should accomplish the following:
a. Two (2) copies of the Request Form for Extension of Use of Laboratory
(Appendix C). The request form can be obtained from the Office of the Engineering
Laboratory Manager.

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 b. It shall be the responsibility of the Laboratory Course Instructor to advise his/her
students on the necessity of accomplishing the Request Form for Extension of Use of
Laboratory. Both the Laboratory Course Instructor and the Department Chair endorse
the request.
c. The students clearly indicate the Date of Actual Use, and obtain the explicit
concurrence of the Laboratory Technician. NO SUCH EXTENSION IS
ALLOWED WITHOUT THE APPROVAL OF THE ENGINEERING
LABORATORY MANAGER. CONCURRENTLY, NO EXTENSION OF
ACTIVITY IS ALLOWED WITHOUT THE SUPERVISION OF THE
LABORATORY INSTRUCTOR OR HIS SUBSTITUTE.
d. A student or a group of students with an approved request for extension but who
arrives more than 30 minutes later than the specified time forfeits the entitlement and
shall not be allowed access to the laboratory as scheduled. A request for makeup
shall therefore be filed, following the proper channel.
e. Upon completion of the exercise, the group members return all borrowed
equipment and/or apparatuses to the Laboratory Technician, who the writes his
remarks and/or affixes his signature on both copies of the Borrower’s Form,
indicating that the borrowed items are returned in the condition indicated, and hands
back the borrower’s University ID.
f. The group members make sure that, upon the return of the equipment and/or
apparatuses, the space indicated for Time Returned is filled out and countersigned by
the Group Leader.
g. One copy of the form and extension request is given to the Group Leader, and the
other copy retained as file for the Department by the Laboratory Technician.

6. On Breakage, Damage, or Loss of Instrument

a. In cases of breakage, damage, or loss of the instrument and/or apparatuses, the group
members whose signatures appear in the Borrower’s Form shall be held liable for the
replacement of the item(s) broken, damaged, or lost.
b. In cases when the whole class concurrently uses equipment and/or apparatus, the entire
class shall be accountable for the equipment and/or apparatuses.
c. It shall be the responsibility of each group member to ensure that all borrowed equipment
and/or apparatuses are accounted for before they leave the laboratory. In the same way, the
Laboratory Technician shall make sure that all borrowed equipment and/or apparatuses are
accounted for before the students leave the laboratory.
d. The Laboratory Technician shall submit to the College Administrative Assistant a list of
students with liabilities in the form stated above at least one week before the final
examinations week (i.e., the period allotted for the signing of clearance). The Department
Chair shall be furnished a copy of such list. NO STUDENT SHALL BE CLEARED BY
THE OFFICE OF THE DEAN UNLESS CLEARED FROM ANY SUCH LIABILITY
BY THE COLLEGE LABORATORY MANAGER.

7. KEEPING THE WORK AREA CLEAN, SAFE AND IN PROPER ORDER SHALL
BE THE RESPONSIBILITY OF ALL LABORATORY WORKERS.

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 Mechanical Engineering Laboratory
General Safety Guidelines

 Wear closed-toe shoes and secure loose clothing. Remove jewelry and tie back long
hair.
 Wear approved eye protection when operating machinery and power tools.
 Approved ear protection is recommended when using hand grinders. Do not wear
audio headphones in the shop.
 Do not eat or drink in the lab or store food in the laboratory refrigerators.
 Wash your hands after handling chemicals and before eating or drinking.
 Think safety first! Use the buddy system. You should not work alone in a laboratory.
 Do not operate any equipment until you have been instructed on safety risks by the
laboratory instructor or technician.
 Never engage in practical jokes or horseplay.
 Alcoholic beverages are strictly prohibited. Do not operate while under the influence
of alcohol or drugs.
 No smoking in the laboratory.
 Keep aisles and emergency exits clear.
 Do not use corridors for storage of work areas.
 Keep drawers and cabinet doors closed when not in use.
 Do not store materials in front of electrical panels, eye washes or fire extinguishers.
 Keep work area neat and clean.
 Do not leave any machinery or power tools running and unattended.
 Clean up metal shavings, oil, etc. from machine tools after use; return tools to their
proper storage area.
 When using compressed air, use only approved nozzles and never direct the air
towards any person.
 Guard on machinery must be in place during operation.
 Exercise care when working with or near hydraulically- or pneumatically-driven
equipment. Sudden or unexpected motion can inflict serious injury.
 All rotating equipment must have safety shields installed prior to starting the
equipment.
 Equipment should not be removed, transferred to any location without permission
from the laboratory technician.
 Make sure all equipment are properly working before using them for laboratory
exercises. Any defective equipment must be reported immediately to the Laboratory
instructor or technician.

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 EMERGENCY PROCEDURES

 IMMEDIATELY REPORT ANY ACCIDENTS TO YOUR LABORATORY

INSTRUCTOR OR TECHNICIAN.
 KNOW THE LOCATION OF THE SAFETY EQUIPMENTS, EMERGENCY
SHOWER, EYE WASHES AND FIRST AID SUPPLIES.
 KNOW THE LOCATION OF THE NEAREST FIRE EXTINGUISHERS, FIRE
ALARMS AND CLOSEST EMERGENCY EXIT
 IN THE EVENT OF AN ELECTRICAL FIRE: TURN OFF THE POWER SOURCE
AND UNPLUG.
 IF A FIRE STARTS, CALL FOR ASSISTANCE BY ACTUATING THE NEAREST
FIRE ALARM BOX AND CALL THE EMERGENCY NUMBER (911). THEN,
ONLY IF THE FIRE IS NOT LARGE, CONFINE AND TRY TO EXTINGUISH IT
WITH THE AVAILABLE EXTINGUISHERS.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Topic Page no.

Preface 2
University Vision, Mission, BSME Program Educational Objectives 3
Introduction 5
Rules in Making the Reports 7
General Laboratory Guidelines 8
ME Laboratory General Safety Guidelines 12
Emergency Procedures 13
Laboratory Activities:

No.01 Temperature Measuring Devices 15

No.02 Pressure Measurement Using Manometer 18
No.03 Physical Study of Bourdon Tube Pressure Gage 20
No.04 Pressure Gage Calibration 22
No.05 Determination of Specific Gravity of Liquid Fuel 25
No.06 Speed Measurement 27
No.07 Planimeter 29
No.08 Air flow Measurement 31
No.09 Orsat Gas analyzer 33
No.10 Bomb Calorimeter 37
No.11 Determination of Fire and Flash Point Temperature of Fuel Oil 41
No.12 Determination of Fuel oil Viscosity 44
No.13 Calibration of Platform Scale 47
No.14 Cloud and Pour Point Temperature of Oil 50
No.15 Indicator Card. 53

14
 Mechanical Engineering Laboratory 1
Activity No. 01

TITLE: TEMPERATURE MEASURING DEVICE

OBJECTIVE/S:
To study the different temperature measuring devices, their calibration and uses.

THEORY:
Temperature and heat are relative to each other; however they are not the same.
Temperature is a measure of the ability of a body to give up heat to other bodies or to absorb
heat from other bodies. Heat is thermal energy which is being taken up by a body, given up
by another body, or being transferred to another from other bodies. From observation, it is
possible for a body to have a thigh temperature and give out little heat or a great amount of
heat; to have a low temperature and give put little or great amount of heat. Therefore, to
determine the heat given off by a body or the heat absorbed by another body is to know the
temperature changes that have occurred.
The devised temperature scales are the Celcius, oC, and Fahrenheit, oF, scales. These
scales are based on two points: (1.) ice point of water - (triple point a point where ice, liquid
and vapor coexist), and the (2.) boiling point of water at 1 atmosphere pressure.
The relationships between the two scales are given by the ff. equation:
toC = 5 [ t oF - 32 ] / 9
toF = {9 [ oC ] / 5} + 32
Triple point of water is the temperature at which water, ice, and water vapor coexist in
equilibrium; its value is set as 273.16. The unit of temperature on this scale is called the
Kelvin, after Lord Kelvin (William Thompson), 1824-1907, and its symbol is K (no degree
symbol used). On Fahrenheit scale, the absolute is called Rankine while on Celsius scale is
called Kelvin.
T R = t oF + 459.67 or T R  t oF + 460
T K = t oC + 273.15 or T K  t oC + 273
Where:t oC =temperature in degrees Celcius
t oF = temperature in degrees Fahrenheit
T K = temperature in Kelvin
T R = temperature in Rankne

The quantity of heat produced by a change of temperature of a body is

Q = m C (t2 – t1)
in which Q = heat produced, kJ or Calorie
m = the mass of the substance, kg
C = specific heat of the medium, kJ/kJ-K or Cal/kg-K
t2& t1 = final and initial temperature, respectively K

15
 Temperature can be measured in different ways through changes of some properties
of the medium used. These are:
1. Change in volume of a fluid while it pressure remain constant; the change
in volume is correlated with a change in temperature.
2. Change in pressure of a fluid while its volume remains constant, the
change in pressure is correlated with the change in temperature.
3. Change in electrical resistivity. The resistivity of a metal is a function of
temperature. The equation is
R = a + b + ct2 (a)
where t = the temperature, Co

R =electrical resistivity of metal, ohms

a, b, c = are constants.
4. Change in electrical potential. When two different metals joined together
with different temperature electromotive force (emf) is generated. This
force can be correlated with a change of temperature.
5. Optical changes. Within the instrument, there is the source of light with
brightness adjusted to the same brightness of the hot body where
temperature is desired. The adjustment made to the same brightness is
correlated with the temperature the body.

Calibration of temperature measuring device can be done by the following methods:

1. Comparison with a standard temperature measuring device.
2. Using a known fixed and acceptable temperature points like ice point ands
steam point of water at standard atmospheric pressure.

TOOLS/EQUIPMENT:
Mercury filled glass thermometer Psychrometer
Boiling pan Tripod
Bunsen burner
and other temperature measuring devices available

PROCEDURE:

1. Clean the apparatus and examine them carefully of possible breakage and
separation.
2. Check the room temperature using all thermometers.
3. Check the thermometer against the freezing point of water
4. Check the thermometer against the steam point of water
5. Check the calibration of the thermometer.

DATA AND RESULTS:

Trial Ice Point Room Error Steam Point Room Error
Temp. (%) Temp. (%)

16
 o
C F
o o
C o
F
1
2
3
4

SAMPLE COMPUTAION/S:
% error = [(actual data – standard data)/ standard data] x 100

SKETCHES:
Sketch the different types of temperature measuring devices.

OBSERVATION/CONCLUSION:

REFERENCES:

QUESTIONS:
1. Do the different temperature measuring devices give the same temperature
readings? Explain any difference.
2. What are the different types of temperature measuring devices recommended for
use in power plant testing? Give their respective uses.
3. Give the different ways of rejoining the mercury or liquid filled which has become
separate.
4. One kg of gas, for which R = 50 cal-/kg-K and k = 1.25 undergo a non-flow
constant volume process from 5.6 kg/cm2 and 60oC to 16.8 kg/cm2 absolute.
Determine the final temperature and the heat transferred.
5. Two kg of a gas with R= 27.6 cal/kg-K and k = 1.7 have 75000 cal of heat added
during a reversible constant pressure change of state. The initial temperature is
26oC.Determine the final temperature.
6. A certain resistance temperature has a resistance of 60 ohms at 0oC, 64.8 ohms at
100oC and 75.6 ohms at 200oC. Determine the constants a and b by using equation
(a).
7. A 45 gram thermometer have a mean specific heat of 66.7 cal/kg-K and indicating
a 21oC temperature as it is place 450 gram of water in a perfectly insulated
container. After thermal equilibrium, the thermometer indicates 71oC. What was
the initial temperature of the water?

17
 Mechanical Engineering Laboratory 1
Activity No. 02

TITLE: PRESSURE MEASUREMENT USING MANOMETER

OBJECTIVE/S:
1. To measure pipeline pressure using manometers.
2. To device a sufficient tool in determining pressure using fluid pressure relations in
tubes.

THEORY:

Pressure is defined as the intensity of force and is evaluated as the force exerted on a
unit area. Many techniques have been developed for the measurement of pressure and
vacuum. Instruments used to measure pressure are called pressure gauges or vacuum gauges.
A manometer is a pressure measuring instrument, usually limited to measuring
pressure near atmospheric. It is often used to refer specifically to liquid column hydrostatic
instruments. A vacuum gauge is used to measure the pressure in a vacuum (press sure below
atmospheric).
Barometer is an instrument used to measure pressure of the atmosphere Readings,
usually, are in inches of mercury. Barometric pressure plus gage pressure is the absolute
pressure. Where measure pressure is less than the atmospheric pressure, the pressure
indicated by the reading of U-tube or vacuum gage is called the vacuum. The absolute
pressure then is the difference between atmospheric pressure and the vacuum.
The simplest instrument used for measuring pressure is a glass tube bent into the
shape of letter U. When such a tube manometer or U-tube is partly filled with liquid, usually
water or mercury, and is connected by means of tubing to the container in which the pressure
is desired, there will be observed a difference in the level of the liquid corresponding to the
pressure. If the end of the tube is open to atmosphere, then the difference in the level of the
liquid in the two branches of the U-tubes called”legs” measured in inches, multiplied by the
weight of a cubic inch of the liquid in pounds, gives the difference in pressure in pounds per
square inch between that in the container and the atmospheric pressure. When the level in the
leg is higher than in the other, then the pressure measured is greater than the atmospheric and
is called gage pressure to distinguish it from the other condition when the level in the leg is
lower where we have a negative or a vacuum pressure.

TOOLS/EQUIPMENT:
Hydraulic Machine meter stick
Venturi meter differential manometer

PROCEDURE:

18
DATA AND RESULTS:
Manometer Fully-open, mm Half-open, mm Almost closed, mm
A
B
C
D
E

SAMPLE COMPUTAION/S:
(convert differential heights into pressure)

SKETCHES:
(draw the set-up.)

CONCLUSION /OBSERVATION:

REFERENCES:

PROBLEMS/QUESTIONS:

1. A manometer containing oil (ρ = 850 kg/m3) is attached to a tank filled with air. If the
oil-level difference between the two columns is 45 cm and the atmospheric pressure is
98 kPa, determine the absolute pressure of the air in the tank.
2. A mercury manometer (ρ =13600kg/m3) is connected to an air duct to measure the
pressure inside. The difference in the manometer levels is 15 mm, and the
atmospheric pressure is 100 kPa.
a. Judging from the Figure, determine if the pressure in the duct is above or
below the atmospheric pressure.
b. Determine the absolute pressure in the duct.

19
 Mechanical Engineering Laboratory 1
Activity No. 03

TITLE: PHYSICAL STUDY OF A BOURDON TUBE PRESSURE GAGE

OBJECTIVE/S:
1. To dismantle and study the principle operation of a bourdon tube pressure gage.
2. To know the relationship that exists between gage, atmospheric and absolute
pressure.

THEORY:

The large size necessary for manometers or U-tubes, even if filled with the heaviest
liquids, makes their use generally unsuitable except for comparatively low pressures.
Instruments more desirable for high pressures are made by the application of some kind of
elastic material designed to produce a uniform deformation for variations of pressure. By
connecting a suitable auxiliary mechanism to the elastic element it can be made to move a
needle to indicate on graduated dial the degree of pressure. The most common form of such
devices is a hollow brass or steel tube bent into the shape of an arc of a circle.
It is well-known principle that, when a straight piece of tubing is bent into this shape,
the sides come nearer together, making the section of the tube a very much flattened oval. If
one end of such a tube is closed and fluid pressure is applied to the inside, the parallel sides,
tend to separate, and consequently there is a tendency for the radius of curvature of the tube
to become larger, thus moving the end. By connecting a suitable mechanism, the degree of
pressure can be indicated. Instruments of this kind are called Bourdon gauges.

TOOLS/EQUIPMENT:
Air compressor with motor
Bourdon tube pressure gage
Screw drivers

PROCEDURE:
.

DATA AND RESULTS:

Pressure Kg/cm2 psi mm Hg Pascal Bar
Working
Maximum
Test

SAMPLE COMPUTAION/S:
convert pressure from 01. kg/cm2 to psi
02. kg/cm2 to mm Hg

20
 03. kg/cm2 to Pascal
04. kg/cm2 to bar

SKETCHES:
(draw the set-up.)

CONCLUSION /OBSERVATION:

REFERENCES:

QUESTIONS:

1. Draw a typical pressure gage and explain the principle of operation

21
 Mechanical Engineering Laboratory 1
Activity No. 04

TITLE: PRESSURE GAGE CALIBRATION

OBJECTIVE/S:
1. To learn the basic operation of dead weight gage tester for pressure gage
calibration.
2. To calibrate an old pressure gage.

THEORY:

Pressure is the force per unit area. The direction of force must be perpendicular to the
plane of the area in question. Our main concern here is to determine that pressure that is
either above or below that of the atmosphere pressure. This can be made by using a pressure
gage. Pressure gage above atmosphere are considered as positive and those below atmosphere
are negative. Absolute pressure is equal to the algebraic sum of the gage pressure and the
atmospheric pressure.
Primary gages are used from a vacuum to not over 15 psi above atmospheric pressure.
Secondary gages are for higher pressures.
A pressure gage can be calibrated by any of the following methods:
01. Comparison with a primary gage.
02. Comparison with a secondary gage which had been calibrated.
03. Using a dead weight tester.
A. Dead weight tester provides a means of applying an adjustable known pressure to
the gage. It primarily consists of a piston, a plunger, cylinder and passage of oil. Weights are
placed on the piston and the pressure created will be transferred through the non-
compressible oil. The float of the piston can be regulated to the plunger. The gage should
indicate a pressure equal to the force noting on the piston divided by the cross-sectional area
on the plates.

TOOLS/EQUIPMENT:
AMETEK Gage tester
Bourdon tube pressure gages
Adjustable wrench

PROCEDURE:
A. Positive gages
Screw plunger all the way in, needle push down and remove the piston. Fill
cylinder A and B with oil. Gradually withdraw plunger at the same time push
down needle so as to draw oil into the cylinder and add more oil to cylinder A so
as to keep the cylinder of the piston about half full. Clean the piston and insert in
cylinder A. Attach the gage and pull needle as you screw the plunger in so as the
piston is supported by the oil. Apply weights on the piston sufficient to create a

22
 pressure a pressure equal to one-half the gage range. Screw in the plunger until the
piston floats. Remove the weights being careful not to expel the piston by
withdrawing the plunger. See to it that there are no leaks. After the above
adjustments are made, the calibration may now be started.
While the piston half-way floating, apply the weight necessary to create the
desired pressure. Gradually screw in the plunger until the weights are floating.
Spin the weights carefully so as not to apply downward force, tap the gage and
record the gage reading and true pressure reading. Add increments of weights up
to the maximum value for which the gage is to be calibrated and record the
corresponding gage reading for such increments.
Remove the weights one at a time and take reading of gage for each decrement.
Be alert to withdraw plunger to prevent the piston from being expelled from the
cylinder. This is to be done for various gages range.

B. Negative pressure
With the manometer and gage connected, check connection for leakage, pull
plunger and then push, at the same time spin and close the cock until zero vacuum is
attained. When manometer reaches zero vacuums, the calibration may now be started.
Pull plunger slowly until manometer reads 5 in Hg vacuum and record both readings
with the vacuum gage. Pull plunger and record each gage reading for each increment
in the manometer. Don’t release plunger. Now release the plunger slowly and read
carefully the gage reading for each increment in the manometer,

DATA AND RESULTS:

Trial Standard Gage Reading Error Correction
Weight Loading Unloading Average
1
2
3
4
5

SAMPLE COMPUTAION/S:

SKETCHES:
(draw the set-up.)

CONCLUSION /OBSERVATION:

REFERENCES:

QUESTIONS/PROBLEMS:

23
1. What is a barometer? A Manometer?
2. How are gages calibrated?
3. Plot the calibration curve, true pressures as ordinate and gage reading as abscissas,
for both gages.
4. Plot the error curve, gage readings as abscissas and error as ordinates, for both
gages.
5. Plot the correction curve, gage readings as abscissas and corrections as ordinate,
for both gages.
6. It is standard practice when using a dead weight tester to rotate the weights and
piston and to tap the gage lightly obtaining readings. Explain why?
7. Show the relations between absolute and gage pressure and give the different units
of pressure.

24
 Mechanical Engineering Laboratory 1
Activity No. 05

TITLE: DETERMINATION OF SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF LIQUID FUEL

OBJECTIVE/S:
1. To determine the degrees API and degrees Baume of the given liquid fuel.
2. To calculate the approximate heating values of the given fuel of known specific
gravity.

THEORY:
The specific gravity of liquids is usually determined by means of an instrument called
hydrometer. It is most conveniently used by filling a glass jar with the liquid to be tested and
then inserting the hydrometer. The reading on the scale of this instrument, which is at the
level of the surface of the liquid, is the specific gravity. The surface of the liquid is
understood to mean the surface of the main body of the liquid and not the level of the ring
around the instrument due to capillary.
Hydrometer is made with two standards scales. One is the ordinary specific gravity
scale graduated to correspond to the determinations of the specific gravity as defined for
determination with specific gravity bottle, that is, it uses always the ratio of the weight of the
liquid to the weight of an equal volume of water. The other is an arbitrary one known as
Baumes’ and is much used by trade people. For short, it is often called the “gravity” scale.

TOOLS/EQUIPMENT:
Graduated cylinder
Different kinds of fuel oils
Thermometer
Hydrometer

PROCEDURE:

DATA AND RESULTS:

SUBSTANCES Specific Degree Degrees Temperature HV, kJ/kg
CODE NAME gravity API Baume o
C ASME BSF
1
2
3
4
5

SAMPLE COMPUTAION/S:
Solve for the following data of the samples:
a. oAPI

25
 b. oBaume
c. Heating value, kJ/kg

SKETCHES:
(draw the set-up.)

CONCLUSION /OBSERVATION:

REFERENCES:

PROBLEMS/QUESTIONS:
1. What is the difference between specific gravity and relative density? Explain.
2. There are two density scales commonly used. Differentiate the two scales.
3. Can a heating value of fuel be determined of known specific gravity?
4. What is the importance of specific gravity in fuel testing?

26
 Mechanical Engineering Laboratory 1
Activity No. 06

TITLE: SPEED MEASUREMENT

OBJECTIVE/S:
1. To measure the angular speed of an electric motor/rotating shaft.

THEORY:
There are three methods of obtaining speed of rotating machinery. These are by
revolution counter and time piece, by a stroboscope and by the use of a hand or optical
tachometer.
Counters are instruments for determining number of revolution or strokes of
mechanisms. Continuous counters are used where a determination is sought over a
considerable period of time. Hand counters are used for determination over short period.
Stroboscopes utilize the persistence of vision when object is viewed intermittently.
The end of a rotating shaft under observation, or a disk attached to it, may be marked with
several dots located equidistant around the circumference of the circle whose center coincides
with the center of the shaft. Vision is interrupted by using either a tuning fork arrangement or
a rotating perforated disk driven by a separate machine. When sighting through a perforated
disk, separately driven, the speed of this disk is varied until the marks or figures on the
rotating shaft or disk appear to be stationary. Then the speed of the shaft under observation
will be the same as that of the separately driven shaft, or some multiple of it., and equal
(indicated rpm x number of holes in disk) / (number of images). The numbers of images are
the number of times a single mark on the rotating shaft is seen through all the holes in the
disk of the adjusted-to-speed stroboscope.
A tachometer indicates speed directly and continuously. Tachometers are made of
several different types. They have a substantially constant rpm error over the upper 70 to 80%
of the working range, which usually is 0 to 2500 or 0 to 1200 rpm. In most types the reading
should be in the upper 75% of the range and preferably in the upper 50%. The driving gear
ratio can be changed to meet any actual speed range.

TOOLS/EQUIPMENT:
Hand tachometer
Optical tachometer
Electric motor
hydrometer

PROCEDURE:

27
DATA AND RESULTS:

Trial Hand tachometer % error Optical Tachometer % error

Rpm Rpm
1
2
3
4
5

SAMPLE COMPUTAION/S:
Solve for the percentage error based from the plate rating:

SKETCHES:
(draw the set-up and tachometer)

CONCLUSION /OBSERVATION:

REFERENCES:

QUESTIONS/PROBLEMS:
1. List all speed measuring devices commercially available.
2. From your answer in question 1, chose at least two speed measuring devices and
explain/discuss/illustrate the principle of operations of these devices.
3. What is optical tachometer?

28
 Mechanical Engineering Laboratory 1
Activity No. 07

TITLE: PLANIMETER

OBJECTIVE/S:
1. To measure a given regularly-shaped surface area.
2. To measure a given irregularly-shaped surface area.
3. To study the function of the different parts of a planimeter.

THEORY:

A planimeter is a measuring instrument used to measure the surface area of an

arbitrary two-dimensional shape. The most common use is to measure the area of a plane
shape.

There are many different kinds of planimeters but all operate in a similar way. A
pointer on the planimeter is used to trace around the boundary of the shape. This induces a
movement in another part of the instrument and a reading of this is used to establish the area
of the shape. The precise way in which they are constructed varies, the main types of
mechanical planimeter being polar; linear; and Prytz or "hatchet" planimeters.

In the linear and polar planimeter, as one point on a linkage is traced along the shape's
perimeter, that linkage rolls a wheel along the drawing. The area of the shape is proportional
to the number of turns through which the measuring wheel rotates when the planimeter is
traced along the complete perimeter of the shape.

The planimeter contains a measuring wheel that rolls along the drawing as the
operator traces the contour. When the planimeter's measuring wheel moves perpendicular to
its axis, it rolls, and this movement is recorded. When the measuring wheel moves parallel to
its axis, the wheel skids without rolling, so this movement is ignored. That means the
planimeter measures the distance that its measuring wheel travels, projected perpendicularly
to the measuring wheel's axis of rotation.

Two methods are in general use for obtaining the area of irregular figures like
indicator diagrams, by measuring ordinates and by means of a planimeter.
Planimeter is the most accurate and generally approved method of obtaining the area
of irregular figures. Instruments of this kind may differ in many details, yet all of them are
based in theory on the original Amsler polar planimeter..

29
TOOLS/EQUIPMENT:
Polar planimeter
compass
ruler
protractor

PROCEDURE:

DATA AND RESULTS:

Figure Planimeter Computed Area, mm2 Percentage
Area, mm2 Error
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

SAMPLE COMPUTAION/S:
Solve for the percentage error:

SKETCHES:
(draw the polar planimeter emphasizing the different parts)

CONCLUSION /OBSERVATION:

REFERENCES:
.

30
 Mechanical Engineering Laboratory 1
Activity No. 08

TITLE: AIR FLOW MEASUREMENT

OBJECTIVE/S:
1. To measure the air speed of a wind tunnel
2. To determine the volume air flow of a given wind tunnel.

THEORY:
Anemometers are instruments for measuring wind velocity and generally used for low
velocity air streams. The air flowing through the anemometer causes the rotating element to
spin around the axis at a speed which is a function of the air velocity.
The rate of rotation increases with the speed of wind. The precise relation being
determine usually by comparison with a standard instrument. This rotation is translated
through a series of gears to handle on the dial and thus registers the velocity.
Velometer (continue)

TOOLS/EQUIPMENT:
Anemometer, velometer
blower
measuring tape
Package air conditioning unit
Stop watch

PROCEDURE:

DATA AND RESULTS: ANEMOMETER

Trial Indicated Correction Corrected Volume
rpm factor flow Flow rate
1
2
3
4
5
6
VELOMETER
SAMPLE COMPUTAION/S:
FPM = [ FPM1 + FPM2 + FPM3] / 3

SKETCHES:
(Draw the set-up)

31
CONCLUSION /OBSERVATION:

REFERENCES:

32
 Mechanical Engineering Laboratory 1
Activity No. 09

TITLE: ORSAT GAS ANALYZER

OBJECTIVE/S:
1. To get acquainted with the use of Orsat Gas Analyzer.
2. To measure the percentage of carbon monoxide from an internal combustion
engine exhaust gas.

THEORY:

Place the analyzer at a convenient point where the tests and measurement will be
made. Place the analyzer on a stable or hang on secure wall attachment. Open the case doors
and place the burette so that it may be easily read. Remove the leveling bottle and fill with
distilled or tap water.

Unsnap the leather handle by the three way valve. Remove the aspirator bulb
assembly from its clamp and reel. Remove each of the vent tubings from their respective steel
plugs. Connect vent tubing for the oxygen and carbon dioxide containers to the rubber bag
manifold. The carbon dioxide tube should be left unattached. The chemical in each
absorption pipette must be at the etched fill mark on the neck of the pipette.

If the chemical of any pipette is not at the etch mark then proceed as follows:
1. Place the three way valve in position two(2).
2. Raise the leveling bottle slightly above the top of the burette. The water level is controlled
in the burette by clamping the rubber hose between it and the leveling bottle. As the water
nears the top of the burette clamp the tubing tightly.
3. Place the three way valve in position three (3).
4. Open the needle valve at the top of the pipette at least one-fourth of a turn.
5. Lower the leveling bottle below the burette with tubing clamped.
6. Gradually release the clamp on the tubing until chemical begins to rise in the pipette.
7. When the chemical reaches the etched fill line on the pipette clamp off the tubing and
close the needle valve.
8. If the chemical does not reach the etched fill line repeat steps 5, 6, and 7 above as required.

Gas Sampling and Analysis

When sampling a gas, select an entry point in the gas source. The sampling point must
be truly representative of the gas sample, without air infiltration. It is recommended that a
one eight(1/8) inch black iron pipe be used as sample probe. One end of the sample probe is
attached to the soot filter tubing. The probe length must be determined by the sample location.
In all cases it should extend approximately halfway into the gas stream being analyzed.

33
 Place the leveling bottle, filled with distilled or tap water on the table below the
analyzer.

Place the three way valve in position one and pump the aspirating bulb to force a
sample into the burette, and through the leveling bottle. Squeeze the aspirator bulb firmly
seven or eight times with sufficient force to cause active bubbling of water in the leveling
bottle.

Slowly raise the leveling bottle until water shows near the bottom of the burette. Raise
and lower the leveling bottle to work out entrapped gas bubbles. Be sure that the water level
remains below zero.

When the entrapped gases are removed, clamp the rubber hose and raise the leveling
bottle about six inches. Move the three way valve to position 2 and gradually release the
clamp pressure on the leveling bottle tubing.

When the water level reaches exactly zero clamp the tubing tightly and move the three
way valve to position 3.

Raise the leveling bottle until it is slightly above the burette. Select the absorption
pipette for the sample to be measured and open this pipette needle valve three or four turns.
The water will rise in the burette, pushing the gas into the absorption pipette.

As the water approaches the top of the burette, control its rise with hand pressure on
the leveling bottle tubing. Be sure that the water moves up slowly. Stop the rising water when
it reaches the small opening at the top of the burette, or the etch mark on the burette. This is
accomplished by clamping the leveling bottle tubing tightly.

With the burette level at the etch mark, close the absorption pipette’s needle valve,
and place the leveling bottle on the table or hang it from the bottom of the analyzer case.
Wait approximately thirty seconds to insure complete absorption.

When absorption is complete, open the absorption needle valve. The absorbing
chemical will rise in the pipette. As it approaches the neck of the pipette control its rise by
clamping the rubber tubing of the leveling bottle. Stop the chemical exactly at the etch mark
of the pipette, and close the absorption needle valve.

Align the liquid level of the leveling bottle with the liquid level in the burette. With
the two levels in line (at eye level) read the burette scale. Record this reading. This is the
measurement in percentage.
After this absorption and measurement repeat the procedure to insure that the same
reading is obtained. If the amount of your second absorption increases, make a third
absorption to insure a complete and correct analysis. It is essential that each constituent of the

34
flue gas sample be completely absorbed before commencing the absorption of the next
constituent.

Normally, a flue gas sample is measured in the Model 621A Gas Analyzer as follows:
CO2, O2, and CO, in this order. The chemical used to absorb oxygen will absorbed CO2, and
the chemical used to absorb CO will absorb oxygen and carbon dioxide. For this reasons,
carbon dioxide must be absorbed and measured first, followed by an oxygen measurement,
and lastly by a carbon monoxide measurement.

Note: The original sample must be retained throughout the analysis. Each individual
component measurement is accomplished as outlined above.

It is recommended that each measuring procedure be repeated at least twice to insure

identical measurements.

The difference between the reading of Carbon Dioxide( CO2) and Oxygen (O2) is the
percentage of Oxygen. The difference in the reading between Oxygen (O2) and Carbon
Monoxide (CO) is the percentage of CO.

As an example, assume the absorption reading for CO2, is 16%. An oxygen absorption
measurement indicates 20%. The difference between the Oxygen and CO2 measurement (20-
16) is 4%. This is the percent of Oxygen. A CO absorption is accomplished and a reading is
20.6%. The difference between the CO absorption reading of 20.6% and Oxygen of 20%
(20.6-20) is 0.6%. This is the percentage of CO in the gas sample.

TOOLS/EQUIPMENTS:
1. Orsat Gas Analyzer
2. one (1) liter of tap water
3. an internal combustion engine

PROCEDURE:

DATA AND RESULTS:

Fuel Gasoline Diesel

%CO2
%O2
%CO

SAMPLE COMPUTATIONS:

35
 1. Air-Fuel Ratio
2. Combustion Equation
3. Percentage CO2 by volume in dry stack gases
4. Kilogram of H2O vapor formed per kg. fuel.

SKETCH: (Make an schematic diagram for an Orsat Gas Analyzer)

OBSERAVTION/CONCLUSION:

REFERENCES:

36
 Mechanical Engineering Laboratory 1
Activity No. 10

TITLE: BOMB CALORIMETER

OBJECTIVE/S:
1. To get acquainted with the use of Bomb calorimeter
2. To determine the calorific value of a given liquid and solid fuel.

THEORY:

Discuss the theory and working principle behind the operation of a bomb calorimeter;
Also discuss the importance of fuel calorific value determination.

TOOLS/EQUIPMENT:
Bomb calorimeter
Sample liquid and solid fuel
Distilled water
600 psig Oxygen Tank
Mettler balance
Pellet press

PROCEDURE:
1. Prepare the sample and charge the oxygen bomb.
2. Fill the calorimeter bucket by first taring the dry bucket on a solution or trip
balance; then add 2000(+?-0.5) grams of water. Distilled water is preferred, but
demineralized or tap water containing less 250 ppm of dissolved solids is
satisfactory, the water temperature should be approximately 1.5 °C below room
temperature.
2. Set the bucket in the calorimeter; attach the lifting handle to the two holes in the
side of the screw cap and lower the bomb into the water with its feet spanning the
circular boss in the bottom of the bucket. Handle the bomb carefully during this
operation so that the sample will not be disturbed. Remove the handle and shake
any drops of water back into the bucket; then push the two ignition lead wires into
the terminal sockets on the bomb head, being careful not to remove any water from
the bucket with the fingers.
3. Set the cover on the jacket with the thermometer facing toward the front. Turn the
stirrer by hand to be sure that it runs freely; then slip the drive belt onto the pulleys
and start the motor.
4. Let the stirrer run for 5 minutes to reach equilibrium before starting a measured
run. At the end of this period record the time and read the temperature to one-tenth
of the smallest scale division.

37
5. Read and record temperature at one-minute interval for 5 minutes. Then, at the start
of the 6th minute. . .
6. Stand back from the calorimeter and fire the bomb by pressing the ignition button
holding it down until the indicator light goes out. Normally the light will glow for
only about ½ second but release the button within 5 seconds regardless the light.

Caution: Do not have the head, hands or any parts of the body over the calorimeter
when firing the bomb; and continue to stand clear for 30 seconds after firing.

8. The bucket temperature will start to rise within 20 seconds after firing. The rise will
be rapid during the first few minutes; then it will become slower as the temperature
approaches a stable maximum temperature.

9. Measure the time required to reach 60% of the total rise by estimating the
temperature at the 60% point and observing the time when the rising mercury thread
reaches that level. If the 60% point cannot be estimated before ignition, take
temperature readings at 45, 60, 75, 90 and 105 seconds after firing and interpolate
between these readings to identify the 60% point after the total rise has been measured.
These readings can be taken without a magnifier since estimates to the nearest 0.02°C
are sufficient at this point.

10. After the rapid rise periods (about 4 to 5 minutes after ignition) adjust the reading
lens and record temperatures to one-tenth of the smallest scale division at one minute
interval until the difference between the successive readings has been constant for 5
minutes. Usually the temperature will reach a maximum; then drop very slowly, but
this is not always true since a low starting temperature may result in a slow
continuous rise without reaching a maximum. As stated above, the difference between
successive readings must be noted and the readings continued at one minute intervals
until the rate of the temperature change becomes constant over a period of 5 minutes.

11. After the last temperature reading, stop the motor, remove the belt and lift the
cover from the calorimeter. Wipe the thermometer bulb and stirrer with a clean cloth
and set the cover on the support stand. Lift the bomb out of the bucket; remove the
ignition leads and wipe the bomb with a clean towel.
12. Open the knurled knob on the bomb head to release the gas pressure before
attempting to remove the cap. This release should proceed slowly over a period of not
less than 1 minute to avoid entrainment losses. After all pressure has been released,
unscrew the cap; lift the head out of the cylinder and place it on the support stand.
Examine the interior of the bomb for soot or other evidence of incomplete combustion.
If such evidence is found, the test will have to be discarded.

13. Wash all inferior surfaces of the bomb with a jet of distilled water and collect the
washings in a beaker.

38
 14. Remove all unburned pieces of fuse wire from the bomb electrodes; straighten
them and measure their combined length in centimeters. Subtract this length from the
initial length of 10 centimeters and enter this quantity on the data sheet as the net
amount of wire burned.

15. Titrate the bomb washings with a standard sodium carbonate solution using
methyl orange or methyl indicator.

16. Analyze the bomb washings to determine the sulfur content of the sample if it
exceeds 0.1 percent.

DATA AND RESULTS:

a= b=
c= ta=
tc= r1=
r2= c1=
c2= c3=
W= m=
e1 = e2=
e3 =

SAMPLE CALCULATIONS: (Compute the gross calorific value of the sample fuel.)
CALCULATING THE HEAT OF COMBUSTION

Assembly of Data:

a= time of firing, min.

b=time (to nearest 0.1 min) when
c=time at beginning of period (after the temperature rise) in which the rate of
temperature change has become constant, min.
ta= temperature at time of firing, corrected for thermometer error
tc=temperature at time c, corrected for thermometer scale error
r1= rate (temperature units per minute) at which temperature was rising during the 5-
min period before firing
r2= rate (temperature units per minute) at which the temperature was rising during the
5-min period after time c. If the temperature was falling instead of rising after time c, r2 is
negative and the quantity –r2(c-b) becomes positive and must be added when computing the
corrected temperature rise.
c1= milliliters of standard alkali solution used in the acidtitration
c2= percentage of sulfur in the sample
c3= centimeters of fuse wire consumed in firing
W= energy equivalent of the calorimeter, determined under standardization, 2420 +/-
10

39
 cal/°C for 1341 Oxygen Bomb Calorimeter
m= mass of sample in grams

Gross Heat of Combustion, Hg:

Hg= tW – e1 – e2 – e3
m
Temperature Rise, t:
t= tc – ta – r1(b-a) – r2(c-b)
Thermochemical Corrections:
e1 = correction in calories for heat of formation of nitric acid (HNO3)
= c1 if 0.0709N alkali was used for the titration
e2 = correction in calories for heat of formation of sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
e3 = correction in calories for heat of combustion of fuse wire
= (2.3) (c3) when using Parr 45C10 nickel chromium fuse wire or
= (2.7)(c3) when using No. 34 B. & S. gage iron fuse wire

SKETCHES:
Make a set-up for the experiment giving emphasis to the different parts of a bomb
calorimeter.

CONCLUSION /OBSERVATION:

REFERENCES:
.

40
 Mechanical Engineering Laboratory 1
Activity No. 11

TITLE: FLASH AND FIRE POINT TEMPERATURE OF OIL

OBJECTIVE/S:
To measure the flash and fire point temperature of lubricating oil; and to study their
effects.

THEORY:
The flash point of oil is the temperature at which it gives off sufficient vapor to form a
flammable mixture with air. This temperature is relative to the existing pressure where the oil
is located. The fire point is the temperature at which it gives off sufficient vapor that burns
continuously once it has been ignited.
Since we are located in the Torid zone, the standards tester used in determination of
flash and fire points of lubricating oil is the Cleveland Open Cup Tester. This tester consists
of a metal cup supported upon by a metal disc covered by an asbestos board having a circular
hole to fit the cup. The test flame is used to ignite the vapor. The nozzle is adjusted to a 5/21
in flame.

Image

TOOLS/EQUIPMENT:
Cleveland Open cup Tester
Electric Heater
High Range thermometer and stand

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PROCEDURE:

1. All tests should be made in a room free of excessive drafts. The room or compartment
should be darkened sufficiently to allow the flash to be readily seen. And the operator
should avoid breathing over the surface of the test oil.
2. Suspend the thermometer in a vertical position by the thermometer holder so that the
bottom of the bulb is ¼” from the bottom of the cup, and a point half way between the
center and back of the cup.
3. Fill the cup with oil to be tested in such a manner that the cup of meniscus is exactly
at filling line at ambient temperature.
4. Viscous samples should be heated until they are reasonably fluid before being poured
into the cup, however, the temperature during heating must not exceed 100oF below
the probable flash point.
5. Use a test flame approximately 5/23 of an inch in diameter, the same size as the flame
guide. Adjust valve, if needed, until flame compares to the flame guide.
6. Apply the test flame as the temperature reading on the Fahrenheit thermometer
reaches each successive five degree mark, and pass the flame across the top of the cup.
The time duration for the passage of the test flame across the cup should be
approximately one second.
7. Heat the oil (at a rate not exceeding 30oF) below the anticipated flash point of the oil.
Thereafter decrease the rate of heating, and for at least the last 50oF before the flash
point is reached the rate should be ten degrees +/- degree per minute.
8. Record the flash point, the temperature read on the thermometer when a flash appears
at any point on the surface of the oil. The true flash appears at any point on the
surface of the oil. The true flash must not be confused with a bluish halo that
sometimes surrounds the test flame.
9. After the flash point has been established and recorded, continue heating the oil at the
specified rate (10 degrees +/- degree per minute). And apply the test flame at the same
intervals until the oil ignites and continues to burn for a period of at least 5 seconds.
Record as the fire point the temperature reading at the time of the flame application
that caused burning for a period 5 seconds or more.

DATA AND RESULTS:

Oil Sample Flash Point Fire Point
SAE _____
SAE _____

SAMPLE COMPUTATION/S:

SKETCHES:
Draw the Cleveland Open Cup Tester with Other apparatus used in this experiment.

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CONCLUSION /OBSERVATION:

REFERENCES:

QUESTIONS/PROBLEMS:

1. Why must the size of the test flame be kept very small?
2. Distinguish between the flash point and fire point of lubrication oil.
3. Discuss the significance of knowing the flash point and fire point of lubrication oil.

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 Mechanical Engineering Laboratory 1
Activity No. 12

TITLE: DETERMINATION OF FUEL OIL VISCOSITY

OBJECTIVE/S:
To determine the viscosity of lubricating oil at different temperatures by using the
Saybolt Universal Viscosimeter.

THEORY:
Viscosity is one of the property of a homogeneous fluid that causes frictional
resistance to flow. This is the main reason why it is considered very important to any branch
of mechanical engineering as far as gases, vapors or liquids are concerned. Viscosity can be
measured in any of the following instruments: SayboltEngler and Reduced Viscosimeter; 2.
Gardner Holt Instrument; 3. Michael and Stormer instrument. These instruments can be also
be used in determination of viscosity of gases.
To understand more clearly the concept of viscosity, consider the illustration of Fig.
F x
Y
Z

As shown in the figure, the fluid film Y separates the sliding plate x from stationary
plate Z. It is assumed that there is no slip between the fluid and the plates and contacting
particles are at rest. The force F when applied to plate X has a viscosity v. The magnitude of
F is
F = Av/b

 = [F/A]/[v/b]
Where  = absolute viscosity, fluid resistance to shearing
A = area of surface pf plate X
B = thickness of film
F/A is trhe shearing stress, while v/b is the rate of shear

Therefore the absolute viscosity  is the ratio of the shearing stress to the rate of shear. The
unit of  in metric system is poise or centipoise which is smaller metric unit. In English it is
given in (pounds-second) per square foot or identical pounds per foot-second.
Absolute viscosity is also known as “coefficient of viscosity” or dynamic viscosity”.
While kinematic viscosity is the ratio of the absolute viscosity to the density of fluid. The
metric unit used is stoke or the centistokes. The ratio of the absoluter viscosity to the absolute
viscosity of water is known as specific viscosity and is practically equal to viscosity in
centipoises. It is also called “relative viscosity”.

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 When the Sayboltviscosimeter instrument is used to determine the viscosity of fluid,
the time of flow of 60 cubic centimeter (cc) of fluid is taken at given temperature. In order to
convert this time of flow to absolute or kinematic viscosity, the following equations may be
used:
Kinematic viscosity  =  /  = At – B/t sq.ft / sec
Abs. viscosity  = At -B/t lb-ft-sec
Where
T = time of flow
 = densoity of fluid
A = 0000237 for Sayblt Standard Universal Viscomneter
B = 0.00194

TOOLS/EQUIPMENT:
Saybolt Universal Viscosimeter
Thermometer
Stop watch
Bunsen burner

MATERIALS:

Lubricating oils SAE 30 and SAE 40

PROCEDURE:
1. Measure a sample of oil SAE 30 about 60 cc.
2. Put the sample in an overflow tube provided in the apparatus.
3. Heat the oil to 100oF. Maintain the oil temperature and remove the cork from
under the tube and let the oil flow, at the same time start the stop watch.
4. When the oil stop flowing take note of the time in seconds and record it as the
Saybolt number of the oil at 100oF.
5. Repeat the same procedure at 120oF, 150oF, 180oF and 200oF.
6. Perform the same procedure for oil sample SAE 40..

DATA AND RESULTS:

TIME IN SECONDS
OIL SAMPLE 100 F
o
120oF 150oF 180oF 200oF
SAE 30
SAE 40

DISCUSSION OF RESULTS:

SAMPLE COMPUTION/S:

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SKETCHES:
Draw the Saybolt Universal Viscosity together with the other apparatus used in the
experiment.

CONCLUSION /OBSERVATION:

REFERENCES:

QUESTIONS/PROBLEMS:

1. Name some difference between Standard Saybolt viscosimeter and a Saybolt-Furol

viscosimeter.
2. Discuss briefly how the viscosity of oil is determined by using the Saybolt
Universal viscosimeter.

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 Mechanical Engineering Laboratory 1
Activity No. 13

TITLE: CALIBRATION OF PLATFORM SCALE

OBJECTIVE/S:
3. To study the calibration of a Platform Scale.

THEORY:

Platform scales are widely used in engineering work particularly in power plant for
measuring weights. It consists of levers, platforms and graduated beams or scale with
movable poise, arranged so that when a load is applied on end of the graduated beam, or by
shifting the poise along the length of the graduated beam. If the balancing is perfect, then
the magnitude of the weight is equal to the magnitude of the applied load. The ratio of
the weight applied at the end of the graduated beam and the magnitude of the applied load on
aplatform is known as the leverage ratio. The leverage ration can be determined by direct
measurement. The platform must be removed and then measures carefully the distance
between knife edges of the levers. Measure also carefully the length occupied by the 50 or
100 divisions on the graduated beam. With these data you may now solve for the leverage
ratio by using equation 3.1.
Procedure in getting the value of leverage ratio. Set the poise P at zero on the
graduated beam B and let the weight W1 balance the weight W2 on the platform, then
F = W2/2 x D/g + W2/2 x C/f x c/g
Also
F = W1 x a/b
But
c/f x c/g = d/g
the leverage ratio is
LR = W1/W2 = bd/ag

Another method of obtaining the leverage ratio is to balance a standard weight on the
Poise with a standard weight on the platform. After getting these data you may now compute
for the leverage ratio.

Sensitiveness can be determined by finding the smallest weight that may be added to
correct the balance position of the beam in the following manner:1 no load; 2. 50-lb load;
3.100-lb load, upon the scales. With usual capacity between 100-lb to 2000 lb, the provable
sensitiveness of a platform scale is between 1/16 to ½ pound.

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TOOLS/EQUIPMENT:
Platform scale
Set of Weights

PROCEDURE:
2. In calibrating platform scales the platform should be first set to a horizontal
position. This can be done by carefully level the scale.
3. With no weight on the scales and platform, the poise should be set to zero so that
the arm shall come to rest midway between the stops.
4. Standard weight should now be placed at the four corners and the center of the
platform with one weight at a time. Take scale reading at each position.
4. Do the same procedure for several trials.
5. Take the average of the five readings and compare it with the standard weight.
6. Determine the sensitiveness of the platform scale at no load, half load and at full
load.
7. Find the leverage ratio of the platform scale you have just calibrated by two
methods.
8. Plot the observed weight as abscissas against standard weights a ordinate. Discuss
the
Result.
9.Plot calibration curve between weight in kilos as read from scale beam as abscissa
and
error of scale as ordinate. Positive error above abscissas and negative error below.

DATA AND RESULTS:

Trial Standard Scale Reading Average Reading Error
Weight 1 2 C 3 4

LOAD SENSITIVENESS
NO LOAD
HALF LOAD
FULL LOAD

SAMPLE COMPUTAION/S:

SKETCHES:

Draw an isometric view of the platform scale and label the parts.

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CONCLUSION /OBSERVATION:

REFERENCES:

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 Mechanical Engineering Laboratory 1
Activity No. 14

TITLE: CLOUD POINT AND POUR POINT OF OIL

OBJECTIVE/S:
To determine the cloud and pour point of lubricating oil
THEORY:
The cloud point of oil indicates the temperature at which the solid substances and
paraffin was begin to separate from solution in the oil or crystallize out when the oil is chilled
under definite conditions, while the pour point of oil indicate the temperature at which the oil
in a cylindrical glass jar will pour without disturbance when it is chilled to a very low
temperature. Some typical value of pour point of oil are shown below:
OIL For classes A, B, and C
Pour point at maximum value
Extra Light 35
Light 35
Medium 40
Heavy 45
Extra Heavy 50

Class A oils are for general lubrication of machinery and engines. Class B are for
lubrication of high speed steam engines, dynamo and turbines. Class C oils are suitable for
lubricating both internal combustion engines and turbines.

TOOLS/EQUIPMENT:
Cloud and Pour Test apparatus,
low range thermometer,
burner and oil container

MATERIALS:
SAE 30 and SAE 40 oil samples
Dry Ice.

PROCEDURE:
1. Get sample of SAE 30 and pour it to a container.
2. Heat the oil to about 150oF and let it cool to about 70oF.
3. Pour the oil to a cylindrical glass jar. Cover it tightly with cork.
4. Insert the low range thermometer though the fitting hole of the jar.
5. Fill the cooling bath around with a dry ice and place the glass into the jacket of the
cooling bath. Be sure that that glass jar is placed in the center of the jacket so that
it does not touch the sides at any point. The temperature of the cooling bath must
be maintained between 30oF and 35oF.

50
 6. From time to time check the thermometer reading until its about 10oF above the
expected cloud point.
7. At every 2oF drop in temperature when nearing the expected cloud point remove
the jar from the jacket and take note on the thermometer reading. Be sure not to
disturb the oil when you take the reading.
8. Return the jar in the jacket. You are only allowed 3 seconds to compete the
operation.
9. When the oil showed a distinct cloudness in the lower portion of the jar or haze
through chilling at the bottom of the jar, read thermometer, and record it as cloud
point of oil sample.
10. After getting the cloud point of oil, let the test sample be held in the jar for further
chilling and see to it that the thermometer bulb shall be placed in such away that
the beginning of the capillary shall be 1/8” below the oil surface.
11. When the temperature is around 20oF above the expected pour point, removed the
jar from the jacket at every 5oF drop in temperature.
12. Incline the jar from the vertical position in order to find if there is movement of
the oil in the test jar. This operation should be completed in 3 seconds.
13. When the oil in the test jar ceased to flow at an inclined position of the jar from
vertical, for 5 seconds, then get the thermometer reading and record it as pour
point of the oil sample. The solid point is 5oF below the thermometer reading.

DATA AND RESULTS:

OIL SAMPLE CLOUD POINT POUR POINT

SAE ____
SAE ____

SAMPLE COMPUTAION/S:

SKETCHES:
Draw the Cloud and Pour Point Test apparatus

CONCLUSION /OBSERVATION:

REFERENCES:

QUESTIONS/PROBLEMS:
1. Discuss the significance of knowing the cloud point and pour point of lubricating
oil.
2. Is the cloud and pour points of oil are of practical importance in countries like the
Philippines? Why?

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3. How reliable is the result of getting the pour point if the test jar is placed directly
into the cooling bath?
4. Explain why care must be taken in handling the test jar.

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 Mechanical Engineering Laboratory 1
Activity No. 15

TITLE: ENGINE INDICATOR

OBJECTIVE/S:
To study the principle of operation and calibration of an engine indicator.

THEORY:
An engine indicator gives a faithful record of the variation of pressure inside the
engine cylinder with the variation of volume swept by the piston. The calibration of the
indicator is done by mounting it on a gage tester apparatus. Several trials will be performed
by using different spring scale and subject the gage tester with varying weights so that
equivalent pressures will be registered by the indicator on the indicator card attached to the
drum of the indicator. Pressures recorded by the indicator on the indicator card will be then
compared with the weight used. No error will be noted if the pressure recorded by the
indicator equals with the weight used on the gage tester.

APPARATUS:
Engine indicator
Set of weights
Gage testing equipment
MATERIALS:
Blank sheet of onion paper
Carbon paper

PROCEDURE:
Mount the engine indicator on the gage tester. Check for any leakages of fluid in the
connections or joints before performing the experiment. Wrap an onion paper with carbon
paper around the drum of the indicator to serve as indicator card. Starting with the lowest
spring scale put weight on the pan of the gage tester and run slowly the screw plunger
clockwise until the pan begin to rise. Repeat the same procedure for five trials for each spring
scale. Also do the same procedure for other three spring scales. After completing the
experiment on all spring scales, removed the indicator card and measure all recorded lines as
the indicator card and compare with the weight used for each spring scale.

DATA AND RESULTS:

TRIAL 200 psi 150psi 120 psi 25 psi

W RDG W RDG W RDG W RDG

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SAMPLE COMPUTAION/S:

SKETCHES:
Draw a sectional view of a mechanical indiator

CONCLUSION /OBSERVATION:

REFERENCES:

QUESTIONS/PROBLEMS:
1. Do the scales of the spring used with the indicator with the standard eight used?
Explain any discrepancy.
2. Discuss the principle of operation of the indicator giving emphasis to the
transmission of pressure from inside the engine cylinder up to the indicator card.
3. When do you use the area obtained by the indicator?
4. How do you attain the successful use of the indicator?
5. What factors that determine the type of indicator to be use in any engine?

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