Scribd
Upload
31 views6 pages

Paper Group 5

Presentation groups

Uploaded by

umaym784
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
31 views6 pages

Paper Group 5

Presentation groups

Uploaded by

umaym784
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 6

PAPER TRANSLATION PRACTICE FOR ACADEMIC CONTEXT

Cultural Turns in Translation


Lecturer: Iwan Kurniawan, M.Pd

Member of Group
1. Alya Nabilah 2211040161
2. M. Faouzan Maulana 2211040080
3. M. Rizqy Umar Abdul Aziz 2211040082
4. Nurjihan Nabilla 2211040100

CLASS 5B
ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTEMENT
FACULTY OF TARBIYAH AND TEACHER TRAINING
RADEN INTAN LAMPUNG STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY
2024
A. CULTURAL TURN IN TRANSLATION
Translation has long been taken for granted, often viewed merely as a component of language
teaching. While translation practices have existed for centuries, its recognition as an academic
discipline emerged only towards the late twentieth century. Historically, from the late eighteenth
century until the 1960s, the grammar-translation method dominated language learning in
secondary schools, relegating translation to a secondary role. This approach was eventually
replaced by more communicative methods, which limited the use of translation primarily to
higher education and professional training.

In the mid-twentieth century, contrastive analysis began to shed new light on translation
research, focusing on the differences between languages. Scholars like Jean-Paul Vinay and
Eugene Nida explored linguistic aspects of translation, although this perspective largely
overlooked sociocultural factors. By the 1970s, the scope of translation studies expanded beyond
linguistics to include cultural and political dimensions. Theories emerged from various regions,
emphasizing the interplay between translation, culture, and context. For example, Katherina
Reiss highlighted the role of text types and purposes, while Anthony Pym argued that translation
reflects cultural perceptions.

The late 1980s brought significant global changes, leading to the rise of the term "cultural
interpreter," which underscores the translator's role as a cultural mediator rather than just a
language expert. This shift reflects an increased expectation for translators to foster cross-cultural
understanding and world peace.

Eugene Nida's concept of "dynamic equivalence" encapsulates this approach, focusing on


cultural adaptation rather than mere word-for-word translation. This method aims for an
equivalent effect between the original and target audiences, considering their cultural contexts.
For instance, the term "Lamb of God" was translated as "Seal of God" in Eskimo to fit cultural
understanding.

In summary, the translation process involves not only seeking equivalent words but also
understanding and transferring cultural influences between source and target texts. Recent
developments in translation research have embraced an interdisciplinary approach, integrating
insights from linguistics, cultural studies, philosophy, sociology, and history.

B. THE ROLE OF IT AND CAT IN CROSS-CULTURAL COMMUNICATION


Technology has brought a tremendous impact on translation profession. Not only have the
modes expanded, but the resources have also been enriched. Multi media and information
technology has evolved and the translation modes evolve with it. Translation is no longer limited
to written mode. Interpreting, or oral translation, is widely known and practiced alongside with
written translation. The increasingly global distribution of audiovisual products led to the need
for dubbing, subtitling, and voice-over. Despite their technical issues, translation of dubbing,
subtitles and voice-over remain the enduring methods of translation. Information technology and
Internet have widened the scope and modes of cross-cultural communication. Manufacturers of
products market their products worldwide and they want to make sure that their products can be
accepted across cultures.
To conduct their daiIy business, transIators are assisted by various tools and softwares.
Machine translation, which was deveIoped after the Second WorId War during which the earIiest
computers had been used for code-breaking. Translation is actually hard for computers due to
lexicaI ambiguity, syntactic ambiguity, and subtleties of translation. Machine translation works
based on two main approaches: rule-based and statistics-based. Rule-based MT programs
work on a sentence-bysentence basis, while statistics-based MT programs depend on massive
amounts of data in the form of ‘aligned’ parallel text, usually referred to as ‘bilingual corpora’ or
‘bitexts’ (Harris 1988) alignment is mainly sentence-by-sentence, though word and phrase
alignments are also extracted semi-automatically (in Malmkjaer and Windle, 2011: 434).
Some examples of machine translation are Alta Vista’s Babelfish, FreeTranslation, Gist-in-
Time, ProMT, PARS, and many others. The development of technology keeps improving every
day. Additionally, the Internet has made the job of translators easier because it allows them to
work online. Examples of these tools include electronic dictionaries, termbanks, terminology
management systems, term-extraction tools, corpora, corpus-processing tools, and translation
memory tools. Online search engines and machine translation have advanced to such an
unthinkable degree that they can now quickly and easily help translators. Additionally, translators
utilize a variety of translation tools as resources. Since translators typically work with written
material, Kenny (2011: 456) contends that electronic texts may be produced using a standardized
mark-up language (such as HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) or XML (Extensible Markup
Language)) and may be in aproprietary format (such as Microsoft Word or FrameMaker).
Electronic dictionaries, available in hand-held, CD-ROM, and online formats, are common
vocabulary resources for translators. Other lexical resources include termbanks, which can be
accessed online or by CD-ROM. Specialized dictionaries, unlike electronic dictionaries, are
typically created by non-commercial organizations for their own documentation and translation
needs. Examples include science, technology, and law. Some examples mentioned by Kenny
(2011:458) are IATE (Interactive Terminology for Europe), the multilingual termbanks of the
European Union; Termium, the trilingual termbank of the Canadian Federal Government; and the
International Electrotechnical Vocabulary (IEV), maintained by the International Electrotechnical
Commission.
In addition to software and translation tools, the social networking sites are also helpful in
assisting translators doing their work. Websites such as googletranslate, Project Lingua,
ProZ.com, Pootle, TranslatorCafe.com, etc help translators in doing their tasks, communicate and
share ideas with other translators across the globe.
C. TRANSLATION QUALIFICATIONS
As discussed earlier that translation has taken cultural turn, translation must not only
bilingual, but also bicultural (Katan, 2006:71). Their roles are more as cultural mediators in
addition to being language consultant or experts. Translators must keep abreast with the latest
development and technology to survive the 21st century.

Here are some of the requirements to be translators (summarized from various sources):

1. Native fluency in a target language and a source language


2. Professional experience in their field of expertise
3. First-hand experience with the same culture as the target audience
4. A higher education degree
5. Native fluency in the target language
6. Fluency in both verbal and written English
7. Excellent computer skills
8. High level of communication and interpersonal skills (especially for interpreters)
9. Understanding of cross-cultural communication

With the implementation of ASEAN Economic Community, the competition is getting


tighter. Indonesian translators must work hard and always improve their quality, because
these challenges that translators face may at the same time serve as opportunities. It depends
on the Translators how to prepare for it.

D. RESEARCH AND PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN TRANSLATION


Professional research and development in translation is based on the Holmes map of
translation studies (Figures 1 and 2). Translation studies have two branches, pure and applied.
The pure branches consist of theoretical and descriptive.
The descriptive branch has three possible focuses, the examination of :
1. the product,
2. the function
3. the process.
The applied branches of the Holmes framework relate to:
 Translator Training, which includes teaching methods, testing techniques, curriculum
design;
 Translator Aids: dictionaries, grammar and information technology;
 Translator Critique: translation evaluation, revision, and review.1

CONCLUSION
As the globe becomes more globalized and homogenized, the importance of cultures
grows. Translation, which was previously thought to be purely linguistic, began to take on a
cultural dimension. The twenty-first century, with all of its difficulties and opportunities, has
become uncharted territory for translators as information and technology have advanced. The
new techniques of translation and interpreting provide challenges for translators in the
multimedia and internet era.
The challenges also act as possibilities, as the internet and technology have proven useful
in assisting translators with their work. Technology, the hallmark of the twenty-first century, is
translators' greatest ally. Therefore, they should not be fearful of being replaced by machines, as
happened to manual laborers throughout the Industrial Revolution. Instead, technology is
employed to improve and assist human translators in doing their best. Professional qualifications
are necessary for translators to thrive in the digital age. They must also develop their research
and professional skills. Thus, they will be competitive and needed. Translation is more than just
translating texts; it's also about translating people's experiences.

You might also like