Computer Networks

Vijay Kumar Chaurasiya

 What is a computer network?
• It is an interconnection of autonomous devices.
• Interconnection: able to exchange meaningful
information. (Protocols).
• Autonomous: do not control each other
(independent)
• Devices: Any computing device eg. Computer, laptop,
mobile…..
 What are the type of network?
• Point to point network: communication link will be
used by the two peers only
B

E C

D A

• Multipoint Network (Shared Network): nodes are

sharing communication link
 Other Classification
• Based on the communication medium we can classify a network as:

– Wired network

– Wireless network

• Based on the span of the network we can classify a network as:

– PAN (1 -10mts)

– LAN (1 km – 10 kms)

– MAN(10 kms – 100 kms)

– WAN(more than 100 Kms)

 What are the advantages of
Computer Networks?
• Resource and data sharing

• Resources: Hard disk space, RAM, Printer, CD/DVD-Drive, any other

hardware connected to the host.

• Data Sharing: File sharing, chat (voice / Video)….

• Distributed processing

• Parallel processing

• Eg. Cloud Computing:

– Infrastructure as service

– Software as service

– Computing as service
 Disadvantages?

• Privacy

• All kind security attack on hosts are

possible over the network. Eg. Man in
middle attack, Denial of service attack,
data stealing etc.
 Important Terms
• Packet Switching (Analogous to Postal Service)
• Circuit Switching (Analogous to Telephone
Service)

• Over Packet Switching Network we can have

– Connection Less service
– Connection Oriented service
 Motivation of Layering
• Preparing data for successful and meaningful
communication was a big programming task because it
has the following problems:
– Hardware failure
– Network congestion
– Packet delay or loss
– Data corruption
– Data duplication or inverted arrivals
 Solving The Problem
• To solve big problem:

– Divide the problem into pieces

– Solve sub problems separately

– Combine into integrated whole

– Result is layered protocols

• Protocol Layering

– Separates protocol functionality

– Each layer solves one part of the communication problem

– Intended primarily for protocol designers

– Set of layers is called a protocol stack

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 OSI Reference Model
• OSI = Open Systems Interconnection:
deals with open systems, i.e. systems open
for communications with other systems.

• Specified in ISO 7498.

• Model has 7 layers.

 A 7- Layer ISO –OSI Model for
Networking
Application Layer International
High-level APIs, including resource sharing, remote file access.
Organization for
Translation of data between a networking service and an application;
Presentation Layer
including character encoding, data
Standardization
compression and encryption/decryption.
(ISO) created the
Managing communication sessions, i.e., continuous exchange of
Session Layer information in the form of multiple back-and-forth transmissions Open System
between two nodes.
Interconnection
Transport Layer Reliable transmission of data segments between points on a network,
including segmentation, acknowledgement and multiplexing (OSI) protocol

Network Layer Structuring and managing a multi-node network, architecture

including addressing, routing and traffic control
starting in the
Data Link Layer Reliable transmission of data frames between two nodes connected late 1970s and
by a physical layer
matured by the
Physical Layer Transmission and reception of raw bit streams over a physical
medium early 1990s.

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 7-Layer OSI Model
Layer 7 Application Layer • Layers 1-3 are relate to
Layer 6 Presentation Layer communications
technology.
Layer 5 Session Layer
• Layers 4-7 are relate to
Layer 4 Transport Layer user applications.
Layer 3 Network Layer

Layer 2 Data Link Layer

Layer 1 Physical Layer

Communications subnet boundary

 TCP/IP vs OSI
Application • Explicit Presentation
and session layers
Presentation Application missing in Internet
Session Protocols
• Data Link and
Transport TCP
Network Layers
IP
Network redesigned
Data Link Network Interface

Physical Hardware
 Layer 1: Physical Layer
• Define medium of communication.
• Regulates the transmission of a stream of bits over a medium
Wired/Wireless.
• Transmits bits from one computer to another (Converting bits into
signal)
• Defines how the cable is attached to the network adapter and what
transmission technique is used to send data over the cable. Deals
with issues like
– The definition of 0 and 1, e.g. how many volts represents a 1, and how long a
bit lasts?
– Whether the channel is simplex or duplex?
– How many pins a connector has, and what the function of each pin is?
 Layer 1: Physical Layer
• Protocols:
• Encoding techniques
• Modulation techniques
• Interface Standards
• Transmission media
– Wired
– Wireless
• The physical layer is also concerned with:
– Bit rate
– Point-to-point, multipoint or point-to-multipoint line configuration
– Physical network topology, for example bus, ring, mesh or star network
– Serial or parallel communication
– Simplex, half duplex or full duplex transmission mode
 Layer 2: Data Link Layer
• Provides reliable transmission of frames on
node to node basis
• Provides frame abstraction (Framing Protocols)

• Provides physical address to the nodes in the

network
Data Link Layer

• Provides Flow Control

• It waits for an acknowledgment from the receiving Logical Link
computer. Control Sub layer
• Retransmits frames for which acknowledgement not Medium Access
received Control Sub layer
• Provides Error Control

• Provides Medium Access Control

 Layer 2: Data Link Layer
• Protocols
– ARP and InARP: Address Resolution Protocol and Inverse
ARP.
– RARP: Reverse Address Resolution Protocol
– Stop and Wait Protocol
– Sliding Window Protocol
– PPP
– DDCMP
– IEEE 802.3 onwards
– CRC, Checksum, Hamming Codes…
 Layer 3: Network Layer
• Manages addressing/routing of data within the subnet
– Addresses messages and translates logical addresses and names into
physical addresses.
– Determines the route from the source to the destination computer
– Manages traffic problems, such as switching, routing, and
controlling the congestion of data packets.

• Routing can be:

– Based on static tables
– determined at start of each session
– Individually determined for each packet, reflecting the current
network load.
 Layer 3: Network Layer
• Provides connectionless best effort data delivery services to upper layer protocols

• Best effort data delivery services means:

– Packets may follow different path to reach to the destination

– Packet may be lost in the network

– Packet may experience unexpected delay in reaching the destination

– Packets may reach out of order at the destination

• Protocols
– IP: Internet Protocol (IPv4)

– IPv6: Internet Protocol version 6

– ICMP & ICMPv6: Internet Message Control Protocol and ICMP version 6

– Mobile IP: IP Mobility Support Protocol for IPv4 & IPv6

– IPSec: IP Security Protocol

 Layer 3: Network Layer
• OSPF: Open Shortest Path First Protocol (version 2)

• RIP: Routing Information Protocol (RIP2)

• RIPng: Routing Information Protocol next generation for IPv6

• RSVP: Resource Reservation Protocol

• BGP: Border Gateway Protocol

 Layer 4: Transport Layer
• Manages transmission packets
– Repackages long messages when necessary into small packets for
transmission

– Reassembles packets in correct order to get the original message.

• Handles error recognition and recovery.

– Transport layer at receiving acknowledges packet delivery.

– Resends missing packets

– Provides Connection less and Connection Oriented data delivery

services

– Provide port number to identify sockets of the connection

 Layer 4: Transport Layer
• Protocols
– TCP: Transmission Control Protocol

– UDP: User Datagram Protocol

– RDP: Reliable Data Protocol

– RUDP: Reliable User Datagram Protocol

(Reliable UDP)
 Layer 5: Session Layer
• Allows two applications on different computers to
establish, use, and end a session.
– e.g. file transfer, remote login

• Establishes dialog control

– Regulates which side transmits, plus when and how long it
transmits.

• Performs token management and synchronization.

Protocols:
RPC: Remote Procedure Call Protocol
 Layer 7: Application Layer
• Level at which applications access network services.
– Represents services API
– directly support software applications for file transfers,
database access, and electronic mail etc.
Protocols:
– BOOTP: Bootstrap Protocol,
– DCAP: Data Link Switching Client Access Protocol,
– DHCP: Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol,
– DNS: Domain Name System (Service) Protocol
 OSI vs TCP/IP
Application • Explicit Presentation
Presentation Application and session layers
Session missing in Internet
Transport Transport Protocols
Network Network
• Data Link and
Data Link Data Link
Network Layers
Physical Physical
redesigned
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 Connections
• Layers can offer connection-oriented or
connectionless services.
• Connection-oriented like telephone system
Circuit Switching.
• Connectionless like postal system Packet
Switching.
• Each service has an associated Quality-of-
service (e.g. reliable or unreliable).
 Reliability
• Reliable services never lose/corrupt data.
• Reliable service costs more.
• Typical application for reliable service is
file transfer.
• Typical application not needing reliable
service is voice traffic.
 Protocols
• Protocol = set of rules governing data
communication between peer entities, i.e.
format and meaning of frames/packets.

• Service/protocol decoupling very

important.
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 Other Protocols of Interest
• VoIP (Voice over IP)
• RTP (Real Time Transfer Protocol)
• SIP (Session Initiation Protocol)
• SSH (Secure Shell)
• IGMP (Internet Group Management
Protocol)
• PPP (Point to Point Protocol)
• SLIP (Serial Line Internet Protocol)

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Questions Please?