CHAPTER IV

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

A. Observation Result
Table 6.1 Observations of Energy on the Spectrum
Source of Initial Energy Final Energy
Maximum Energy
Gamma Gamma Eγ Gamma
Emax (keV)
Radiation (keV) EBs(keV)

Cs-137 660,111 478 185,303

Na-22 533,955 234,427 183,258

Co-60 1.115,568 981,527 212,788

B. Analysis
1. Modern Approach
a. Cs – 137
1) Electron Rest Mass
a) Using Photopeak Energy and Compton-Edge Energy

( )
2
Eγ
mec2 = 2 −Eγ
Emax

mc =2 ( −6 60,111 keV )
2
2 (66 0 ,111 keV )
e
478 keV
mec2 = 502,985248 keV
b) Using Backscatter Energy and Photopeak Energy

( )
2
Eγ
mec2 = 2 −Eγ
Eγ−E BS

mec2 = 2 ( ( 6 60,111 keV )2

66 0,111 keV −1 85 , 303 keV
−66 0 ,111 keV )
mec2 = 515, 242155 keV
c) Using Compton-Edge Energy and Backscatter Energy

13
 ( )
2
E BS
mec2 = 2 + E BS
Emax

2
mec = 2 (
(185 , 303 keV )2
478 keV
+1 85 , 303 keV )
mec2 = 257 , 138150 keV
2) Average Rest Mass of Electrons

13
 14

2 2 2
2 me c + m e c +m e c
me c =
3
2 502, 985248 keV +515 , 242155 keV +257 , 138150 keV
me c =
3
2
me c = 425,121851 keV
3) Theoretical Rest Mass of Electrons
mec2 = 0,511071 MeV
mec2 = 511,071 keV
4) Percentage difference

| |
me c 2theory −me c 2 practice
% diff = me c 2theory + me c 2 practice x 100%
2

| |
511,071 keV −425 ,121851 keV
% diff = 511,071 keV + 425 ,121851 keV x 100%
2
% diff = 17,85 %
b. Na – 22
1) Electron Rest Mass
a) Using Photopeak Energy and Compton-Edge Energy

( )
2
Eγ
mec2 = 2 −Eγ
Emax

mc =2 ( −5 33 , 955 keV )
2
(533 , 955 keV )
2
e
234 , 427 keV
mec2 = 1.364,471441 keV
b) Using Backscatter Energy and Photopeak Energy

( )
2
Eγ
mec2 = 2 −Eγ
Eγ−E BS

mec2 = 2 ( ( 533 , 955 keV )2

533 , 955 keV −183 ,258 keV
−533 , 955 keV )
mec2 = 558,040276 keV
c) Using Compton-Edge Energy and Backscatter Energy
 15

( )
2
E BS
mec2 = 2 + E BS
Emax

mec = 22
(
(183 , 258 keV )2
234 , 427 keV
+ 183 ,258 keV )
mec2 = 663,319530 keV
2) Average Rest Mass of Electrons
2 2 2
2 me c + m e c +m e c
me c =
3
2 1.364 , 471441 keV +558 , 040276 keV +663 , 319530 keV
me c =
3
2
me c = 861,943749 keV
3) Theoritical Rest Mass of Electrons
mec2 = 0,511071 MeV
mec2 = 511,071 keV
4) Percentage difference

| |
me c 2teori −me c2 praktikum
% diff = me c 2teori +me c 2 praktikum x 100%
2

| |
511,071 keV −861 , 943749 keV
% diff = 511,071 keV +861 , 943749 keV x 100%
2
% diff = 51,11 %
c. Co – 60
1) Electron Rest Mass
a) Using Photopeak Energy and Compton-Edge Energy

( )
2
Eγ
mec2 = 2 −Eγ
Emax

mc =2 ( −1. 115, 568 keV )

2
2(1.115 ,568 keV )
e
981, 527 keV
mec2 = 304,692281 keV
b) Using Backscatter Energy and Photopeak Energy
 16

( )
2
Eγ
mec2 = 2 −Eγ
Eγ−E BS

2
mec = 2 (
( 1.115,568keV )2
1.115, 568 keV −212 ,788 keV
−1.115 ,568 keV )
mec2 = 262,942780 keV
c) Using Coompton-Edge Enerfy and Backscatter Energy

( )
2
2 E BS
mec = 2 + E BS
Emax

mec2 = 2 ( (212 , 788 keV )2

981 ,527 keV
+212 , 788 keV )
mec2 = 517,837818 keV
2) Average Rest Mass of Electrons
2 2 2
2 me c + m e c +m e c
me c =
3
2 304 , 692281 keV +262 , 942780+517 , 837818 keV
me c =
3
2
me c = 361,824293 keV
3) Theoritical Rest Mass of Electrons
mec2 = 0,511071 MeV
mec2 = 511,071 keV
4) Percentage difference

| |
me c 2teori −me c2 praktikum
% diff = me c 2teori +me c 2 praktikum x 100%
2

| |
511,071 keV −361 , 824293 keV
% diff = 511,071 keV +361 , 824293 keV x 100%
2
% diff = 34,19 %
d. Chart
 17

Graphic 6.1 The relationship between the maximum energy (E max) and
the rest mass of the electron (mec2) in the view of quantum
physics.

e. Electron Velocity
1) Cs – 137

√(
1
1−

)
2
v=c Emax
+1
me c 2

√(
1
1−
)
8
v = 3 x 10 m/s 478 keV 2
+1
4 25 ,121851 keV
v = 2,66 x 108 m/s
2) Na – 22

√(
1
1−

)
2
v=c Emax
+1
me c 2

√(
1
1−
)
8
v = 3 x 10 m/s 234,427 keV 2
+1
861 , 943749 keV
v = 1,14 x 108 m/s
3) Co – 60
 18

√(
1
1−

)
2
v=c Emax
+1
me c 2

√(
1
1−
)
v = 3 x 108 m/s 981 , 527 keV 2
+1
361 , 824293 keV
v = 2,89 x 108 m/s
2. Classic Approach
a. Electron Rest Mass
1) Cs – 137
( 2 Eγ −Emax )2
mec2 =
2 Emax

2 ( 2 ( 66 0 ,111 keV )−47 8 keV )2

mec =
2(47 8 keV )
mec2 = 741,985649 keV
2) Na – 22
( 2 Eγ −Emax )2
mec2 =
2 Emax

2 ( 2 (533 ,955 keV )−234 , 427 keV )2

mec =
2(234 , 427 keV )
mec2 = 1.481,684941 keV
3) Co – 60
( 2 Eγ −Emax )2
mec2 =
2 Emax

2 ( 2 (1.115 ,568 keV )−981, 527 keV )2

mec =
2(981, 527 keV )
mec2 = 795,455781 keV
b. Chart
 19

Graphic 6.2 The relationship between the maximum energy (E max) and
the rest mass of the electron (mec2) in the view of quantum
physics.

C. Discussion
The experiment entitled "Compton scattering" aims to understand the
effect of electron velocity on electron mass according to classical and modern
views. It also aims to estimate the rest mass of electrons through the
observation of Compton scattering. In this experiment, NaI (Tl) scintillation
and PMT were used.
The luminescence occurs in NaI (Tl) scintillation, while the electron
multiplication process occurs in PMT. The luminescence that occurs in NaI
(Tl) scintillation will enter the photocathode and the photons turn into
electrons through the photoelectric effect. The electrons then go to the diodes
which makes the number increase because the electrons get additional energy
from the electric field to move. At the diodes, the electrons will also collide
with the electrons on the diode so that there is a release for other electrons.
The electrons will gather on the dinodes and produce electrical pulses that
will be passed through an amplifier and enlarged so that the pulses can be
analysed.……………
 20

This experiment was carried out by changing the radioactive source of

gamma ray emitters using 3 radioactive substances namely Cs-137, Na-22,
and Co-60. Based on sequential observations of Cs-137, Na-22, and Co-60,
the data listed in the observation results table were obtained. Data analysis
was carried out using 2 approaches, namely the modern approach and the
classical approach. From the analysis results obtained in the modern approach
using three equations based on unique energies for the three radioactive
sources, the electron quiescent energy of 425.121 keV; 861.943 keV; and
361.824 keV were obtained; with % diff of 17.854%; 51.11%; and 34.19%.
Then the velocity obtained for each radioactive source is 2.66 x 108 m/s, 1.14
x 108 m/s, and 2. 89 x 108 m/s. While the results of the analysis based on the
classical approach obtained electron quiescent energy for the three radioactive
sources are 741.985 keV; 1.481.684 keV; and 795.455 keV, respectively.
Based on the results of the analysis, it can be said that the mass of
electrons is not constant. This happens because in the classical approach, the
rest mass obtained does not pay attention to its relativistic energy and
momentum in accordance with Einstein's special relativity so that the electron
mass is not constant. Then plot the graph between the relationship between
the maximum energy Emax and the electron rest mass me c2 which shows the
electron rest energy of the three substances is not constant. This is based on
Einstein's special theory of relativity, which states the relationship between
energy and the rest mass of electrons with the equation:

( Ec ) = p + m c
2 2
e
2

Based on this equation, it can be said that energy is directly

proportional to the rest mass of the electron. It is shown on the graph that the
greater the maximum energy, the greater the rest mass of the electron. In the
presented graph, it is also obtained that the rest mass obtained in practice is
greater than in theory, which means that in this condition the speed has
exceeded the speed of light. The percent difference obtained from the
theoretical and practical electron rest energy may be due to the existence of
 21

human error where when determining the values of E γ, Emax , and E BS is not in
the right position, so that the value of the electron rest energy obtained has a
difference with the value based on the theory which is worth 511.071 keV.
 CHAPTER V
CLOSING

A. Conclusion
Based on the experiments conducted, it can be concluded that:
1. According to the classical physics view, the electron mass does not affect
the electron velocity because in the classical approach the inertial frame
of reference is considered constant and for objects or particles that move
at a speed much smaller than the speed of light, the mass of the particle
will not affect its speed, while in the modern approach based on
Einstein's special relativity, the electron mass speed affects the electron
velocity. All equations in Compton scattering are derived based on
relativistic momentum and energy.
2. Based on the experimental results that have been carried out, it can be
estimated that the rest mass of the electron is 425.121 keV; 861.943 keV;
and 361.824 keV. These values are based on calculations with modern
approaches because they have calculation results that are close to
theoretical values.
B. Advice
1. For practitioners, it is expected to better master the topic of the
experiment, be more thorough in data collection to obtain appropriate
results and reduce the possibility of errors that can occur so that the
experiment can run well and accordingly.
2. For assistants, it is expected to remain patient in providing direction and
input to practitioners when taking data to compiling reports.
3. For the laboratory assistant, it is expected to routinely check the
condition and completeness of the tools used in the experiment.

21
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