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Field Engineering Sciences: Sensors and Measurement Systems MEC372

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7 views16 pages

Field Engineering Sciences: Sensors and Measurement Systems MEC372

7

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mohamed orif
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Field Engineering Sciences

Sensors and Measurement Systems MEC372


Lecture 6 : Temperature Measurement Sensors

Dr : Aly Soliman Date : 30 / 4 / 2024


RTDs
RTDs (Resistance Temperature Detectors) operate under the
principle that the electrical resistance of certain metals increases
and decreases in a repeatable and predictable manner with a
temperature change.

 Wire wound and thin film devices.


 Nearly linear over a wide range of
temperatures.
 Can be made small enough to
have response times of a fraction
of a second.
 Require an electrical current to
produce a voltage drop across
the sensor
RTD Applications

 Air conditioning and


refrigeration servicing
 Furnace servicing
 Foodservice processing
 Medical research
 Textile production
RTDs
Advantages Disadvantages
• Most stable over time • High cost
• Most accurate • Slowest response time
• Most repeatable • Low sensitivity to small
temperature measurement temperature changes
• Very resistant to • Sensitive to vibration
contamination/ (strains the platinum
element wire)
• Decalibration if used
beyond sensor’s
temperature ratings
• Somewhat fragile
RTD platinum thermometers
RTD Platinum thermometers Pt100, Pt1000 (nominal resistance 100/1000 Ohms respectively)
R = R0 (1 + 0.0039083 T − 5.77 ⋅10 −7 T 2 )
1 dR
Therefore coefficient of relative temperature change is approximately α = =
R
(this value slightly depends upon platinum purity, for example typical US standards α=0.00392,
Europian standard α=0.00385).
2-wires (reading is affected by parasitic ohmic resistance of long and tiny wires (which need not be
negligible in comparison with 100Ω of RTD). Example> compute resistance of Cu wire for specific
resistivity of copper 1.7E-8 Ω.m
Current source
Parazitic resistances of leading wires V (1mA)
are added to the sensor resistance

3-wires
Current source
V (1mA)
Parazitic resistances of leading wires
are partly compensated

4-wires
Current source
V (1mA)
Almost zero current flows in these two wires as
soon as internal resistance of voltameter is high
Thermistors
• A semiconductor used as a temperature sensor.
• Mixture of metal oxides pressed into a bead, wafer or other shape.
• Beads can be very small, less than 1 mm in some cases.
• The resistance decreases as temperature increases, negative
temperature coefficient (NTC) thermistor.
Thermistors
• Most are seen in medical equipment markets.
• Thermistors are also used are for engine coolant, oil, and air temperature
measurement in the transportation industry.
Thermistors
Disadvantages
Advantages • Limited temperature range
• High sensitivity to small • Fragile
temperature changes • Some initial accuracy
• Temperature “drift”
measurements become • Decalibration if used
more stable with use beyond the sensor’s
• Copper or nickel extension temperature ratings
wires can be used • Lack of standards for
replacement
Semiconductors
• Are small and result from the fact that semiconductor
diodes have voltage-current characteristics that are
temperature sensitive.
• Temperature measurement ranges that are small
compared to thermocouples and RTDs, but can be quite
accurate and inexpensive.

Semiconductor Applications
• Hard Disk Drives
• Personal Computers
• Electronic Test Equipment
• Office Equipment
• Domestic Appliances
• Process Control
• Cellular Phones
• To use the instrument the point where temperature is required to be
known is viewed through the instrument.
• The current through the lamp filament is adjusted so the filament
disappears.
• The temperature of filament is known from its electrical resistance.
• Since their operation requires the eye and judgment of an operator,
they are not suitable for recording or control.
• Temperature accuracy is ±5 oC (800oC-1300 oC) and ± 10 oC (1300oC-
2000 oC).

Optical Pyrometer
Total Radiation Pyrometer
Total Radiation Pyrometer
“Temperature of a body can be measured by measuring radiant energy
emitted by that hot body”

Q = σT4 (in W/m2)


σ = Stefan Boltzmann’s constant in W/m2.K4
T = Absolute Temperature in Kelvin

 Radiation pyrometers are used to measure the temperature of very


hot objects without being in contact with them.
 Molten glass and molten metals during casting and shaping
operations are typical of the objects they measure.
 In some instruments, a telescopic eye magnifies radiant energy to
measure smaller objects at longer distances.
 On some instruments, hot objects up to 1/16 inch in diameter can be
measured. The construction of the instrument components, such as
the lens and the curved mirrors, control the route of the view.

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