• Instructor: Dr.

Görkem SERBES (C317)

[email protected]
https://avesis.yildiz.edu.tr/gserbes/
• Assistants:
Fatih Ekrem ONAT - [email protected]
Beyza GÜL - [email protected]

• Grading:
• Midterm exam 30%
• Project 30%
• Final exam 40%

only individual submissions allowed!

Introductory Computer Sciences 2023-2024

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Fall Week #1
SELECTION STRUCTURES*

* Some of the contents are adopted from

MATLAB® for Engineers, Holly Moore, 3rd Ed., Pearson Inc., 2012.

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Fall Week #3
 Control Structures
• One way to think of a computer program (not just MATLAB ) is to consider how
the statements that compose it are organized.
• Usually, sections of computer code can be categorized as sequence structure ,
selection structure , and repetition structure

3 control structures:
1. sequence structure,
2. selection structure,
3. repetition structure.

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 Control Structures ctd.
1. A sequence is a list of commands that are executed one after another. (So far,
we have written code that contains sequences)

2. A selection structure allows the programmer to execute one command (or set
of commands) if some criterion is true and a second command (or set of
commands) if the criterion is false. A selection statement provides the means
of choosing between these paths, based on a logical condition . The
conditions that are evaluated often contain both relational and logical
operators or functions.

3. A repetition structure, or loop, causes a group of statements to be executed

multiple times. The number of times a loop is executed depends on either a
counter or the evaluation of a logical condition.

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Relational Operators, Revisited
If we define two scalars
x = 5;
y = 1;
and use a relational operator such as <, the result of the comparison
x<y
is either true or false. In this case, x is not less than y , so MATLAB
responds
ans =
0
indicating that the comparison is false. MATLAB uses this answer in
selection statements and in repetition structures to make decisions.

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 Relational Operators, ctd.
We can also see how MATLAB handles comparisons between matrices.
x = 1:5;
y = x - 4;
x<y
returns
ans =
00000

MATLAB compares corresponding elements and creates an answer matrix of

zeros and ones. In the preceding example, x was greater than y for every
comparison of elements, so every comparison was false and the answer was
a string of zeros. If, instead, we have
x = [ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
y = [-2, 0, 2, 4, 6];
x<y
then
ans =
00001

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 Relational Operators, ctd.
Operator Description Operation Result
== Equal to 5==6 0
~= Not equal to ‘A’<‘Z’ 1
> Greater than 5>6 0
>= Greater than or equal to 5>=6 0
< Less than 5<6 1
<= Less than or equal to 6<=6 1

The operators <, >, <=, and >= use only the real part of
their operands for the comparison. The
operators == and ~= test real and imaginary parts.

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 Logical Operators, Revisited
There are four logical operators in MATLAB whicah are “& (AND)”, “| (OR)”, “xor
(XOR)” ve “~ (NOT)”.
Inputs (Logical) AND OR XOR NOT
a b a&b a|b xor(a,b) ~a
0 0 0 0 0 1
0 1 0 1 1 1
1 0 0 1 1 0
1 1 1 1 0 0
The functions of these operators are given below.

Operator Symbols Example

and & and(1,0)=0 and(1,1)=1
or | or(0,0)=0 or(1,0)=1
not ~ not(5)=0 not(0)=1
xor xor xor(5,1)=0 xor(0,3)=1
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 Relational & Logical Operators
MATLAB also allows us to combine comparisons with the logical operators and ,
not , and or, the code

x = [ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
y = [-2, 0, 2, 4, 6];
z = [ 8, 8, 8, 8, 8];
z>x & z>y
returns
ans =
11111

because z is greater than both x and y for every element. The statement
x>y | x>z
is read as “ x is greater than y or x is greater than z ” and returns
ans =
11100

Introductory Computer Sciences 2023-2024

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Fall Week #3
 Selection Structures

• This section describes the syntax used in if statements.

• Three selection forms

1. Simple if statements (to execute one group of statements

selectively)
2. if-else statements (two execute two group of statements selectively)
3. if-elseif-else statements (to execute multiple group of statements
selectively)

Introductory Computer Sciences 2023-2024

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Fall Week #3
 if Statement

A simple if statement has the following form:

if (comparison)
statements
end

If the comparison (a logical expression) is true, the statements between the

if keyword and the end keyword are executed. If the comparison is false,
the program jumps immediately to the statement following the end
keyword.

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Fall Week #3
 if Statement, ctd.
A simple example of an if structure
if (G<50)
disp('G is a small value equal to:')
disp(G);
end

This if structure (from if to end ) is easy to interpret if G is a scalar. If G is less

than 50, then the statements between if and end are executed. For example, if
G has a value of 25, then
G is a small value equal to:
25
is displayed on the screen. However, if G is not a scalar, then the if statement
considers the comparison true only if it is true for every element! Thus, if G is
defined as
G = 0:10:80;
the comparison is false, and the statements inside the if statement are not
executed! In general, if statements work best when dealing with scalars.
Introductory Computer Sciences 2023-2024
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Fall Week #3
 if-else Statement
• The simple if allows us to execute a series of statements if a condition is true
and to skip those steps if the condition is false.
• Here’s a set of if-else statements that calculates the logarithm if the input is
positive and sends an error message if the input to the function is 0 or negative:
if (x>0) (a single group of statements are executed
y = log(x) if the condition is true,
else
disp('The input to the log function must be positive')
end (another group of statements are executed
if the condition is false)

When x is a scalar, this is easy to interpret. However, when x is a matrix, the

comparison is true only if it is true for every element in the matrix. So, if
x = 0:0.5:2;
then the elements in the matrix are not all greater than 0. Therefore, MATLAB
skips to the else portion of the statement and displays the error message.

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Fall Week #3
 if-elseif-else Statement
• When we nest several levels of if-else statements, it may be difficult to
determine which logical expressions must be true (or false) in order to execute
each set of statements.
• The elseif allows us to check multiple criteria while keeping the code easy to
read. Consider the following lines of code that evaluate whether to issue a
driver’s license, based on the applicant’s age:

if (age<16) If statement related to the condition (age<16)

disp('Sorry – You'll have to wait')
elseif (age<18) else if statement related to the condition (age<18)
disp('You may have a youth license')
elseif (age<70) else if statement related to the condition (age<70)
disp('You may have a standard license')
else else statement
disp('Drivers over 70 require a special license')
end

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Fall Week #3
 if-elseif-else Statement, ctd.
• The conditions are evaluated in such an order;
• If a condition is true, the statement associated with it is executed, and this
terminates the whole chain.
• As always, the code for each statement is either a single statement, or group of
them in braces.
• The last else part handles the “none of the above” or default case where none
of the other conditions is satisfied.

if (condition1)
statement1;
elseif (condition2)
statement2;
elseif (condition3)
statement3;
else
statement4;
end

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Fall Week #3
 Selection Structures, ctd.
Two equivalent if structures,

if(grade>90) if(grade>90) %if_1

disp('A'); disp('A');
elseif (grade>80) else
disp('B'); if (grade>80);
elseif (grade>70) disp('B');
disp('C'); else
else if (grade>70) % if_3
disp(‘F’); disp('C');
end else
disp('F');
end %end of if_3
end %end of if_2
end % end of if_1

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Fall Week #3
 Selection Structures, ctd.

if(grade>90) %if_1
disp('A'); If statement of if_1
else
if (grade>80); if_2 Else statement(s) of if_1
disp('B'); If statement of if_2
else
if (grade>70) % if_3 Else statement(s) of if_2
disp('C'); If statement of if_3
else
disp('F'); Else statement(s) of if_3
end %end of if_3
end %end of if_2
end % end of if_1

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Fall Week #3
 Selection Structures, ctd.

Flow-chart
Y
Cond1 Statement1

N If statement

• A diamond indicates a decision point

• Calculations are placed in rectangles
• Empty circle indicates the start of the code segment
• Full circle indicates the end of the code segment

Introductory Computer Sciences 2023-2024

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Fall Week #3
 Selection Structures, ctd.

Flow-chart
Y
Cond1 Statement1

N If - else statements

Statement2

Introductory Computer Sciences 2023-2024

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Fall Week #3
 Selection Structures, ctd.

Y
Cond1 Statement1
Flow-chart
N
Y
Cond2 Statement2

N
If – elseif – else statements
Y
Cond3 Statement3

N
Statement4

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Fall Week #3
 Selection Structures, ctd.
Are they all the same?
if(grade>90) if(grade>90) %if_1 if(grade>90)
disp('A'); disp('A'); disp('A');
else if (grade>80)
elseif (grade>80) if (grade>80); %if_2 disp('B');
disp('B'); disp('B'); if (grade>70)
elseif (grade>70) else disp('C');
disp('C'); if (grade>70) %if_3
else
else disp('C');
disp('F');
else
disp('F'); disp('F'); end
end end %end of if_3 end
end %end of if_2 end
end % end of if_1

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Fall Week #3
 switch-case Structure
• The switch-case structure is often used when a series of programming path
options exists for a given variable, depending on its value.

• The switch-case is similar to the if-elseif-else.

• As a matter of fact, anything you can do with switch-case could be done with if-
elseif-else.

• However, the code is a bit easier to read with switch-case, a structure that allows
you to choose between multiple outcomes, based on some criterion.

• This is an important distinction between switch-case and if-elseif-else structure.

• The criterion can be either a scalar (a number) or a string. In practice, it is used

more with strings than with numbers.

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Fall Week #3
 switch-case Structure, ctd.
switch ( variable )
case value1 The switch case in C programmer, you may
statements; have used switch/case in that language.
case value2 One important difference in MATLAB ® is that
statements; once a “true” case has been found, the
otherwise program does not check the other cases.
statements;
end

• value1: constant integral expression (i.e., anything that evaluates to a constant

integer value) that the variable or expression on which the switch is based may
assume.
• If no match occurs between the controlling expression's value and a case label,
the default case executes

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 switch-case Structure, ctd.
city = input('Enter the name of a city in single quotes:‘)
switch (city)
case 'Boston'
disp('$345')
case 'Denver'
disp('$150')
case 'Honolulu'
disp('Stay home and study')
otherwise
disp('Not on file')
end

If, when you run this script, you reply 'Boston' at the prompt, MATLAB responds

city =
Boston
$345

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Fall Week #3