RESEARCH METHODOLOGY & IPR (PGE 2176)

UNIT II
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY & IPR (PGE 2176)
UNIT II
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY & IPR (PGE 2176)
UNIT II
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY & IPR (PGE 2176)
UNIT II
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY & IPR (PGE 2176)
UNIT II
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY & IPR (PGE 2176)
UNIT II
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY & IPR (PGE 2176)
UNIT II
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY & IPR (PGE 2176)
UNIT II
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY & IPR (PGE 2176)
UNIT II
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY & IPR (PGE 2176)
UNIT II
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY & IPR (PGE 2176)
UNIT II
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY & IPR (PGE 2176)
UNIT II
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY & IPR (PGE 2176)
UNIT II
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY & IPR (PGE 2176)
UNIT II
 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY & IPR (PGE 2176)
UNIT II

WHAT IS PLAGIARISM?
DEFINITION OF PLAGIARISM
Plagiarism is presenting someone else's work, including the work of other students, as one's
own. Any ideas or materials taken from another source for either written or oral use must be
fully acknowledged, unless the information is common knowledge. What is considered
"common knowledge" may differ from course to course.
TYPES OF PLAGIARISM
• Word for Word Plagiarism: Copying a source’s text exactly the way it is written.
• Paraphrasing: Condensing the work of another in your owns words without citing. • Copy &
Paste Plagiarism: Copying and pasting text from an electronic source and using it as your
own.
• Word Switch Plagiarism: Taking a sentence from a source and only switching around a few
words.
• Style Plagiarism: Replicating the style and format of a source’s writing.
• Metaphor Plagiarism: Using metaphors or analogies from a source as your own.
• Idea Plagiarism: Using the creative ideas of another as your own.
• Self-Plagiarism: Reusing portions of previous writings in subsequent papers, either as a re-
titled paper, or a compilation of bits and pieces of previous papers.
HOW TO AVOID PLAGIARISM
In order to avoid plagiarism, you must give credit when:
• You use another person's ideas, opinions, or theories.
• You use facts, statistics, graphics, drawings, music, etc., or any other type of information
that does not comprise common knowledge.
• You use quotations from another person's spoken or written word.
• You paraphrase another person's spoken or written word.
• You draw from your own previous writing.
BEST PRACTICES TO AVOID PLAGIARISM
Writing Paraphrases or Summaries
• Use a statement that credits the source somewhere in the paraphrase or summary • If you're
having trouble summarizing, try writing your paraphrase or summary of a text without
looking at the original
• Check your paraphrase or summary against the original text
 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY & IPR (PGE 2176)
UNIT II

• Check your paraphrase or summary against sentence and paragraph structure • Put quotation
marks around any unique words or phrases that you cannot or do not want to change
Writing Direct Quotations
• Keep the source’s name in the same sentence as the quote
• Mark the quote with quotation marks
• Quote no more material than is necessary
• To shorten quotes by removing extra information, use ellipsis to indicate omitted text, but
remember that: three ellipsis points indicates an in-sentence ellipsis, and four points for an
ellipsis between two sentences
• To add wording to a quote, place added words in brackets; be careful not to alter the original
meaning of the quote
• Use quotes that will have the most impact in your paper; too many direct quotes from
sources may look like you have nothing to say
Writing About Another's Ideas
• Note the name of the idea's originator in the sentence or throughout a paragraph about the
idea
• Use parenthetical citations, footnotes, or endnotes to refer readers to additional sources
about the idea
• Be sure to use quotation marks around phrases or words that the idea's originator used to
describe the idea
Revising, Proofreading, and Finalizing Your Paper
• Proofread - check your notes and sources to make sure that anything coming from an
outside source is acknowledged in the following ways:
o In-text citation
o Footnotes or endnotes (if required) o Bibliography, References, or Works Cited page
o Quotation marks around short quotes; longer quotes set off by themselves
• If you have any questions about citation, ask your instructor BEFORE your paper is due to
avoid having points deducted

THINGS TO AVOID WHEN WRITING

• Copying and pasting complete papers from electronic sources
 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY & IPR (PGE 2176)
UNIT II

• Copying and pasting passages from electronic sources without placing the passages in
quotes and properly citing the source
• Having others write complete papers or portions of papers for you
• Summarizing ideas without citing their source
• Pulling out quotes from sources without putting quotation marks around the passages
• Closely paraphrasing
• Quoting statistics without naming the source
• Using words and passages you don't understand and can't explain
• Self-plagiarizing
• Making up sources
• Making up citation information
• Using photographs, video, or audio without permission or acknowledgment
• Translating from one language to another without properly citing the original source
• Not citing lectures, video chats, personal interviews, and other non-traditional sources
Common types of Plagiarism
Here are a few forms of Plagiarism that you have to be aware of if you want to prevent it
from happening:
Deliberate Plagiarism
Deliberate Plagiarism, which is also known as direct Plagiarism, is the most dishonest form
of duplication that a person can make. Plagiarism occurs when a person intentionally copies
content/manuscript from another author and publishes it under their name. Here you should
know that deliberate Plagiarism is of two main types. The first type is complete Plagiarism, in
which every word of the content is copied and used in the new source. In contrast, the second
type, also known as incomplete Plagiarism, is when you would find both copied and unique
work.
Source-Based Plagiarism
Source-based Plagiarism is the type of Plagiarism in which a person uses content from a
certain source but cites it incorrectly or with secondary references. This is also known as
misleading citation and is also among the severe forms of Plagiarism. Misleading citations
and publications are simply illegal.
Mosaic Plagiarism
 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY & IPR (PGE 2176)
UNIT II

Plagiarism is also direct but is more cunning as most plagiarism checker tools cannot detect
it. This form of plagiarism content is stolen from multiple sources and is compiled as a single
unique post. Even though it can go undetected, it is still unethical and illegal.
Poor paraphrasing
Poorly paraphrasing content also constitutes Plagiarism. You should know that poorly
paraphrased content is when a person modifies the structure of sentences and passages but not
the words. People with poor experience in writing would often write this kind of content and
would always get caught.
Self-Plagiarism
Self-Plagiarism is the type of duplication in which a writer copies and uses his published
work intentionally or unintentionally. The work published by a writer is indeed their
intellectual property. Still, you must know that this work can only be reused or published by
properly citing the source. If not, then it is going only to cause the same effects as direct
Plagiarism.
Accidental Plagiarism
As the name tells us, Accidental Plagiarism is when a person unintentionally uses the content
of another writer. Well, don’t get surprised as this happens more than you can imagine. The
cases of accidental Plagiarism are increasing and getting more common these days. This is
just because of the availability of a huge amount of content on the same topics published on
the web. Two or more people working on the same niche would have the same idea, facts,
and figures to list in their work. Accidental plagiarism is reported as deliberate by modern
plagiarism checker utilities.
Paraphrasing Plagiarism
Paraphrasing plagiarism is also one of the common types of duplication that you must know
about. Plagiarism is getting common and more serious every turning day because people
think it is okay to rephrase ideas, phrases, sentences, passages, and even complete articles
without proper citations and attributions. Well, it’s not and if you are planning on
paraphrasing content, then know that you have to do it with proper citations.
So these were some of the common types of Plagiarism that every potential writer should be
aware of before getting into this business. Now that you know the types let us move to the
next section in which we have listed out some of the common consequences of Plagiarism!
Direct Plagiarism Examples
Example 1:

Student Writer A: Source:

Long ago, when there was no written "In ages which have no record these islands
history, these islands were the home of were the home of millions of happy birds, the
 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY & IPR (PGE 2176)
UNIT II

millions of happy birds; the resort of a resort of a hundred times more millions of
hundred times more millions of fishes, sea fishes, of sea lions, and other creatures whose
lions, and other creatures. Here lived names are not so common; the marine
innumerable creatures predestined from the residence, in fact, of innumerable creatures
creation of the world to lay up a store of predestined from the creation of the world to
wealth for the British farmer, and a store of lay up a store of wealth for the British farmer,
quite another sort for an immaculate and a store of quite another sort for an
Republican government. immaculate Republican government."

Writer A has included a word-for-word passage from his/her source without any indication
that it is a direct quotation.
Example 2:

Student Writer A: Source:

Long ago, when there was no written history, "In ages which have no record these islands
these islands were the home of millions of happy were the home of millions of happy birds,
birds; the resort of a hundred times more the resort of a hundred times more millions
millions of fishes, sea lions, and other creatures. of fishes, of sea lions, and other creatures
Here lived innumerable creatures predestined whose names are not so common; the
from the creation of the world to lay up a marine residence, in fact, of innumerable
store of wealth for the British farmer, and a creatures predestined from the creation of
store of quite another sort for an immaculate the world to lay up a store of wealth for the
Republican government. British farmer, and a store of quite another
sort for an immaculate Republican
government."

Writer A has included a verbatim passage from his/her source and has failed to indicate it's a
direct quotation.
Mosaic Plagiarism Examples
Example 1:

Student Writer B: Source:

Only two years later, all these friendly Sioux "In ages which have no record these islands
were suddenly plunged into new were the home of millions of "Contrast the
conditions, including starvation, martial law condition into which all these friendly Indians
on all their reservations, and constant urging are suddenly plunged now, with their condition
by their friends and relations to join in only two years previous: martial law now in
warfare against the treacherous government force on all their reservations; themselves in
that had kept faith with neither friend nor danger of starvation, and constantly exposed to
foe. the influence of emissaries from their friends
and relations, urging them to join in fighting
 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY & IPR (PGE 2176)
UNIT II

this treacherous government that had kept faith

with nobody--neither with friend nor with foe."

Writer B has borrowed with slight variations an uncited phrase from his/her source. As it's
written, the passage would not constitute a paraphrase (even if Writer B had acknowledged
his/her source) because it contains keywords from the original source that do not appear in
quotation marks.
Example 2:

Student Writer B: Source:

Only two years later, all these friendly Sioux "In ages which have no record these islands
were suddenly plunged into new conditions, were the home of millions of "Contrast the
including starvation, martial law on all their condition into which all these friendly Indians
reservations, and constant urging by their are suddenly plunged now, with their condition
friends and relations to join in warfare only two years previous: martial law now in
against the treacherous government that force on all their reservations; themselves in
had kept faith with neither friend nor foe. danger of starvation, and constantly exposed to
the influence of emissaries from their friends
and relations, urging them to join in fighting
this treacherous government that had kept faith
with nobody--neither with friend nor with foe."

Writer B has borrowed a phrase from Jackson without acknowledging the source or changes
to the original text, including substituting or inserting words without indicating he/she has
done so.