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Unit 1 RMIPR Notes

Intellectual property

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29 views22 pages

Unit 1 RMIPR Notes

Intellectual property

Uploaded by

venkateshkannarec
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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RESEARCH METHODOLOGY & IPR (PGE 2176)

UNIT I
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY & IPR (PGE 2176)
UNIT I
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY & IPR (PGE 2176)
UNIT I
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY & IPR (PGE 2176)
UNIT I
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY & IPR (PGE 2176)
UNIT I
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY & IPR (PGE 2176)
UNIT I
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY & IPR (PGE 2176)
UNIT I
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY & IPR (PGE 2176)
UNIT I
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY & IPR (PGE 2176)
UNIT I
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY & IPR (PGE 2176)
UNIT I
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY & IPR (PGE 2176)
UNIT I
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY & IPR (PGE 2176)
UNIT I
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY & IPR (PGE 2176)
UNIT I
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY & IPR (PGE 2176)
UNIT I
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY & IPR (PGE 2176)
UNIT I
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY & IPR (PGE 2176)
UNIT I
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY & IPR (PGE 2176)
UNIT I
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY & IPR (PGE 2176)
UNIT I

Data Analysis
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY & IPR (PGE 2176)
UNIT I

Data analysis helps to find out Relationship between data and to


identify patterns to draw conclusive statements.

Statistical analysis is the very effective way of data analysis. This


method is more quantitative, precise and reliable. Top statistical
analysis tools include :

 SPSS (IBM)

 R (R Foundation for Statistical Computing)

 MATLAB (The Mathworks)

 Microsoft Excel.

 SAS (Statistical Analysis Software)

Measures of Statistical analysis: Measurement of central


tendency (Mean Median Mode); Measurement of dispersion;
Correlational analysis & Determination of coefficient.

Measurement of central tendency

 Mean
 Median
 Mode

Mean:
 Mean is the average numerical value that measures the central or typical value of the set.
Mean is also called the average.
 Arithmetic mean for individual series is obtained by adding the data values (X1 +X2 +X3
…….+Xn) and dividing the total value (ƩX) by the number of values (n) (n=total number of
data). Thus,
 Arithmetic mean for individual series = ƩX /n
 Where,
 ƩX= sum of all the items = X1 +X2 +X3 …….+Xn
 n= number of items

 Discrete series contain values (X1X2 X3 …….Xn) and frequencies (f1, f2, f3-----). In this
case, each value is multiplied by the corresponding frequency. The products (fX) are added
up to get ƩfX. The value is divided by Ʃf.
 Arithmetic mean for discrete series = ƩfX /Ʃf. Continuous series contains ranges showing
the upper and lower value. The mid value of the range is taken as the X value. Later on, the
procedure is similar to that in discrete series.

Median:
Median is the middlemost item or central value of a given series when arranged in ascending
order or descending order. If n=odd, the middle most value is directly taken. If n=even,
average of the two values in the middle is taken as median.
Median for individual series = (n+1/2)th item. Where n= number of item.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY & IPR (PGE 2176)
UNIT I

Median for discrete series =(n+1/2)th item. Where n= cumulative frequency.

The item that correspond to the value obtained is considered as mean.


The cumulative frequency can be calculated as follows:
The frequency of the first class alone is retained as such.
The first frequency is added to the second and the sum is added to the third frequecny. The
new sum is added to the fourth frequency and so on. The final value is considered as
“cumulative frequency”.

Median for continuous series= L1 + (N/2 –m)/ f x C


Where
N/2 = cumulative frequency/2
m= cumulative frequency of the class precedng the median class
F= frequency of the median class
C= class interval
Mode:
Mode is the most frequently occurring numerical value in a data set.
In a data set where even a single value is not repeating, mode is
considered ‘ill-defined”. In such cases, mode is calculated by substituting
median and mean in the following formula :

There are many different types of tests in statistics the choice of which
depends on the structure of data, distribution of data, types and number
of variables etc. Following are the commonly used statistical tests:

 t-test
 Mhan Whitney U test
 Z-test
 chi-square test
 anova test
 binomial test
 one sample median test.
Tests such as t-test, Z-test and ANOVA are parameteric tests and they are
used if the data show a normal distribution.
Measure of dispersion
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY & IPR (PGE 2176)
UNIT I

The averages just represent the frequency distribution but do not


represent the scatterings or deviation of observations/data within the
distribution. Such deviation is called dispersion.
Dispersion is defined as ‘the degree of scattering’ or the ‘deviation’ of a
numerical data from the average value.
Dispersion can be measured as:
a. Range
b. Mean deviation
c. Standard deviation
Range
Range is the difference between the Largest value (L) and the smallest
value (S) (for individual observation and discrete series). Whereas for
continuous series of data,
L= Upper boundary of the highest class (or) Mid value of the highest class
S= Lower boundary of the lowest class (or) Mid value of the lowest class
Coefficient Range = L+S / L-S.
Mean Deviation (MD) or Average Deviation:
Mean deviation is defined as the “average deviation” from the mean
value of the given data set.
Difference between the every value to be analysed and the AM=IdI. All
differences are considered positive.
Mean deviation is the AM of the IdI.

Standard deviation (SD)


It is denoted as letter s or by greek letter sigma (σ).
A low standard deviation indicates that the values tend to be close to the
mean of the set, while a high standard deviation indicates that the values
are spread out over a wider range.

Correlational analysis

Correlational analysis is a measure of relation between two or more


variables. Correlational analysis is of three types:
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY & IPR (PGE 2176)
UNIT I

Positive correlational analysis focus on two variables oriented in the same


direction. For example, increase in variable 1 increases the variable 2.

Diagnostic analysis:
 diagnostic analysis can be carried out manually
 obtained using an algorithm, or using statistical software such as
Microsoft Excel.
 used to find/analyze the root cause of the
 observed trend/pattern the cause of the correlations between
variables.
Text analysis:
 also referred to as Data Mining
 done using databases, data mining tools or Business Intelligence
tools that are available in the market.
 used to analyse the data and transform the large set of raw data
into patterns and to interpret thereafter.
 mainly used to get business information

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