Ecology Part2 Final Sky

AP HISTORY
POLITY
ECONOMY
ENVIRONMENT
SCIENCE &TECHNOLOGY
ENVIRONMENT
ECOSYSTEM AND BIODIVERSITY
WASTE MANAGEMENT
POLLUTION CONTROL
ENVIRONMENT AND HEALTH:
ENVIRONMENTAL CHALLENGES
ECOLOGY AND ECOSYSTEM: BASIC CONCEPTS OF ECOLOGY
ECOSYSTEM COMPONENTS
ECOSYSTEM TYPES
BIODIVERSITY: MEANINGCOMPONENTS
BIODIVERSITY HOTSPOTS
LOSS OF BIODIVERSITY
CONSERVATION METHODS
RECENT PLANS, TARGETS, CONVENTIONS, AND PROTOCOLS
WILDLIFE CONSERVATION: CITES
ENDANGERED SPECIES WITH REFERENCE TO INDIA
BIOSPHERE RESERVES
INDIAN WILDLIFE CONSERVATION: EFFORTS,PROJECTS
ECOLOGY & ECOSYSTEM
INTRODUCTION ECOLOGICAL PYRAMIDS
WHAT IS THE ENVIRONMENT ? PYRAMID OF NUMBERS
LEVELS OF ECOLOGICAL ORGANIZATION PYRAMID OF BIOMASS
ECOLOGY, ECOSYSTEM AND PYRAMID OF ENERGY
ENVIRONMENT LIMITATIONS OF PYRAMIDS
ECOSYSTEM:CONCEPT, TYPES & ECOLOGICAL SUCCESSION
FUNCTIONS ORDERLY SEQUENCE OF PRIMARY SUCCESSION
COMPONENTS OF AN ECOSYSTEM PROCESS OF ECOLOGICAL SUCCESSION
ABIOTIC COMPONENTS (NONLIVING) DIFFERENT TYPES OF SUCCESSION
BIOTIC COMPONENTS BIOTIC INTERACTIONS
ECOTONE SOME CHARACTERISTICS OF INTERACTION
EDGE EFFECT BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES
FUNCTIONS OF AN ECOSYSTEM WATER CYCLE/HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE
INTRODUCTION CARBON CYCLE
ENERGY FLOW PHOSPHORUS CYCLE
FOOD CHAIN NITROGEN CYCLE
FOOD WEB
ECOSYSTEM
ABIOTIC BIOTIC
PRODUCERS CONSUMERS DECOMPOSERS
PRIMARY SECONDARY TERTIARY

Ecosystems are complex dynamic systems. They
perform certain functions.These are:
(i) Energy flow through food chain
(ii) Nutrient cycling (biogeochemical cycles)
(iii) Ecological succession or ecosystem development

It is a network of interconnected food chains in an ecosystem
This interconnection of food chains happens when one of the consumers
is a member of many
food chains at a time.
● Food webs provide more realistic models of
energy flow through an ecosystem.
● A food web has all possible transfers of
energy and nutrients among the organisms in
an ecosystem, whereas a food chain traces
only one pathway of the food.
● More complex the web, the more stable the
ecosystem is
Pyramid of numbers
● This pyramid represents the total number of individuals at each trophic
level in an ecosystem.
● Depending upon the size and biomass, the pyramid of numbers can be
either upright or inverted.
● Upright pyramids are generally seen in a grassland ecosystem where
grasses are in abundance
and top carnivores are the least in numbers.
●Inverted pyramid: In a forest, trees (producers) form the base and provide
food to herbivore
birds. Parasites and hyperparasites form the widertipof pyramid.
Pyramid of energy
● Energy pyramid is the most common parameter to compare the functional roles of the trophic
levels in an ecosystem.
● An energy pyramid reflects the conversion of
solar energy to chemical energy and heat energy
at each trophic level.
● As there is loss of energy at each trophic level,
the pyramid is always upward, with a large energy
base at the bottom.
● Energy pyramid concept helps in explaining the
phenomenon of biological magnification, the
tendency for toxic substances to increase in
concentration progressively at higher levels of the
food chain.
● The amount of energy decreases at each subsequent trophic level due to two reasons:
1.At each trophic a part of the available energy is lost in respiration or used up in metabolism.
2.A part of energy is lost at each transformation, i.e. when it moves from lower to higher trophic
level as heat.
Ecological Succession
● It is a process by which one community is
replaced by another community over a period
of time.
There are two types of successions such as;
1. Primary succession
2. Secondary succession
★ Primary succession:
● It takes place in a region where a community never existed previously
★ Secondary succession:
Sudarshan Gurjar’s Compiled Environment Handout → 89
● When an existing community is destroyed, another community forms at the same
place. Such a process through which a community develops after the destruction of
an existing community is called secondary succession.
Types of serre : Explanation
Hydrosere: Succession in aquatic habit (hydro wter)
Xerosere :Succession in dry habit (zero-dry day)
Lithosere :Succession on bare rock surface (litho-stone)
Psammosere :Succession initiating on sandy areas (sam-sand)
Helosere :Succession starting in saline soil or water (Halo-haline-salt)
Senile :Succession on microorganism on dead matter (sen-sanipoyi)
Eosere :Development of vegetation in an era(eo-eco-veg)
Different types of Succession ● Autogenic and Allogenic:
➔ When succession is caused by living inhabitants of that community itself, the
process is called autogenic succession, while change is brought about by external
forces known as allogenic succession. An allogenic succession can be brought
about in a number of ways which can include: Volcanic eruptions; Meteor or comet
strike; Flooding; drought.
●Xerarch and Hydrarch
➔ Succession that occurs on land where moisture content is low for example on
bare is known as Xerarch.
➔ Succession that takes place in a water body, like ponds or lakes is called
Hydrarch. ● Autotrophic and Heterotrophic
➔ Succession in which the green plants (initially) are much greater in quantity is
known as autotrophic succession and the ones in which the heterotrophs are
greater in quantity are known as heterotrophic succession.
Nutrient Cycles
Nutrients are absorbed from the soil by green plants which are passed onto
primary consumers and thereafter to secondary and tertiary consumers.
● Nutrient cycle can be of two types
1. Gaseous - atmosphere or the hydrosphere is the main reservoir
2. Sedimentary - earth's crust is the main reservoir
Carbon cycle
Sun>radiation>Co2>Trees>photosynthesis>Glucose>eat by humans/herbivores,
heterotrophs >trees burn>wood>fire>release Co2.
Phosphorus cycle
In Phosporius, it mostly same as Carbon but reservior(birth of gas) is different, for
carbon it is atmosphere/sun, but Phosporous reservior is from rocks/karst
topography.
Rocks(phosphate)>rainwater/flow>phosphate to sea/river>conversion to
phosphorous>reserved stock in seaa>by tree/by volconos/plate
techtonics>phosphorous out>plants eat by animals/human>deadbody
decompose>phosphorous generates>CYCLE.
Nitrogen cycle
Unlike Carbon, Phosphorous, Nitrogen undergoes many steps in its life cycle and
includes many microorganisms.
Our atmosphere contains nearly 78% of nitrogen but it cannot be used directly
The atmospheric nitrogen needs to be fixed i.e converted to ammonia, nitrites
and nitrates so that it is taken by various organisms
Like carbon dioxide, nitrogen also cycles from gaseous phase to solid phase then
back to gaseous phase through the activity of a wide variety of organisms
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AP HISTORY

PRODUCERS CONSUMERS DECOMPOSERS

PRIMARY SECONDARY TERTIARY

(i) Energy flow through food chain

(ii) Nutrient cycling (biogeochemical cycles)

(iii) Ecological succession or ecosystem development

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