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STA 100 Midterm 2

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21 views8 pages

STA 100 Midterm 2

Uploaded by

mariaconsepcion.lepe
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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STA 100 Midterm 2 Consolidated Notes

Lecture 6

Discrete Random Variables


● If you are given a probability distribution table you need to solve for the
sample mean, variance, and standard deviation using the following
equations:

Linear Combination of Random Variable


For any Random Variable with X with mean µ𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑑𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
σ𝑋 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛, 𝑖𝑓 𝑌 = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑥 (𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠) 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛:
2
● µ𝑌 is the sample mean and that σ𝑌 is the sample variance.
2
● Standard deviation is σ𝑌
STA 100 Midterm 2 Consolidated Notes

Binomial Random Variables


● Binomial R.V are discrete with natural gaps
● The probability distribution for Binomial R.V. = probability mass function
● N = numbers of trails is fixed
● P = number of successes is fixed

Properties of Binomial Random Variables

1. An experiment is conducted with exactly only two possible outcomes. A


“success” and a “failure”
2. The outcomes of all trials are independent
3. The probability of success for one trial is denoted a p and p does not change
4. The variable of interest is Y= number of successes

Binomial Random Variable


µ𝑌 is the binomial mean = average/expected number of success

2
σ𝑌 is the binomial variance = variance of the number of success in a trial
STA 100 Midterm 2 Consolidated Notes

● Identify that the question is a binomial experiment based on the properties of


binomial random variables: is there only two outcomes, are a number of
trials/population size provided, is the probability for success given, and will
these trials be independent.
● Identify the number of trials = n
● Identify the probability of successes = p
● Identity the number that Y takes on (it can take on 0,1,2,3,4,....n)
● 𝑌 ∼ 𝐵𝑖𝑛 (𝑛, 𝑝)

Conditional Probability with Binomial R.V.


● Apply the same conditional probability formula
● Draw a number line such that you can identify where the intersection occurs

𝑃𝑟 ( 𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵)
𝑃𝑟 (𝐴|𝐵) = 𝑃𝑟 (𝐵)

Lecture 7
Normal Random Variables
Facts about Normal Random Variables
● The median equals the mean
● 𝑃𝑟 ( 𝑥 > 𝑢 + 𝑎) = 𝑃𝑟 (𝑌 < 𝑢 − 𝑎)
● If Y is distributed normal with the mean µ𝑌, the standard deviation σ𝑌, we
denote this as 𝑌 ∼ 𝑁 ( µ𝑌, σ𝑌)
STA 100 Midterm 2 Consolidated Notes

Standard Normal Random Variable


● To standardize any random variableY with mean µ𝑌, the standard deviation
σ𝑌 we must subtract the mean and divide by the standard deviation
● If 𝑌 ∼ 𝑁 ( µ𝑌, σ𝑌) , we can standard data via this transformation
𝑌− µ𝑌
𝑍 = σ𝑌

Z Score Table
● Columns = second decimal place
● Rows = first decimal place
● Middle = probabilities
● The Z table provided only gives the probabilities to the left side of the Z.

Z score
If the Z is less than you can compute the probability directly from Z table:
𝑃𝑟 (𝑍 < 1) = 0. 8413
STA 100 Midterm 2 Consolidated Notes

The 𝑃𝑟( 𝑍 <− 2. 65) = 0.0040

If the Z is greater than, you cannot compute the probability directly from Z table,
you must take the compliment:

If Z if it is between A and B:

To solve for the Percentile for Y, first find the percentile for Z, then solve for Y:

𝑡ℎ 𝐾
● The 𝐾 Percentile of a Z score is determined by looking up 100
or the
closest value to it in the middle of the Z table, and by seeing what Z score
that is by looking at which row and column it is in.
𝑡ℎ
● The value that is closest to it will become 𝐾
● Use equation provided to solve for the percentile

Find the 90th percentile of an exam score (µ𝑌 = 60 𝑎𝑛𝑑 σ𝑌 = 10)


● 90/ 100 = 0.90
STA 100 Midterm 2 Consolidated Notes

● Find the closest value to 0.90 in the middle of the Z score


● The closest value to 0.90 on the Z score is 0.8997 , which is found in row 1.2
and column 0.08
70
● 𝑍 = 1. 28
(90)
● 𝑌 = 60 + (1. 28)(10) = 72.8

Using the Z-table for Standard Normal R.V. 𝑌 ∼ 𝑁 ( µ𝑌, σ𝑌)


● When you have 𝑌 ∼ 𝑁 ( µ𝑌, σ𝑌) you need to standardize Y into Z ∼ N
(0,1) by subtracting the mean and dividing by the standard deviation

𝑎 −µ𝑌
I. 𝑃𝑟 ( 𝑌 < 𝑎 ) = 𝑃𝑟 ( 𝑍 < σ𝑌
)
𝑎 −µ𝑌
II. Pr ( Y > a) = 1 - Pr ( Z < σ𝑌
)
𝑏 −µ𝑌 𝑎 −µ𝑌
III. Pr ( a < Y < b ) = Pr ( Z < σ𝑌
) − 𝑃𝑟 ( 𝑍 < σ𝑌
)
IV. To solve for the Percentile for Y, first find the percentile for Z, then solve for
(𝐾) (𝐾)
Y using: 𝑌 = µ𝑌 + 𝑍 σ𝑌

Lecture 8
STA 100 Midterm 2 Consolidated Notes

Distribution of Sample Mean (𝑌)

Facts about the sample mean (𝑌)


𝑌 has the same mean as Y
● µ𝑦 = µ𝑌 = np

The standard deviation of 𝑌 is lower than the standard deviation of Y


σ𝑌
● σ𝑌 =
𝑛
The spread of the sample mean is smaller than the spread of the data
● Probability that a single student will pass STA 100 is more likely than the
probability that all students will pass STA 100 thus the sample mean has a
smaller spread

𝑌 and Normal Distribution


If Y is normal than 𝑌 is also normal
σ𝑌
● 𝑌 ∼ 𝑁 (µ𝑦 = σ𝑌) = 𝑌 ∼ 𝑁 (µ𝑦, ) where n = sample size
𝑛

Central Limit Theorem


If we collect data from a non-normal distribution or unknown distribution than we
require a larger sample size where 𝑁 ≥ 30 (the sample size must be equal to or
greater than 30)
σ𝑌
● If 𝑁 ≥ 30 than 𝑌 ∼ 𝑁 (µ𝑦, )
𝑛

How to check if data is normal

1. The Empirical Rule: data that is approximately normal follows the 68%,
95%, and 99.7% rule
● 68% of data should lie between one standard deviation of the mean
● 95% of data should lie between two standard deviations of the mean
STA 100 Midterm 2 Consolidated Notes

● 99.7% of data should lie between three standard deviations of the mean.

2. QQ plot: data that is approximately normal will have its percentiles closely
match up with the percentiles of the normal
● If data is normal it will be a straight diagonal line where y=x

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