Unit-VI

Communication Systems
 Unit-VI Communication Systems
CONTENTS
Basic Communication System:
• Block Diagram of Basic Communication System
• Modes of Transmission
• Communication Media: Wired and Wireless
• Electromagnetic Spectrum, Allotment of frequency band for different
applications
• Block Diagram of AM and FM Transmitter and receiver,
Mobile Communication System:
• Cellular concept
• Simple block diagram of GSM system.
 Prerequisites
• Terminologies in Communication Systems

• Introduction to modulation

• Need of modulation

• Types of Modulation

• Brief introduction of AM and FM transmission

 Objectives of Communication
• Information Exchange(basic need)
• Error Free Communication(Immune to Noise)
• Secure Communication
• Instant Communication
• Seamless Communication
• Wider Channel Bandwidth
• Smaller Signal Bandwidth
Block diagram of Basic Communication
System
1.Information source :-
• The objective of any communication system is to convey information
from one point to the other. The information comes from the
information source, which originates it.
• It produces the required message that is to be transmitted such as
sound, picture, speech etc.
2.Transmitter
• The objective of the transmitter block is to collect the incoming
message signal so as to make it suitable for transmission and
subsequent reception.
• In transmitter the information modulates the carrier.
• The modulation can be amplitude, frequency or phase depending upon
the requirements.
3.Channel
•Channel is the physical medium which connects the transmitter with that of the
receiver.
•It can be wired or wireless.
•It includes copper wire, coaxial cable, fibre optic cable, radio waves, microwaves
etc.
•Noise enters in any communication system through channel.
•Noise is an unwanted signal, random in nature.
It can not be removed but eliminated to some extent.

4.Receiver
•The receiver block receives the incoming modified message signal from the
channel and processes it to recreate the original (non-electrical) form of the
message signal.
•There are a great variety of receivers in communication systems.
•Its most important function is demodulation.
•The output of receiver may be fed to a loudspeaker, television picture tube,
computer etc
5.Destination

• The destination is the final block in the communication system which

receives the message signal and processes it to determine the information
present in it.
• Usually, humans will be the destination block.
Types of communication System

A. On the basis of modes of transmission

B. On the basis of nature of signal
C. On the basis of transmission technique
Modes of Transmission
Definition
• Transmission modes defines the direction of flow of information between
two connected devices.
• Thus it tells the direction of signal flow between two devices.
• There are 3 modes of transmission:
• Simplex, Half duplex and Duplex
Simplex: If the system is capable of sending information in one direction
only, it is called a simplex system ex. Public address system, broadcast and
TV.
The advantage of simplex mode of transmission is, since the data can be
transmitted only in one direction, the entire band width can be used.
Modes of Transmission

Half duplex: in this system information can go in either direction but in one
direction at a time.
First the sending end transmits to the receiver, and then they reverse roles
ex: A walkie talkie.
Duplex: Its a two-way communication, where both sender and receiver can
trasmit and receive at the same time.
It consists of two simplex channels, a forward channel and a backward
(reverse) channel, linking at the same points.
The bandwidth required here is twice as much bandwidth as a Half duplex
system ex: Telephone system and many computers.
However it is much convenient to use.
Modes of Transmission
On the basis of nature of signal
• Analog communication : signals are in analog form.
• Digital communication : signals are first converted into digital
form & then transmitted.

On the basis of transmission technique

• Base band transmission : information converted into equivalent
electrical signal is called baseband signal. These signals are
directly transmitted using wired media is called base band
transmission.
• Radio frequency transmission : By using modulation technique
the lower band message signals are shifted to higher band
frequency and then these high frequency signals are
Classes of transmission media
Communication Media:
Wired:
1) Twisted wire pair:
• The two wires are typically ``twisted'' together in a helix to
reduce interference between the two conductors
• Twisting decreases the crosstalk interference between adjacent
pairs in a cable.
• Typically, a number of pairs are bundled together into a cable by
wrapping them in a tough protective sheath.
• Can carry both analog and digital signals. Actually, they carry
only analog signals. However, the ``analog'' signals can very
closely correspond to the square waves representing bits, so we
often think of them as carrying digital data.
• Data rates of several Mbps common.
• Spans distances of several kilometers.
• Data rate determined by wire thickness and length. In addition,
shielding to eliminate interference from other wires impacts
signal-to-noise ratio, and ultimately, the data rate.
• Good, low-cost communication. Indeed, many sites already
have twisted pair installed in offices -- existing phone lines.
UTP and STP cables
 UTP
Unshielded twisted cable
 Cable which is not shielded.
 Used as indoor cables because they do not use any metal enclosed
cover
 They are always away from EMI generating devices, such as electric
motor and choke
STP
 Shielded twisted cable
 Used as outdoor cabling.
 They are protected by a foil jacket that protects them from lightning
and EMI radiation
Benefits of Twisted Pair
• Maintenance is easy
• Installation is easy
• Cost is low

Limitations of Twisted Pair

 Can introduce signaling delays in video applications where
information is sent to multiple signal wire.
 The delays can cause color defects and ghosting in the picture
2. Coaxial Cables
The inner and outer cables lie on the same geometrical axis,
these cables are called coaxial.
The inner wire is called as core and external wire is called
conducting shield.
As coaxial cables are completely shielded, there is an
advantage that no external noise attenuates the signal.
These cables are used for the transmission of HF radio signals.
Coaxial cabling is the primary type of cabling used by the cable
television industry and is also widely used for computer
networks, such as Ethernet.
Although more expensive than standard telephone wire, it is
much less susceptible to interference and can carry much
more data.
High bandwidth but lossy channel.
Types of Coaxial cables

• The Coaxial cables are defined according to the radio guide (RG)
standards.
• RG is the military designation for the coaxial cable.
• There are different types of coaxial cables which are classified
on the basis of their RG standards
Advantages of Coaxial Cable
• They provide grater channel capacity
• They reduce noise and crosstalk, which implies that amplifiers
used for regenerating the signals can be spaced farther apart
than twisted pair
• The data transmission characteristics of coaxial cable are
better than twisted-pair cable.
• It can be used for broadband transmission
• They provide better bandwidth
• The coaxial cables experiences very low error due to noise.
Disadvantages of coaxial cables

Expensive compared to twisted pair cables.

The coaxial cables are not compatible with twisted pair cables.
Faulty cable connection can lead to crosstalk ND NOISE
The installation cost are high
Coaxial cables connectors that are installed incorrectly can
cause a short in the cables and cause other signaling problems.
The availability of coaxial cables is in various types : therefore,
selecting an inappropriate type results in signal compatibility
and communication system problems.
3. Optical Fiber
Optical fibers use light to send information through the
optical medium.
It uses the principal of total internal reflection.
Modulated light transmissions are used to transmit the
signal.
Properties of optical fiber cable

• The optical fiber operates at high speed

• It has large bandwidth carrying capacity
• It possesses resistance against any disturbance such as
electromagnetic induction and crosstalk
• It requires low maintenance as compared to other cables.
Construction details of Optical Fiber

Main
components:
Core
Cladding
Jacket
 Construction details of Optical Fiber
Main components:
• Core : Innermost structure constructed from silica glass. The
core provides passage to the light for propagation. The
dimension of core varies from 8 µm to 100 µm.
• Cladding : Core is surrounded by cladding whose refractive
index is less than that of the core. Cladding varies from 100
µm to 140 µm
• Jacket : The cladding is further surrounded by jacket. Which
provides insulation and mechanical strength to the fiber and
avoids external noise. The dimension of jacket is 250 µm
Total Internal Reflection
 Electromagnetic(IEEE) Spectrum
Electromagnetic Spectrum: It is a signal made up of oscillating electric and magnetic fields.
•The entire range of frequencies that the EM wave can produce oscillations is termed as
Electromagnetic Spectrum.
•For the classification purpose, the EM spectrum is divided into small segments and each
segment is given a nomenclature.
• Each range is identified by end frequencies or wavelengths that differ by a factor of 10.
Electromagnetic(IEEE) Spectrum
 Terminologies in Communication Systems
• Time: Time (t) is a fundamental quantity with reference to which all
communications happen. It is typically measured in seconds (sec).
• Frequency: Frequency is another fundamental quantity with reference to which all
signals in a communication system are more commonly distinguished. Frequency is
defined as the number of oscillations per second and is measured in hertz.
• Wavelength: Wavelength is defined as the distance travelled by an EM wave during
the time of one cycle.
• Spectrum: The frequency domain representation of the given signal.
• Bandwidth: It is that portion of the EM spectrum occupied by a signal. More
specifically it is the range of frequencies over which the information is present in
the original signal and hence it may also be termed as signal bandwidth.
• Channel Bandwidth :The range of frequencies required for the transmission of
modulated signal.
• Modulation: Modulation is a process in which any of the characteristics of carrier
signal such as amplitude, frequency or phase is varied according to the
instantaneous value of modulating signal.
• Baseband Signal: Message signal in its original frequency range.
 Modulation
Modulation
Process of Superimposing message signal n the high frequency carrier wave.
On Modulation non transmittable(baseband or message) signal is converted
into transmittable(Passband or carrier) signal.

Need of modulation
1)To reduce the height of antenna
2)Avoids mixing of signal
3)Allows multiplexing of signal
4)Allows long distance communication
5)Improves quality of reception
 Types of Modulation
Amplitude modulation: If amplitude of carrier signal is varied according to
instantaneous amplitude of modulating signal ,the process is called as
amplitude modulation.
Frequency modulation: If frequency of carrier signal is varied according to
instantaneous amplitude of modulating signal ,the process is called as
frequency modulation.
Phase modulation: If phase of carrier signal is varied according to
instantaneous amplitude of modulating signal ,the process is called as
phase modulation.
Amplitude Modulation
Frequency Modulation
Comparison of AM and FM
 AM Transmitter

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 AM Transmitter
• The audio signal is processed, or filtered, so as to occupy the correct bandwidth
(generally IO kHz)
• The two types of AM transmitters that are used based on their transmitting powers are
High Level Low Level
• The basic difference between the two transmitters is the power amplification of the
carrier and modulating signals.
• In high-level transmission, the powers of the carrier and modulating signals are
amplified before applying them to the modulator stage
• In low-level modulation, the powers of the two input signals of the modulator stage are
not amplified. The required transmitting power is obtained from the last stage of the
transmitter, the class C power amplifier.
• The RF oscillator generates the carrier signal.
• Both the modulating and the carrier signal is sent to AM modulator.
• Power amplifier is used to increase the power levels of AM wave. This wave is finally
passed to the antenna to be transmitted.
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 AM Receiver

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 AM Receiver
• The RF filter selects the desired station and rejects unwanted signals. This is called TUNING.
• The selected frequency is applied to the mixer.
• The output of a localoscillator is also applied to the mixer.
• The mixer and oscillator form a FREQUENCY CHANGER circuit.
• The output from the mixer is the intermediate frequency (I.F.) The I.F.. is a fixed frequency of
about 455 kHz.
• The I.F. signal is fed into the I.F.. amplifier. The advantage of the I.F. amplifier is that its frequency
and bandwidth are fixed, no matter what the frequency of the incoming signal is. This makes the
design and operation of the amplifier much simpler.
• The amplified I.F. signal is fed to the demodulator. This circuit recovers the audio signal and
discards the R.F. carrier. It usually incorporates a diode in the circuit.
• Some of the audio is fed back to the I.F. amplifier as an AUTOMATIC GAIN CONTROL voltage.
• This ensures that when tuning from a weak station to a strong one, the loudness from the
loudspeaker stays the same.
• The audio signal voltage is increased in amplitude by a voltage amplifier.
• The power level is increased sufficiently to drive the loudspeaker by the power amplifier.

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 FM Transmitter

NBFM WBFM

Message Integrator Phase Frequency Power

Signal Modulator Multiplier and Amplifier
converter

Crystal
Oscillator

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FM Transmitter
• The crystal oscillator generates the stable carrier signal.
• The modulating(AF) signal and the carrier signal are applied to the phase
modulator operating in the low power level to generate a narrowband FM wave.
• The narrowband FM wave is then passed through several stages of frequency
multipliers to increase the frequency deviation and also carrier signal
frequency to the required level
• The several stages of frequency multiplication are used for achieving the
required level of multiplication factors needed for deviation and carrier signal
frequency.
• The output of the frequency multipliers stage will be a wideband FM.
• The WBFM is then passed through one or more stages of power amplifiers to
add required power levels.
• The WBFM with high power is then finally transmitted via the antenna towards
the receiver.
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 FM receiver

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FM receiver
• RF amplifier amplify the received signal and the it is applied to mixer.
• Mixer has two inputs one from RF amplifier and second from oscillator. Two input
frequencies of mixer generates an IF signal of 10.7 MHz
• This signal is amplified by IF amplifier. The output of the IF amplifier is applied to the
limiter circuit.
• The function of limiter is to remove noise in received signal and it gives constant
amplitude signal.
• Output of limiter is applied to discriminator which recovers the modulating signal. This
recovered signal is applied to de-emphasizer.
• De-emphasizing unit attenuates higher frequencies to bring them back to original
amplitudes as they are boosted before transmission.
• The output of the de-emphasizer is the required audio signal and this signal is applied
to audio stages and then given finally to speaker.

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 Mobile communication system: Cellular concept
Why use of cellular network
•The immense potential of conventional telephone cannot be exploited to its maximum due to
the limitation imposed by the connecting wires. But this restriction has been removed with the
advent of the cellular radio.
•If we use dedicated RF loop for every subscriber, we need larger bandwidth to serve even a
limited number of subscriber in a single city.
•To overcome this B/W problem, subscribers have to share the RF channels on need basis,
instead of dedicated RF loops. This can be achieved by using multiple access methods FDMA,
TDMA, or CDMA. Even then the number of RF channels required to serve the subscribers, works
out to be impracticable.
•With limited frequency resource, cellular principle can serve thousands of subscribers at an
affordable cost. In a cellular network, total area is subdivided into smaller areas called “cells”.
Each cell can cover a limited number of mobile subscribers within its boundaries. Each cell can
have a base station with a number of RF channels.

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Contd.
Frequencies used in a given cell area will be
simultaneously reused at a different cell which is
geographically separated.
For example,
a typical seven-cell pattern can be considered.
•Total available frequency resources are divided
•into seven parts, each part consisting of a number of
radio channels and allocated to a cell site
• In a group of 7 cells, available frequency spectrum is consumed totally. The same seven sets of
frequency can be used after certain distance.
• The group of cells where the available frequency spectrum is totally consumed is called a
cluster of cells.
• Two cells having the same number in the adjacent cluster, use the same set of RF channels and
hence are termed as “Co-channel cells”. The distance between the cells using the same
frequency should be sufficient to keep the co-channel (co-ch) interference to an acceptable level.
Hence, the cellular systems are limited by Co-channel interference.
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Contd.
Shape of Cells
•For analytical purposes a “Hexagon” cell is preferred to other shapes on due to the following
reasons.
•A hexagon layout requires fewer cells to cover a given area. Hence, it envisages fewer base
stations and minimum capital investment.
•Other geometrical shapes cannot effectively do this. For example, if circular shaped cells are
there, then there will be overlapping of cells.
•Also for a given area, among square, triangle and hexagon, radius of a hexagon will be the
maximum which is needed for weaker mobiles.

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 GSM: Global System for Mobile Communication
• Global System for Mobile (GSM) is a second generation cellular standard developed to cater
voice services and data delivery using digital modulation .

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Contd.
• The GSM network architecture consists of three major subsystems:
i) Mobile Station (MS)
ii) Base Station Subsystem (BSS)
iii) Network and Switching Subsystem (NSS)
• The wireless link interface between the MS and the Base Transceiver Station (BTS), which is a
part of BSS. Many BTSs are controlled by a Base Station Controller (BSC). BSC is connected to
the Mobile Switching Center (MSC), which is a part of NSS. Figure shows the key functional
elements in the GSM network architecture.
• 1. Mobile Station (MS):
A mobile station communicates across the air interface with a base station transceiver in the
same cell in which the mobile subscriber unit is located. The MS communicates the
information with the user and modifies it to the transmission protocols if the air-interface to
communicate with the BSS. The user’s voice information is interfaced with the MS through a
microphone and speaker for the speech, keypad, and display for short messaging, and the cable
connection for other data terminals. The MS has two elements. The Mobile Equipment (ME)
refers to the physical device, which comprises of transceiver, digital signal processors, and the
antenna. The second element of the MS is the GSM is the Subscriber Identity Module (SIM).
The SIM card is unique to the GSM system. It has a memory of 32 KB.
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Contd.
2. Base Station Subsystem (BSS):
A base station subsystem consists of a base station controller and one or more base transceiver
station. Each Base Transceiver Station defines a single cell. A cell can have a radius of between 100m
to 35km, depending on the environment. A Base Station Controller may be connected with a BTS. It
may control multiple BTS units and hence multiple cells. There are two main architectural elements in
the BSS – the Base Transceiver Subsystem (BTS) and the Base Station Controller (BSC). The interface
that connects a BTS to a BSC is called the A-bis interface. The interface between the BSC and the MSC
is called the A interface, which is standardised within GSM.
3. Network and switching subsystem (NSS)
The NSS is responsible for the network operation. It provides the link between the cellular network and
the Public switched telecommunicates Networks.

Note: Write Each Block Explanation at least 3 sentences.

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 List of Text Books & Reference books
Text Books
1) “Electronics Devices” by Thomas. L. Floyd,9th Edition, Pearson (Unit I, II)
2) “Modern Digital Electronics” by R.P. Jain, 4th Edition, Tata McGraw Hill (Unit III)
3) “Electronic Instrumentation” by H.S. Kalsi, 3rd Edition, Tata McGraw Hill (Unit IV)
4) “Sensors and Transducers” by D. Patrnabis, 2nd Edition, PHI (Unit V)
5) “Electronic Communication Systems” by Kennedy & Davis, 4th Edition, Tata McGraw Hill (Unit VI)
6) “Mobile Wireless communication” by M. Schwartz, Cambridge University Press (Unit VI)
Reference Books
1) “Digital Fundamentals” by Thomas. L. Floyd, 11th Edition, Pearson
2) “Mobile Communication” by J. Schiller, 2nd Edition, Pearson
3) “Sensors Handbook”, by S. Soloman, 2nd Edition.
4) "Electronics Communication System" By William Schweber
5) "Electronics Communication System" By George Kennedy 5th Edition, McGraw Hill
THANK YOU