Chemical Process

Instrumentation

LECTURE 10-11

Piping and Instrumentation Diagram

(P&ID): Identification of Instruments and
Control Loop in P&ID

Lecture by:
Nikita Dewangan
Department of Chemical Engineering
IIT Kharagpur
Objective :
➢ How to read a piping and instrument diagram drawn
➢ Familiarize with the symbols of valve, controllers, pumps, and instruments
➢ What are the different types of valves and its application
➢ What are the different types of controllers used
➢ How to design control schemes for common unit operations and whole
processes

Piping and instrumentation diagram (P&ID) is what might be considered the bible of a chemical
process plant (CPI).

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P&ID Development

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Outline of P&ID Sheet
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Example of P&ID Sheet

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 What Should a P&ID Address?
➢ A P&ID should account for the full functionality of the plant in all stages of the
plant life cycle, which can be outlined in four different phases: normal,
nonroutine, inspection/maintenance, and the running without the item under
maintenance.
➢ For each process of the plant life phase, the three main elements of
process plants – equipment, control system, and utility system – need
to be designed properly

Normal operation: In this phase all plant elements operate effectively and
reliably. It means the functionality of equipment, containers, and piping
are in their operating windows.

Nonroutine operations can be defined as any of the following

situations but are not limited to them.
➢ Reduced capacity operation
5 most important process parameters
➢ Reduced efficiency operation
➢ Start‐up operation
➢ Shutdown operation
✓ Planned shutdown
✓ Emergency shutdown
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 Basics Symbols Used in P&ID: Valves

https://as-schneider.blog/2022/08/10/types-of-valves-used-in-piping-and-how-to-classify-them/ 7
 Basics Symbols Used in P&ID: Valves
Ball Butterfly

Check

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 Basics Symbols Used in P&ID: Valve
Gate Globe

• Commonly used in industrial piping for stop or • The flow path through globe valves follows a
isolating – to turn on and shut off the flow as changing course, thereby causing increased
opposed to regulating flow. resistance to flow and considerable pressure drop.
• Gate valves are named from the gate-like disc
which operates at a right angle to the path of the • Because of the seating arrangements, globe valves
flow. are the most suitable for throttling flow, however
• Gate valves are general service valves that can avoid extremely close throttling when the repeatable
be made in a broad spectrum of sizes using a pressure drop exceeds 20%.
variety of different materials.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C5ZMLWujKGs&t=1 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GSEIpwf5FBI&ab_channel
08s&ab_channel=saVRee =saVRee 9
Valve Symbols for Operation
Important Note:
• If flow control is required, the
valve should be capable of giving
smooth control over the full range
of flow, from fully open to closed.

• Globe valves are normally used,

though diaphragm valves are also
common.

• Butterfly valves are often used for

the control of gas and vapor flows.

• Automatic control valves are

usually globe valves with special
trim designs.

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 Three way valves
P&ID symbol for three‐way and four‐way valves. Different types of three‐way valves.

Application of three‐way throttling valve for heat

exchanger control.

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Characteristics of Valve by Type

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 Function of each valve
Valve type Isolation Regulation

No
Gate valve Yes

Yes
Globe valve No

No
Ball valve Yes

No
Check valve / NRV Yes

No
Plug valve Yes

Butterfly valve Yes Yes

Needle valve No Yes

Pinch valve Yes Yes

Diaphragm valve Yes Yes 13

 How to Choose a Valve Type: Key Selection Considerations

Valve spectrum regarding their functionality Rule of thumb for valve selection based on environment

Rule of thumb for valve selection based on functionality and size.

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 Actuators
An actuator is a device that converts a control signal (usually electrical, hydraulic, or pneumatic) into
mechanical motion. Actuators are used to move or control a system or mechanism, and they play a
crucial role in automation and robotics.

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Actuators

• Most control valves (final control

elements) are actuated by pneumatic
signals using instrument air. Pneumatic
actuators are preferred in situations in
which electronic . The P and I diagram
controllers might cause a process hazard
or electric power is not available or
reliable.

• Pneumatic controllers are also found in

many older plants where replacement
with electronic controllers has not yet
occurred. Motor actuators are used for
larger valves, while digital and solenoid
actuators are used for valves that are
switched from open to closed.

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Instrument Lines

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 Failure Mode
The direction of the arrow shows the position of the valve on failure of the power supply.

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Other Common Symbols

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Other Common Symbols

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Other Common Symbols of vessels

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Other Common Symbols of Heat Equipments

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Other Common Symbols of Pumps

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Letter Code for Instrument Symbols

Notes:
1. The letters C, D, G, M, N, and O
are not defined and can be used for
any userspecified
property.
2. The letter S as second or
subsequent letter indicates a switch.
3. The letter Y as second or
subsequent letter indicates a relay
or a compute
function.
4. The letter Z is used for the final
control element when this is not a
valve.

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P&ID for a flow control loop

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Identify the components of Pressure Control Loop

A typical control loop.

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Solution

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Identify the components of Level Control Loop

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Solution

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Letter Code for Instrument Symbols: Example

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Letter Code for Instrument Symbols: Example

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Identify all control loops

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A typical stirred tank reactor control scheme

Identify
control loop

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Identify the types of valve

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Identify the types of valve

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 Identify the type of valve

(f)

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 Identify the type of valve: Solution

(a) Gate valve (slide valve)

(b) Plug valve

(c) Ball valve

(d) Globe valve

(e) Diaphragm valve

(f) Nonreturn valve, check valve, hinged disc type

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