Worked solutions

13 Modelling change: more calculus

Skills Check 6 y sin

= = 3
x sin x 3 ( ) 1

2 3
1 a − b -1 c −
2 2 dy  1 − 23  1 − 23
= = x  cos 3 x x cos 3 x
dx  3  3
3 1
d e 0 f −
2 2 π
7 y cos
= = cos π x −1
x
( )
2 a 2 2
cos 2 x − sin 2 x =cos u − sin u 2 2

dy π π
= cos
= 2u cos 4 x
dx
= (
−π x −2 ) ( − sin (π x )) =
x
sin
x
−1
2

b 6 sin x cos =
3 × 2 sin x cos x =
3 sin2 x
1 cos x
g (x)
8 = =
c e x sin2 x + e x cos2 x =
e x (1) =
ex tan x sin x

( sin x ) ( − sin x ) − cos x ( cos x )

( )  
1
d d
3 a
dx
3
4 x 3 + 7=
x
dx
( 3
 4 x + 7 x ) 3
 g '(x) =
sin2 x
  2 2
sin x + cos x 1
2 =
− =
− −cosec2 x
=
1 12 x 2 + 7 2
sin x sin2 x
( )( )
−
= 12 x 2 + 7 4 x 3 + 7 x 3
= 2
3
( )
−
3 4x 3 + 7x 3
9 f (x) = 1 ⇒ f '(x) =
sin2 x + cos2 x = 0

d
b
dx
(
3x 2=
e2 x )
6 x e2 x + 6 x 2 e2 x =10 y sin
= (2x ) cos (2x )
1
sin ( 4 x )
2
1 2 dy
x − 2 x ln x ∴ 2 cos ( 4 x )
=
d  ln x  x
c  2 = dx
dx  x  x4

x − 2 x ln x 1 − 2ln x
11 a ( g  f ) ( x ) = cos ( 4x 3 )
= =
x4 x3
d d
b ( g  f ) ( x )  =
dx  dx
cos 4 x 3 ( ( ))
Exercise 13A
( )(
12 x 2 − sin 4 x 3
= ( )) =
−12 x sin ( 4 x )
2 3

1 ' ( x ) 4 ( cos x ) + 3 ( − sin x )

f=
c r ( x ) = x 2 cos 4 x 3 ( )
= 4 cos x − 3 sin x

dy ( )
r ' ( x ) 2 x cos 4 x 3 + x 2 −12 x 2 sin 4 x 3
= ( ( ))
2 = 5 cos (5x )
dx = 2 x cos 4 x ( 3
) − 12x 4
sin 4 x ( 3
)
dy 1 x
3=
dx 3
cos − −3 sin (3x )
3
( ) 12 a i f '(x ) = cos x

ii f ''(x ) = − sin x
1 x
= cos + 3 sin (3x ) iii f '''(x ) = cos x
3 3

3 iv f (4)(x ) = sin x
f (x) = 3 ( cos x )
−1
4 =
cos x
b n = 4x where x is an integer, therefore
3 sin x n = 4, 8, 12
f '(x) =
3 ( − sin x ) ( −1) ( cos x )
−2
=2
cos x f ( ) (x ) f=
c i = ( )
80
(x ) sin x
20× 4

( = 3 sec x tan x )
f ( ) (x) = f (
42 10× 4 + 2 )
ii (x ) = − sin x
5 h ( t ) = sin t 3

=h ' (t ) cos t ) (3 sin2 t )

(= 3 cos t sin2 t

© Oxford University Press 2019 Worked solutions 1

 Worked solutions

Exercise 13B Exercise 13C

1 f (π ) = −1  π
f ' ( x ) 3 ( 4 ) cos  4 x −  + 5
1=
 6
f '(x) =
− sin x + 2 cos x
 π
∴ f ' (π ) =
−2 = 12 cos  4 x −  + 5
 6
Therefore at (π , −1) the tangent
dy
has gradient − 2 and the normal
(12x )
3
+2 x2 + x
2 = 2
+ 4 x + 1 e4 x
1 dx
has gradient
2 dy (1 − cos x ) ( cos x ) − sin x ( sin x )
Tangent: y − ( −1) =−2 ( x − π ) 3 =
(1 − cos x )
2
dx
⇒y =−2 x + 2π − 1
1 cos x − 1 1
Normal: y − ( −=
1) (x − π ) = = −
(1 − cos x )
2
2 1 − cos x
x π
⇒y = −1−
2 2 4 f ' ( x ) = 2 xe x + x 2 e x + e x

π 
2 f   =1
3
( )
= e x x 2 + 2 x + 1= e x ( x + 1)
2

5 h ' ( t ) = −2ecos t sin t

f ' ( x ) = −6 sin ( 6 x )
π  dy
f '  = 0 6
= 5e5 x sin (3x ) + 3e5 x cos (3x )
3 dx

π 
Therefore at  ,1  the tangent is (
= e5 x 5 sin (3x ) + 3 cos (3x ) )
3 
parallel to the x − axis and the normal dy
7 − sin x + sin x + x cos x =
= x cos x
is parallel to the y − axis dx
Tangent: y = 1
π
8 f ' ( x ) = −2 xe x sin e x
2

( ) 2

Normal: x =
3 1
9 f '(x)
= sin (3x ) + 3ln (3x ) cos (3x )
x
1 π  1 2
3 a f =  sin  = =
4
  4 2 2 1
10 f ' ( x ) = 3 cos (3x ) ⋅ = 3 cot (3x )
sin (3x )
b f ' ( x ) = π cos (π x )
11 a f ' ( x ) = −ecos x sin x
1 π
c f '  =
4
  2 b ecos x is always positive, so can just
1 π  1 consider the behaviour of − sin x
∴y − = x − 
2 2 4
∴ Increasing for π < x < 2π
πx 1 π
⇒ y= + − Decreasing for 0 < x < π
2 2 4 2
c f ' ( x ) = 0 ⇒ x = 0, x = π or x = 2π
4 f ' ( x ) = −2 sin x

f '(x) = −2 sin x
− 2 =
= (
f '' ( x ) ecos x sin2 x − cos x )
f '' ( 0 ) =−e < 0
1
⇒ sin x =
2 f '' (=
π ) e−1 > 0

⇒ x =,
π 3π (2π ) f '' (0) < 0
f ''=
4 4

© Oxford University Press 2019 2

 Worked solutions

d
Alternative method: Since the
exponential function is a
continuous increasing function,
the minima and maxima of cos x
will correspond directly to respective
minima and maxima of ecos x
∴ Local maxima at ( 0, e ) and (2π , e )
Local minimum at π , e−1 ( )
12 a f ' ( x )= 1 − sin x
Exercise 13D
f '' ( x ) = − cos x
1 C ' ( x=
) x − 50
b Concave up when f '' ( x ) > 0
C ' (120 ) = 70
 π 3π 
⇒ x ∈ , 
2 2  This means it costs 70 Euros to produce
the 121st table
Concave down when f '' ( x ) < 0
 π   3π  v ( t ) s=
2 a = ' (t )
et (1) − t et ( )
⇒ x ∈  0,    ,2π  2t
e
 2   2 
et (1 − t ) 1 − t
3π π = =
f '' ( x ) 0 when
c = x or x
= =
( )
2
et et
2 2
Concavity changes at both of 1−2
b v (2 ) = = −e−2
these values of x, so e2
π π   3π 3π 
 ,  and  ,  ∴ Velocity is − e−2 and speed is e−2
 2 2   2 2 
are both points of inflexion c Look for change in sign of v ( t )

13 a f '(x) =−2 sin2 x + 2 ( − sin x ) ( cos x ) This occurs at t = 1

−2 sin2 x − 2 sin x cos x

= v ( t ) d=
3 = ' ( t ) 3 cos18t + 6 sin18t

= −2 sin2 x − sin2 x  π   2π   2π 
= −3 sin2 x v '
=  3 cos   + 6 sin  
 27   3   3 
b In the range 0 ≤ x ≤ π ,  1  3 6 3 −3
= 3−  + 6 =
 2  2  2
f ' ( x ) = 0 when  

=x 0,
= x
π
,=x π 4 a
(
120 e ( ) − e0
0.2 10
)
= 12 e2 − 1 ( )
2 10
π 
∴ ( 0,2 ) ,  , −1  , (π ,2) b P ' ( t ) 120
= = (0.2) e0.2t 24e0.2t
2 

c f '' ( x ) = −6 cos 2 x c P ' (10 ) = 24e2

f '' ( x ) = 0 in the interval when At day 10 the number of bacteria

are increasing at a rate of
π 3π
=x = , x 177 bacteria per day
4 4
Concavity changes at these
π 1  3π 1 
points, so  ,  and  , 
 4 2  4 2
are points of inflexion

© Oxford University Press 2019 3

 Worked solutions

5 a P '(x) =
−0.00015x 2 + 12 π d2 A
At θ = , =−128 < 0
4 dθ 2
P ' (200 ) = 6 So this value of θ gives the
The profit gained by selling the maximum value of the area
201st unit of the chemical is 6 euros 3 a Let the angle between the downward
b (x) R (x) − P (x)
C= vertical and and the curved

(
= 10 x − 4 − −0.00005x 3 + 12 x − 200 ) face of the cone be θ , then:
4 2 r 2
tan θ = = = ⇒ r = (6 − h)
= 0.00005x 3 − 2 x + 196 6 3 6−h 3

c C ' ( x ) 0.00015x 2 − 2
2
= 2 
b= hr 2 π h  ( 6 − h ) 
V π=
3 
C ' (200 ) 0.00015 (200) − 2 4
2
= =
4 
6 a 3.19s (use of GDC)  9
(
= π h  36 − 12h + h2 

)
4π
b
s (3.18533) − s ( 0 )
= −0.4 (1d.p.)
=
9
( 2
36h − 12h + h3
)
3.18533
dV 4π
so − 0.4ms−1 c =
dh 9
(
36 − 24h + 3h2 )
c v (t ) =
s ' (t ) =
−9.8t + 15.2
d2V 4π
dh2
=
9
( −24 + 6h)
15.2
d v ' (t ) = 0 ⇒ t = = 1.55 (3s.f .)
9.8 dV
d =0 ⇒ 3h2 − 24h + 36 =0
This is the value of t at which dh
the ball reaches its maximum height ⇒ h2 − 8h + 12 = ( h − 6 ) ( h − 2 ) = 0
(and changes direction) h = 6 would not make sense,
so consider h = 2 :
d2V 4π 16π
Exercise 13E At h =
2, = ( −12 ) =
− <0
dh2 9 3
10000 2 8
1 C ' ( x )= 1 − ∴ h= 2, r=
3
(6 − 2=) 3
x2

C ' ( x ) = 0 ⇒ x = 100 4 a P ( x ) =R ( x ) − C ( x ) =4 x − 2x 2
20000
C '' ( x ) = dP 2
x3 b = − 4x
dx x
⇒ C '' (100 ) > 0 so minimum
dP 3 −2 −1
2 a | PQ =| 8 cos θ
=| | SR c = 0 ⇒ 2 − 4x 2 = 0 ⇒ x = 2 3 = 4 3
dx
|= =| 8 sin θ
PS | | QR Students should verify using their
d
(8 cos θ ) (8 sin θ )
∴A= GDC that this does indeed
= 64
= sin θ cos θ 32 (2 sin θ cos θ ) give rise to the maximum profit
= 32 sin2θ
dA ( ) = 2.38110...
P 4
− 13

b = 64 cos 2θ
dθ So maximum profit is $2381.10

dA π 675
=0⇒θ = 5 a Let |AB |=
| CD |=⇒
x |BC |=
| AD |=
dθ 4 x

d2 A  675 
c = −128 sin2θ C ( x ) = 10 x + 4 x + 4 (2 )  
dθ 2  x 
5400
= 14 x +
x

© Oxford University Press 2019 4

 Worked solutions

b C '(x) =
14 −
5400
0
= ∴ ∫ 15x 4 sin 3x 5 dx = (
∫ sin u du )
x2
=− cos u + C =− cos 3x 5 + C ( )
⇒x =
19.64 (2d.p.)
3 Let u= 2 x 2 + 3x + 3 ⇒ du= ( 4 x + 3 ) dx
 5400 
=Cmax C=  549.91 (2d.p.)
 14  4x + 3 1
∴∫ dx =∫ u −2 du =− +C
(2 x )
2
So minimum cost is $550 2
+ 3x + 1 u
Minimum to be verified by use of GDC 1
=
− +C
2 x 2 + 3x + 1

Exercise 13F 4 Let u = x 2 + 7 x ⇒ du = (2 x + 7 ) dx

1 ∫ 5 sin x dx =
5∫ sin x dx =
− 5 cos x + C ∴ ∫ (2 x + 7 ) e x
2
+7 x
dx =∫ e du =
u
eu + C
2

∫ ( 4 cos x − 2 sin x ) dx = ex +7 x
2 +C

5 Let =
u x 4 − 3x 2
= 4∫ cos x dx − 2∫ sin x dx
1
= 4 sin x + 2 cos x + C ⇒ du = ( 4x 3
− 6 x dx = ) 2
(
8 x 3 − 12 x dx )
1
3 ( 7 x ) dx
∫ cos= 7
sin (7 x ) + C (
∴ ∫ 8 x 3 − 12 x )( x 4
− 3x 2 )
3
dx
4
u
6 = 2∫ u3 d=
u +C
4 ( 2 x ) dx
∫ 6 cos= 2
sin (2 x ) + C 2
1 4
( )
4
= x − 3x 2 +C
= 3 sin (2x ) + C 2

1
∫sin (5x + 3) dx = 1 6 Let u = x ⇒ du = dx
5 − cos (5x + 3) + C 2 x
5
x
e
6 ∫ (x + sin (2 x ) dx ) ∴∫ 2 ∫ e u du =
3
dx = 2eu + C
x
dx + ∫ sin (2 x ) dx
x
= ∫x
3
= 2e +C

x4 1 7 Let=
u 2x 2 − 2x
= − cos (2 x ) + C
4 2
⇒ du = ( 4x − 2) dx = 2 (2 x − 1) dx
x x
7 ∫ cos=
  dx 2 sin   + C
2 2 (2x − 1) cos (2x 2 − 2x ) dx
∴∫ 1∫ 1
8 ∫ 2π sin (2π x ) dx =
2
cos
= udu
2
sin u + C

1
=
−
2π
cos (2π x ) + C
=
2
(
sin 2 x 2 − 2 x + C )
2π
− cos (2π x ) + C
= 8 Let u =
cos x ⇒ du =
− sin x dx

u5
∴ ∫ sin x cos4 x dx =
− ∫ u 4 du =
− +C
Exercise 13G 5
1
= − cos5 x + C
1 Let u = 5x 3 + 4 x ⇒ du = (15x 2
)
+ 4 dx 5

1
( ) (15x )
2
∴ ∫ 5x 3 + 4 x 2
+ 4 dx 9 Let u = ln x ⇒ du = dx
x
1 3
∫ u=
2
= du u +C sin (ln x )
3 ∴∫
1 x
dx =∫ sin u du =
− cos u + C
( )
3
= 5x 3 + 4 x +C
3 − cos (ln x ) + C
=

2 Let u = 3x 5 ⇒ du = 15x 4 dx

© Oxford University Press 2019 5

 Worked solutions

5 Let u = x 3 + 1 ⇒ du = 3x 2 dx
3 3
10 Let u = e x + 5 ⇒ du = 3x 2e x dx

1 1 2 3 x =2 ⇒ u =9
∴ ∫ x 2e x ∫
3 3
e x + 5 dx = u 2 du = u 2 + C
3 9 x =1 ⇒ u = 2
2 x2
( )
3
2 9
= e +5
2
+C 3x 2 −1
9 ∴∫ ∫ u 2 du
dx =
3
1 x +1 2

11 f ( x ) = ∫ e
( )
sin x 9
cos x dx = 2 u=
 2 3− 2
1
2

 2
u= sin x ⇒ du= cos x dx
6 Let u = e x ⇒ du = e x dx
∴ f (x) = ∫ e du = e + C = e + C
u u sin x

π
f (π ) =1 + C =12 ⇒ C =11 x = ln π3 ⇒ u=
3
∴ f ( x ) = esin x + 11 π
x = ln 4 ⇒ u= π
4
4x
12 f ( x ) = ∫ 2x 2 + e2 dx
ln π3 π
3

( )
π
∴ ∫ ∫ sin u du =
e x sin e x dx = − cos u  π3
4
ln π4 π
4
Let u = 2 x 2 + e2 ⇒ du = 4 x dx
1 1  2 −1
∴ f ( x ) =∫ u −1 du =ln u + C =
− − =
 2 2  2
(
= ln 2 x 2 + e2 + C ) 7 a As ex ≠ 0, consider sin x = 0. x = 0 or
f (0) = 2 + C = 5 ⇒ C = 3 π∴k = π
∴ f ( x=
) ln 2x 2 + e2 + 3 ( ) π
eπ + 1
b Using GDC: ∫e
x
x dx
sin= ≈ 12.1
0 2

Exercise 13H 8 Limits of integration are x = 0, x=

π
1.27531 and x = 4.06401
4
π
1 2
1 ∫ cos x =
dx sin x=
 0 = Using GDC:
4

2 2
( )
0 1.27531

5π
∫0
sin x − − x 3 + 5x 2 − 4 x dx

( −x )
6 4.06401
5π

∫
3 2
+ + 5x − 4 x − sin x dx
2 ∫ 2 sin x dx = −2 cos x  π 6
1.27531
3
π
3
≈ 11.4
 3 1
=−2  − −  =3 + 1
 2 2 
 Exercise 13I

3 Let u = x 2 + x ⇒ du = (2x + 1) dx 1 a v ( t ) =s ' ( t ) =−t 2 + 8t − 12

9 9
x = 0 ⇒ u = 0, x = 2 ⇒ u = 6
b ∫ v (t ) dt = ∫ ( −t )
2
2
+ 8t − 12 dt
( ) (2x + 1) dx
3
∴∫ x + x 2 0 0
9
0  1 3 2 
6  − 3 t + 4t − 12t  =
= −27
6
 u4   0
∫=
3
= u du =  324
0  4 0 9 9
c ∫ | v (t ) |dt = ∫ | −t
2
+ 8t − 12 |dt = 48.3
4 Let u =
cos x ⇒ du =
− sin x dx 0 0

π 1 2 a v ( t=
) s ' (t=) 2t − 6
x = ⇒u=
3 2
6 6
3 π 6
b ∫ v (t ) dt =∫ (2t − 6 ) dt =t − 6t 0 =0
2
x = ⇒u=
6 2 0 0
π 1
3 2
6 6
∴ ∫ sin x cos3 x dx =
− ∫ u 3 du
π
6
3
2
c ∫ | v (t ) |dt = ∫ | 2t − 6 |dt = 18
0 0
1

u  1 9 4
1  1
2

=
−  =  − =
4
  23 4  16 16  8

© Oxford University Press 2019 6

 Worked solutions

3 a (t ) s ' =
v= (t ) 3 (t − 1)
2
π
b v ( t ) =−2 cos t =0 ⇒ t =
2
3 3

) dt ∫ 3 (t − 1)
∫ v (t=
2
b dt π 
c s  = 6 −2 = 4
0 0
2
3
= ( t − 1)  = 8 − ( −1) = 9
3
3 a i v ( t ) 0=
= whenever sin t 0
 0
3 3 ∴= t π, =
t 0, = t 2π
∫ | v (t ) |dt =∫ | 3 (t − 1)
2
c |dt =9
0 0 ii v ( t ) < 0 whenever sin t < 0
8
4 a Displacement = ∫
0
v(t ) dt = 22 m ∴ t ∈ (π ,2π )

a (t ) = v ' (t )
8
b
Distance = ∫
0
v(t ) dt = 22 m

14 = ecos t cos t + ( − sin t ) ecos t sin t

b Displacement = ∫
2
v(t ) dt = 6 m

14 (
= ecos t cos t − sin2 t )
Distance = ∫
2
v(t ) dt = 30 m
s (t )
c= v ( t ) dt ∫ e
∫=
cos t
sin t dt
14
c Displacement = ∫
0
v(t ) dt = 10 m
Let u =
cos t ⇒ du =
− sin t dt
14
∴ s (t ) =−∫eu du =−eu + C =−ecos t + C
Distance = ∫
0
v(t ) dt = 34 m
s ( 0=
) 3e ⇒ −e + C= 3e ⇒ C= 4e
5 a The acceleration is the gradient of
∴ s ( t ) =4e − ecos t
this graph. The gradient at
4 a Assume initial displacement is 0.
=t 3 is − 3 so the acceleration
s (t )
= (t ) dt ∫ 5 sin t + 2 cos t
∫ v= dt
is − 3 ms−2
= 2 sin t − 5 cos t + C
b t ∈ ( 0,3)  (5,7 )
s(0) = 2 sin0 – 5cos0 + C = 0
7
= −5 + C = 0 → C = 5
c ∫ | v (t ) |dt = 16.5
0
s(4) = 2sin4 – 5cos4 + 5 = 6.75 (3 s.f.)
a ( t ) v=
6 a = ' ( t ) 2t 4
b ∫ | 5 sin t + 2 cos t |dt =
14.0 (3s.f.)
a (2 ) = 4 0

5 a i −2.37 ms−2 (use of GDC)

1
b s ( t ) = ∫ v ( t ) dt = t 3 − 16t + C
3 ii v ' (1.3) > 0 so speeding up
s ( 0=
) C= 10 b 3.54s and 5.01s (use of GDC)
1
∴ s ( t ) = t 3 − 16t + 10 c i −6.92 m (use of GDC)
3
6 ii At 6 seconds, the particle
c ∫ | t − 16 |dt =
2
32
2 is 6.92m to the left of its
inital position

Exercise 13J d 18.6 m (use of GDC)

v ( t ) s=
1 a = ' ( t ) et ( cos t − sin t ) 6 a −12.8 ms−2 (use of GDC)

b t = 0.696, 5.59 (use of GDC)

b a ( t ) = v ' ( t ) = −2et sin t
c 13.2 m (use of GDC)
2 a v ( t ) = s ' ( t ) = −2 cos t
d 24.8 m (use of GDC)
v ( 0 ) = −2

© Oxford University Press 2019 7

 Worked solutions

Exercise 13K
( )( )
4
∴ ∫ 6 x 2 + 5 2 x 3 + 5 x dx

∫ (1025t )
1.5
1 2
− t 3 dt =
1152 spectators 1 5
∫u=
4
0 = du u +C
5
8 ( −0.05t 3
+ 2.3 ) dt = 1
2 ∫ ( )
5
33.4 + 5.2te 203 cm3 = 2 x 3 + 5x +C
0
5
20  t 
3 3800 + ∫ 0
−150 1 −

 dt ≈ 1175 gallons
80 
e Let u = x 3 ⇒ du = 3x 2 dx

10
t ∫ 3x
2
( )cos x 3 =
dx ∫ cos u=
du sin u + C
4 ∫ 0
20.4e 18
dt ≈ 273 billions of barrels
= sin ( x ) + C 3

f u x 2 + 5x
Let =
Chapter Review
1
f ' ( x ) 3 cos x − 4 sin x
1 a = ⇒ du = ( 2 x + 5 ) dx = ( 4x + 10) dx
2

dy
∫ ( 4x + 10) e 2∫ eu du =
x2 +5 x
b −3 sin (3x − 4 )
= dx = 2eu + C
dx 2
= 2e x +5 x
+C
c h ' ( t ) = 4 cos x sin x 3

1
g Let u = ln x ⇒ du = dx
x
f ( x ) = ( cos x )
1

d 2

cos (ln x )
1 sin x ∴∫ ∫ cos u du =
dx = sin u + C
f '(x) = ( − sin x ) ( cos x ) 2 =
−1
− x
2 2 cos x = sin (ln x ) + C
dy 1
e
=
dx
( cos x ) (ln x ) + ( sin x )  x  h Let =
u e4 x + 5
 

sin x
du 4e4 x =
⇒ = dx 2 2e4 x dx ( )
= ( cos x ) (ln x ) + x
2e4 x 1 1
∴∫
2∫
dx = u −1 du =+ln u C
dy 1 e4 x + 5 2
f = cos (ln x )
dx x 1
=
2
(
ln e4 x + 5 + C )
g s ' (t ) =
et ( − sin t ) − cos t et ( ) 3π

e2t
4
3π
1 2
3 a ∫ sin x dx =
 − cos x  = =
4

2
π
2
2
et ( sin t + cos t )
π

sin t + cos t 2

=
− =
−
( ) ( )
2
e t et b Let u = x 3 − 2 x ⇒ du = 3x 2 − 2 dx

h f ' ( x ) 2e2 x sin2 x + 2e2 x cos 2 x

= x =2 ⇒ u =4
x =−1 ⇒ u =1
= 2e2 x ( sin2 x + cos 2 x ) 2

∫ (3x )( )
3
2
− 2 x 3 − 2x dx
∫ (3x )
+ cos x dx =3∫ x dx + ∫ cos x dx
4 4 −1
2 a 4
1 4 4 255
∫= u 
3
= u du =
3 5 1 4  1 4
= x + sin x + C
5 π
6
1
∫ (1 + cos x ) dx =
π

1 c  x + sin x  6
π +
=
0
2
b ∫ sin 4x dx =
− cos 4 x + C
4
0

d Let u= 4 x 2 + 1 ⇒ du= 8 x dx
1
c ∫ cos (2x + 3=
) dx 2 sin (2x + 3) + C x =1 ⇒ u = 5
x = 0 ⇒ u =1
d Let u = 2 x 3 + 5x ⇒ du = (6 x 2
)
+ 5 dx 1 5
5
∴ ∫ 8 xe 4 x ∫ e du =
2

e 1 =
+1 u u
dx = e5 − e
0 1

© Oxford University Press 2019 8

 Worked solutions

4 a The surface area of the box is 1 5

cos2 x = ⇒ x = arccos A1
5 5
x 2 + 4 xh =
432
432 − x 2 1
⇒h= cos2 x = ⇒ tan x = 5 − 1 = 2 M1
4x 5
 5 5
b=
V x=
h 2 (
x 432 − x 2 ) 1
= 108 x − x 3
f  arccos

=  5 arccos
5  5
− 2 A1
4 4 
The coordinates of A are
dV 3
c = 108 − x 2  5 5 
dx 4  arccos ,5 arccos − 2 .
5 5 
 
dV
= 0 ⇒ x 2 = 144 ⇒ x = 12 9 a d ( t ) = sin2t − sin ( t − 0.24 ) A1A1
dx
d2V 3 b Use GDC to find the maximum M1
= − x so the second
dx 2 2 t = 0.975 A1
derivative is negative at x = 12
c Find intersection of graphs M1
∴ Maximum volume occurs when
t = 1.13 A1
=x 12 = and accordingly h 6
2
x
5 a v ( t ) = s ' ( t ) = −3ecos t sin t
10 a ∫ x − sin x dx = + cos x + C
2
M1A1A1
a (t ) =
v ' (t ) =
−3ecos t cos t + 3ecos t sin2 t π π
 x2  π2
= 3ecos t sin2 t − cos t ( ) b ∫ x − sin x
0
dx =

2
+ cos x  =− 2
0 2
M1A1A1
b v ( t ) < 0 when sin t > 0 ⇒ t ∈ ( 0, π )
da
c Using a GDC, plot a ( t ) to
11
= a
dx
( e )′ cos x + e ( cos x )′
x x

see where it is positive = e x cos x − e x sin x M1A1A1

b a(0) = 1 A1
t ∈ ( 0.905, 5.38 )
a′(0) = 1 A1
2π
y= x + 1 M1A1
d ∫ | v (t ) |dt = 14.1
0 12 a A1 for shape, A1 for domain, A1 for
10
scale on axes
6 ∫ 7t e
2 −1.2t
4.5 + dt =
12.6 (3s.f.)
0

a g′ ( x ) 2 sin x cos x − 5 A1A1

7=

b g′ ( x ) =sin2 x − 5 ≤ 1 − 5 =−4 < 0

M1A1R1
Therefore g is decreasing on all its
domain. AG
8 a f ′ ( x )= 5 − sec2 x M1A1
π  π  1 b i Minimum points: (0.785,0.909)
f′  =5 − sec2   =4 A1
4 4 2 and (2.36,0) A1A1
 π  5π Maximum points: (0.304,1) and
f=  −1 A1 (1.27,1) A1A1
4 4
ii 0≤ x ≤1 A1
 5π  1 π
y − −1
=  4 x −  A1 iii sin1 A1
 4  2 4
2.356...
b the normal to the graph is c i ∫ sin (1 + sin2 x ) dx A1A1
vertical when the tangent is 0
horizontal R1 ii 1.76 M1A1
f ′(x) =0 ⇒ sec2 x =5 M1

© Oxford University Press 2019 9

 Worked solutions

13 a i -0.524 A1 π x
ii −0.369 ≤ y ≤ 1.76 A1A1
b ) sin  2 − 2 
f (π − x=
 
′ ( x ) cos x − sin x
iii f= A1A1   π x 
= sin  π −  −  
π   2 2 
2
b ∫ ( sin x + cos x ) 2.18 M1A1A1
dx = π x 
= sin  +  = f (π + x ) M1R1
−0.369
2 2
14 a s ( 0 ) = 2 mm A1
Therefore a = f (π − x ) = f (π + x ) = b
b i ′ 15 cos 3t + 2t
v= s= M1A1 AG
ii v′ =
a= −45 sin3t + 2 M1A1 π − x 
c A ( x ) = 2 x sin   M1A1
c v = 0 ⇒ t = 0.548, t = 1.50, t = 2.74  2 
M1 Find maximum point (1.72,2.44)
a < 0=
⇒ t 0.548,
= t 2.74 R1A1 M1A1
15 a i f (0) = 5 A1
A(1.42,0.652) and B(4.86,0.652)
ii f (π ) = 5 A1 A1A1
d = = 8.19 M1A1AG
p 2 AB + 2 × 0.6520...
b A1 for coordinates of A, A1 for
coordinates of B,
A1 for zeros, A1 for shape and
domain

b
c ∫ f ( x ) dx = 2.10
a
A2

d The graph crosses the x -axis

between a and b R1
e Either
b

∫ f (x)
a
dx = 7.39 M1A1

Or
1.961... 2.588...

∫ f ( x ) dx + ∫ f ( x ) dx =
7.39
1.017... 1.9601...

M1A1
x
16 a 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π ⇒ 0 ≤ ≤π M1
2
In the 1st and 2nd quadrants sine is
positive R1
Therefore f ( x ) ≥ 0 for all
0 ≤ x ≤ 2π . AG

© Oxford University Press 2019 10

 Worked solutions

14 Valid comparisons and informed

decisions: probability distributions
Skills check 2 a

3×3 +5× 4 + 7×5 + 9×6 + 6×7 + 2×8

1 a
3+5+7+9+6+2
176
= = 5.5
32 b P(T > 4) = P(T = 5) + P(T = 6)
3 × 10 + 10 × 12 + 15 × 15 + 9 × 17 + 2 × 20 12 9 7
b = + =
3 + 10 + 15 + 9 + 2 36 36 12
568 3 a
= ≈ 14.6
39
2 a 5.5 b 14.6
6 8
3 a   = 15 b   = 56
2 5
b P(S > 2)
9
c 3 6
  (0.3) (0.7) = 0.267 =P(S =3) + P(S =6) + P(S =
10)
6
1 1 1 1
= + + =
55 149 6 6 6 2
4 a x= = 1.719 b x= = 2.98
32 50 4 a The sum of the probabilities in a
probability distribution should be 1, so
217
c x= = 8.68 1 1
25 1= + +c+c
3 3
2
1
= + 2c
Exercise 14A 3
1 a 2
1− = 2c
3
1
= 2c
3
b 1
÷2 = c
3
1
c =
6
b P(1 < X < 4) = P( X = 2) + P( X = 3)
c
1 1 1
= + =
3 6 2
5 The sum of the probabilities must be equal
to 1, so
1 = 13 c + 23 c + 33 c
d
1= c + 8c + 27c
1 = 36c
1
c =
36

© Oxford University Press 2019 Worked solutions 1

 Worked solutions

6 As the sum of the probabilities must be 1, b P(sum

= 8)
= P(3 and 5) + P(4 and 4)
we have
2
= b= + b2 2b2
1 2k + 4k 2 + 6k 2 + k
=
P(sum
= 9) = b2
= P(4 and 5)
1 3k + 10k 2
=
P(sum
= 10) 5) b2
= P(5 and=
0 = 10k 2 + 3k − 1
0= (2k + 1)(5k − 1)
P(sum > 7) = P(sum = 8) + P(sum = 9)
+ P(sum = 10)
1
So the possible values for k are k = −
2 P(sum
= > 7) 2b2 =
+ b2 + b2 4b2
1 25
and k = but as a probability must be =
5 144
1 9 a P(C = 3)
non-negative, k = is the only possible
5 = P=
( A 1 and=B 2)
solution
+ P=
( A 2 and=
B 1)
7 Using the fact that the sum of the
probabilities must be equal to 1, 1 2 1 1
= ⋅ + ⋅
0 1 2 3 3 3 3 6
1 1 1 1
=1 k  +k  +k  +k  5
3 3 3 3 =
18
k k k
1= k + + + b
3 9 27
40
1= k
27
27
k =
40
8 a As the sum of the probabilities must
equal 1, Exercise 14B
P( X ≥ 2) 1 E( X )
= P( X = 2) + P( X =3) + P( X =4)
1 1 1 1
+ P( X = 5) = × 1 + × 4 + × 9 + × 16
6 6 6 6
= a+b+b+b
1 1 91
P( X < 2) =P( X =0) + P( X =1) =a + a + × 25 + × 36 =
6 6 6
1= a+a+a+b+b+b
1 3a + 3b
= ≈ 15.2
P( X ≥ 2)
= 3P( X < 2)
a + b + b + b= 3(a + a) 2 E( X )
a + 3b = 6a 1 1 1 1 1 1
= 1× + 2 × + 3 × + 5 × + 8 × + 13 ×
b 6a − a
3= 6 6 6 6 6 6
3b = 5a 16
=
5 3
b= a
3 3 E( X )
5  1 2 3 4 5
1= 3a + 3 ×  a  = 1× +2× + 3× + 4× +5×
3  36 36 36 36 36
1
= 3a + 5a 6 7 8
+6× +7× +8×
1= 8a 36 36 36
1 17
a= =
8 3
5 1 4 a Using the fact that the sum of the
b= ×
3 8 probabilities must equal 1,
5 1 =k + 2k + 3k + 4k + 5k + 4k
b=
24 + 3k + 2k + k
1 = 25k
1
k =
25
© Oxford University Press 2019 2
 Worked solutions

b E( X ) P(R = 3)
1 2 3 4 5 = P(blue then blue then red)
= 1× +2× + 3× + 4× +5×
25 25 25 25 25 8 8 2 16
4 3 2 1 = × × =
+6× +7× +8× +9× 10 10 10 125
25 25 25 25
=5 c For the first red to be drawn on the r th
try, there are r − 1 blues picked first so
5 a 0.2 ≤ k ≤ 1 P(=R r= ) P(r blues then a red)
b E( X )  8 
n
2
=  ×
= 1 × 0.2 + 2 × (1 − k )  10  1 0
+ 3 × (1 − (1 − k ) − 0.2) d 1
= 1.6 + k 8 a As the sum of the probabilities must
6 a If you pick the first red ball on the r th equal 0, let=x P= (Z 0)
try, that means you have picked r − 1 1 =x + 0.2 + 0.05 + 0.001 + 0.0001
blue balls 1= x + 0.2511
1 1 − 0.2511 = x
P(R=1) =
5 x = 0.7489

8 b E (Z )
P(R=2) =
45 = 0 × 0.7489 + 2 × 0.2 + 20 × 0.05
+ 200 × 0.001 + 1000 × 0.0001
7
P(R=3) = = 1.7
45
so the expected winnings on a ticket
2 are $1.70
P(R=4) =
15 c You expect to lose $0.30 per ticket
1
P(R=5) =
9 Exercise 14C

4  1
1 X ~ B  4, 
P(R=6) =  2
45
1 3
1  4  1   1 
a P( X )     
= 1=
P(R=7) = 1  2   2 
15
2 1 1 4 1
= 4× × = =
P(R=8) = 2 8 16 4
45
b P( X < 1)= P( X= 0)
b E(R)
0 4
 4  1   1  1 1
1 8 7 2 1 =      = 1×1× =
= 1× + 2× + 3× + 4× +5× 0 2
     2 16 16
5 45 45 15 9
4 1 2 1 c P( X ≤ 1) = P( X = 0) + P( X = 1)
+6× +7× +8× +9×
45 15 45 45
1 1 5
11 = + =
= 4 16 16
3
c 1 1 15
d P( X ≥ 1) =1 − P( X < 1) =1 − =
7 a P(=
R 2)
= P(blue then red) 16 16

8 2 4  1
= × = 2 X ~ B  6, 
10 10 25  3
2 4
b P(R > 3) =P(R =1) + P(R =2) + P(R =3) a
6  1   2 
P( X
= 2)
=      = 0.329
2 8 2 8 8 2 2  3   3 
= + × + × ×
10 10 10 10 10 10 0
6  1   2 
6 1
6  1   2 
5

b =
P( X < 2)       +      
61 0  3   3  1  3   3 
=
125
= 0.351

© Oxford University Press 2019 3

 Worked solutions

c P( X ≤ 2)= P( X < 2) + P( X= 2) 1 − P( X =
= 0) − P( X =
1)
= 0.329 + 0.351 = 0.680 16 
= 1 −   (0.01)0 (0.99)16
d P( X ≥ 2) =1 − P( X < 2) 0
1 − 0.351 =
= 0.649 16 
−   (0.01)1(0.99)15
1
 2
3 X ~ B  8,  = 0.0109
 7
4 X ~ B(10, 0.25)
5 3
8  2   5 
a P( X
= 5=
)      10 
5  7   7  a P( X =   (0.25)5(0.75)=
= 5) 5
0.0584
5
= 0.0389
b P( X ≥ 3) =1 − P( X < 3)
b P( X < 5) =1 − P( X = 0) − P( X =−
1) P( X =
2)
0 8 1 7
8  2   5  8  2   5  10  10 
=      +      = 1 −   (0.25)0 (0.75)10 +   (0.25)1(0.75)9
0 7
     7 1  7   7  0
  1
2 6 3 5
8  2   5  8  2   5  10 
+      +      +   (0.25)2 (0.75)8 = 0.474
2  7   7  3  7   7  2
4 4
8  2   5  5 X ~ B(5, 0.4) ,
+     
 4  7   7  P( X ≤ 3)
= 0.952 = P( X = 0) + P( X =
1) + P( X =2)
c P( X > 5) =1 − P( X =5) − P( X < 5) + P( X = 3)
= 0.00870 5 5
=   (0.4)0 (0.6)5 +   (0.4)1(0.6)4
d P( X ≥ 1) =1 − P( X =0) 0
  1
0 8 5 5
8  2   5  +   (0.4)2 (0.6)3 +   (0.4)3(0.6)2
= 1 −       = 0.932 2
  3
0  7   7 
= 0.913
6 X ~ B(6, 0.15)
Exercise 14D
a P( X > 1) =
1 − P( X =
0) − P( X =
1)
 1
1 R ~ B  4,  , then
 4
6 6
1 −   (0.15)0 (0.85)6 −   (0.15)1(0.85)5
=
0
  1
= 0.224
So the most likely number of times the red 6
face shows is 1 b P( X )   (0.15)1(0.85)=
= 1= 5
0.399
1
2 X ~ B ( 8, 0.55)
7 X ~ B(15, 0.05)
8
=   ( 0.55) ( 0.45)= 0.257
5 3
a P( X
= 5) 15 
5
  a i P( X =   (0.05)3(0.95)12
= 3)
3
b If he misses at least 5 times then he
hits at most 3 times, = 0.0307
8 8 8 15
8
= ii P(2X
P( X ≤ 3)   (0.55)0 (0.45)8 +   (0.55)1(0.45)7 +   (0.55) (0.55)30(0.45)
=6 +   (0.05)
0)
(0.45)
= (0.95)515 = 0.260
0 1 2  03 
3 X ~ B(16,0.01) = 0.463

16  iii P( X ≥ 2) =1 − P( X < 2)

a P( X =   (0.01)0 (0.99)16 = 0.851
= 0)
0 1 − P( X =
= 0) − P( X =
1)

b If 13 are not faulty then 3 are faulty, 15 

= 1 −   (0.05)0 (0.95)15
16  0
P( X
= 3= )   (0.01)3(0.99)13
3 15 
−   (0.05)1(0.95)14
= 0.000491 1
c P( X ≥ 2) =1 − P( X < 2) = 0.171

© Oxford University Press 2019 4

 Worked solutions

b i (P( X = 0))2 = 0.215 Exercise 14F

ii (P( X ≥ 2))2 =
0.0292  1 1
1 a X ~ B  40,  , E( X ) = np = 40 × =20
 2  2
iii 2 × P( X = 0) × P( X ≥ 0) =
0.158
 1 1 20
b X ~ B  40,  , E( X ) = np = 40 × =
Exercise 14E  6 6 3
1 0.0256= P( X < 1)= P( X= 0)  1 1
c X ~ B  40,  , E( X ) = np = 40 × =10
 n 0  4  4
=   (0.6)
= (0.4)n 1=
× 1 × (0.4)n 0.4n
0 10
2 E( X=
) np
= 0.4=
n 10 ⇒ n = = 25
log 0.0256 = n log0.4 0.4
log 0.0256 X ~ B(15,0.25)
n= 3 a
log0.4
n=4 b E( X
= ) np
= 15 × 0.25 = 3.75
2 X ~ B(n, 0.01) , c P( X ≥ 10)
 n 0 n =P( X =10) + P( X =11) + P( X =12)
0.5 < P( X =0) =  (0.01) (0.99)
0 + P( X =13) + P( X =14) + P( X =15)
= 1 × 1 × (0.99)n = 0.99n  15  15 
=   (0.25)10 (0.75)5 +   (0.25)11(0.75)4
log0.5 < n log0.99 10   11 
 15  15 
log0.5 +   (0.25) (0.75) +   (0.25)13(0.75)2
12 3
n< 12   13 
log0.99
 15  15 
n < 68.968 ⇒ n =
68 +   (0.25)14 (0.75)1 +   (0.25)15(0.75)0
1
  4  15 
 n = 0.00795
3 0.25 > P( X < 1) = P( X = 0) =   (0.2)0 (0.8)n
0 0 × 13 + 1 × 34 + 2 × 40 + 3 × 13
4 a P(girl) =
= 1 × 1 × (0.8)n = 0.8n 300
log0.25 > n log0.8 153
= = 0.51
log0.25 300
n>
log0.8
b 300 × 0.51 × 0.51 × 0.49 =
38.2
n > 6.213 ⇒ n =
7
4 X ~ B(n, 0.3) ,
Exercise 14G
0.95 < P( X ≥=
1) 1 − P=
( X 0)
1 E( X=
) 12
= np and Var( X )= 3= np(1 − p)
 n Solving these simultaneously gives
= 1 −   (0.3)0 (0.7)n= 1 − 0.7n
0
12(1 − p) = 3
n
0.7 < 1 − 0.95 3
= 1− p
n log0.7 < log0.05 12
log 0.05 3
n> p= 1 −
log0.7 12
n > 8.399 ⇒ n =
9 3
p=
5 X ~ B(n, 0.5) , 4
3
0.99 ≥ P( X ≥ 1) =1 − P( X =0) n× = 12
4
 n 4
= 1 −   (0.5)0 (0.5)n= 1 − 0.5n n = 12 ×
0 3
n = 16
0.5n < 1 − 0.99
n log0.5 < log0.01 2 a X ~ B(20,0.2)
log 0.01 b E( X ) = np = 20 × 0.2 =
4 and
n>
log0.5 Var( X )= np(1 − p)= 20 × 0.2 × 0.8 =
3.2
n > 6.644 ⇒ n = 7

© Oxford University Press 2019 5

 Worked solutions

c P( X ≥ 10) =−
1 P( X < 10) Exercise 14I

1 − P( X =
= 0) − P( X =−
1) P( X = 2) 1 X ~ N(14,52 )
− P( X =3) − P( X =4) − P( X =5)  16 − 14 
a P( X < 16) = P  Z < 
− P( X =6) − P( X =7) − P( X =8)  5 
− P( X =
9) = P(Z < 0.4) = 0.655
 20   20 
= 1 −   (0.2)0 (0.8)20 −   (0.2)1(0.8)19  9 − 14 
 0   1  b P( X > 9)= P  Z > 
 5 
 20   20 
−   (0.2) (0.8) −   (0.2)3(0.8)17
2 18

 2   3  = P(Z > −=
1) 0.841
 20   20 
−   (0.2)4 (0.8)16 −   (0.2)5(0.8)15  9 − 14 12 − 14 
 4  5  c P(9 ≤ =
X < 12) P  ≤Z < 
 5 5 
 20   20 
−   (0.2)6 (0.8)14 −   (0.2)7 (0.8)13
 6   7  = P(−1 ≤ Z < −0.4) =0.186
 20   20  d As the mean is 14, P( X < 14) =
0.5
−   (0.2) (0.8) −   (0.2)9 (0.8)11
8 12

 8   9 
= 0.00259 2 X ~ N(48,81)
3 We know that  52 − 48 
a P( X < 52) = P  Z < 
Var(
= X ) np(1 −=
p) 12 × p(1 −=
p) 1.92 , so  81 
1.92 P(Z < 0.4444) =
= 0.672
p(1 − p) =
12
0 = p2 − p + 0.16  42 − 48 
b P( X ≥ =
42) P  Z > 
0= ( p − 0.8)(p − 0.2)  81 

Which gives us that p = 0.2 or p = 0.8 . = P(Z > −0.6667)

= 0.748
 37 − 48 47 − 48 
c P(37=
< X < 47) P  <Z< 
Exercise 14H  81 81 

1 a P(−2 < Z < −1) + P(1 < Z < 2) = P(−1.2222 < Z < −0.1111)= 0.345
= 0.1359 + 0.1359 = 0.272 3 X ~ N(3.15, 0.022 )

b P(−1.5 < z < 0.5) + P(0.5 < Z < 1.5)  3.2 − 3.15 
a P( X < 3.2) = P  Z < 
 0.02 
= 0.2417 + 0.2417 = 0.483
2 a P(Z > 1) =
0.159 = P(Z < 2.5) = 0.994

b P(Z > 2.4) =

0.0082 b P( X ≥ 3.11)

c P(−1 < Z < 0) =0.3413  3.11 − 3.15 

= P Z ≥ 
 0.02 
d P(1.75 < Z < 0) =
0.4599
= P(Z > −=2) 0.977
3 a P(Z < 0.65) =
0.7422
c P(3.1 < X < 3.15)
b P(Z > 0.72) =
0.2358
 3.1 − 3.15 3.15 − 3.15 
c P(Z ≥ 1.8) =
0.0359 = P <Z< 
 0.02 0.02 
d P(Z ≤ −0.28) =0.3897 = P(−2.5 < Z < 0) = 0.494
4 a P(0.2 < Z < 1.2) =
0.3057
b P(−2 < Z ≤ 0.3) = 0.5952 Exercise 14J
c P(−1.3 ≤ X ≤ −0.3) =
0.2853 1 X ~ N(100,202 )

5 a P(| Z |< 0.4)  130 − 100 

a P( X < 130) =
P Z < 
 20 
= P(−0.4 < Z < 0.4) = 0.311
= P(Z < 1.5) = 0.933
b P(| Z |> 1.24)
= P(Z > 1.24) + P(Z < −1.24)
= 0.215

© Oxford University Press 2019 6

 Worked solutions

b P( X > 90) b P(a < Z < 1.6) =

0.787
 90 − 100  = P(Z < 1.6) − P(Z < a)
= P Z > 
 20  0.9452 − P(Z < a) =0.787
= P(Z > −0.5)
= 0.692 P(Z < a) =0.9452 - 0.787
P(80 < X < 125) P(Z < a) =0.1582
c
∴ a =−1.00
 80 − 100 125 − 100 
= P <Z<  c P(a < Z < −0.3)
 20 20 
= 0.182
= P(Z < −0.3) − P(Z < a)
= P(−1 < Z < 1.25) = 0.736
0.3821 − P(Z < a) =
0.182
2 X ~ N(4, 0.252 ) , P(Z <=a) 0.3821 − 0.182
 3.5 − 4 4.5 − 4  P(Z < a) =0.2001
P(3.5 < X < 4.5) =
P <Z < 
 0.25 0.25  ∴ a =−0.841
= P(−2 < Z < 2) = 0.9545
1
, now Y ~ B(500,0.9545) and 3 a (1 − 0.3) =
0.35 , so we look for a
2
E(Y=
) np= 500 × 0.9545= 477.25 so one such that P(Z < a) =1 − 0.35 =0.65 ,
would expect 477 to be accepted on ∴a = 0.385
average
1
3 X ~ N(14, 4) b 0.1096 = 0.0548 , so we look for a
2
 20 − 14  such that
a P( X > 20) = P  Z >  P(Z < a) =1 − 0.0548 =0.9452 ,
 4 
∴a =
1.60
= P(Z > 1.5) = 0.0668
4 a P(Z < a=
) 0.95 ∴ =
a 1.64
 10 − 14 
b P( X < 10) = P  Z <  b P(Z > a)= 0.2 ∴ a= 0.841
 4 
= P(Z < −=
1) 0.1587
= 15.87%
Exercise 14L
4 X ~ N(551.3,15) ,
 a − 5.5 
 550 − 551.3  1 0.235= P( X > a)= P  Z >  , this
P( X > 550) = P  Z >   0.2 
 15 
a − 5.5
P(Z > -0.08667)=0.5345 ≈ 53.5%
= gives that = 0.722
0.2
5 X ~ N(500,20) ⇒= a 0.722 × 0.2 + 5.5 ⇒= a 5.64

 475 − 500  2 M ~ N(420,102 )

a P( X < 475) = P  Z < 
 20  a The first quartile equates to
 a − 420 
= P(Z < −1.25)
= 0.106 0.25 = P(M < a) = P  Z <  , so
 10 
b P(3 packets less than 475 g) a − 420
=−0.674 ⇒ a =−0.674 × 10 + 420
=(P( X < 475))3 =0.10563 =0.00118 10
⇒a= 413
b The 90th percentile is
Exercise 14K
 a − 420 
1 a P(Z <=
a) 0.922 ∴=
a 1.42 0.9 P(M < a) = P  Z <
=  , giving
 10 
b P(Z >=
a) 0.342 ∴=
a 0.407 a − 420
= 1.282
c P(Z >=
a) 0.005 ∴=
a 2.58 us 10
⇒= a 1.282 × 10 + 420 ⇒= a 433
2 a P(1 < Z < a) =
0.12
3 X ~ N(502,1.6)
= P(Z < a) − P(Z < 1)
a P( X < 500)
P(Z < a) − 0.8413 =0.12
P(Z < a)= 0.12 + 0.8413  500 − 502 
= P Z < 
P(Z < a) = 0.9613  1.6 
∴a = 1.77 = P(Z < −1.25)
= 0.106

© Oxford University Press 2019 7

 Worked solutions

b P(500 < X < 505) 3 X ~ N( µ , σ 2 ) ,

 500 − 502 505 − 502   58.39 − µ 

= P <Z < 0.0217 =
P( X > 58.39) =
P Z > 
1.6 1.6   σ 
 
and
= P(−1.25 < z < 1.875)
 41.82 − µ 
= 0.864
= 86.4% 0.0287 =
P( X < 41.82) =
P Z < 
 σ 
c 0.95 = P(b < X < a) = P(−a < X < a) , so
58.39 − µ
1 , so =2.02 ⇒ 58.39 =2.02σ + µ
0.025 , so we look for a '
(1 − 0.95) = σ
2 and
such that P(Z < a ') =1 − 0.025 =0.975 , 41.82 − µ
= −1.901 ⇒ −41.82 = 1.901σ − µ
∴ a' =1.96 , so σ
a = 1.6a '+ 502 = 1.6 × 1.96 + 502 =
505.1 , solving these simultaneously gives
4 X ~ N(550,25) σ = 4.23 and µ = 49.9
a P(520 < X < 570) 4 X ~ N( µ , σ 2 ) ,
 89 − µ 
 520 − 550 570 − 550  0.90 = P( X < 89) = P  Z < and
= P <Z<   σ 
 25 25 
 94 − µ 
= P(−1.2 < Z < 0.8) = 0.673 0.95 = P( X < 94) = P  Z < , so
 σ 
 a − 550  89 − µ
0.9 P( X < a) = P  Z <
b =  = 1.282 ⇒ 89
= 1.282σ + µ and
 25  σ
a − 550 94 − µ
= 1.282 ⇒= a 1.282 × 25 + 550 = 1.645 ⇒ 94
= 1.645σ + µ , solving
25
σ
⇒a= 582
these simultaneously gives σ = 13.8 and
5 X ~ N(55,15)
µ = 71.3
 d − 55 
a 0=
.95 P( X < d ) = P  Z <  , giving 5 X ~ N(136, σ 2 ) ,
 15 
 145 − 136 
d − 55 0.12 = P( X > 145) = P  Z >  , so
= 1.645  σ 
15 145 − 136 145 − 136
d 1.645 × 15 + 55 ⇒=
⇒= d 79.7 σ
= 1.175 ⇒=
σ 1.175
 f − 55  ⇒σ = 7.66 cm
0.1 P( X < f ) = P  Z <
b =  , giving
 15  6 X ~ N(µ ,202 ) ,
f − 55  500 − µ 
= −1.282 0.01 = P( X < 500) = P  Z <  , so
15  20 
⇒f = −1.282 × 15 + 55 ⇒ f = 35.8 500 − µ
= −2.327
20
Exercise 14M ⇒ µ= 500 + 2.327 × 20 ⇒ µ= 546.5 g

1 X ~ N(30, σ 2 ) , 7 X ~ N(0.85, σ 2 )
 40 − 30   1.1 − 0.85 
0.115
= P( X > 40) = P  Z >  , so a 0=
.74 P( X < 1.1) = P  Z >
 σ  ,
 σ 
40 − 30 40 − 30 1.1 − 0.85
= 1.2 ⇒ σ = ⇒ σ = 8.33 so = 0.643
σ 1.2 σ
2 X ~ N(µ , 42 ) , 1.1 − 0.85
20.5 − µ 
⇒σ
= = ⇒ σ 0.389 kg
 0.643
0.9 P( X < 20.5) = P  Z <
=  , so
 4 
 1 − 0.85 
20.5 − µ b P( X > 1) = P  Z > 
= 1.282 ⇒ µ= 20.5 − 1.282 × 4  0.389 
4
⇒ µ =15.4 = 0.3497
= P(Z > 0.386) = 35%

© Oxford University Press 2019 8

 Worked solutions

8 X ~ N(µ ,72 ) , Chapter review

 68 − µ  1 2
= P( X > 68) = P  Z >
0.025  , so 1 a 0.3 + + + 0.1 + 0.1 =
1
 7  k k
68 − µ 3
= 1.96 ⇒ µ = 68 − 1.96 × 7 0.5 + 1
=
7 k
⇒ µ =
54.3 cm
3
= 0.5
9 X ~ N(2.9, σ ) ,
2
k
 3 − 2.9  3
0.35 = P( X > 3) = P  Z > k
= = 6
 , so 0.5
 σ 
3 − 2.9 3 − 2.9 b E( X )
= 0.385 ⇒=σ
σ 0.385 1 2
⇒σ = 0.260 m = −2 × 0.3 + −1 × +0×
6 6
10 X ~ N(µ , σ 2 ) + 1 × 0.1 + 2 × 0.2
6 1 1 4
 108 − µ  =− − +0+ +
a 0.30 = P( X < 108) = P  Z <  10 6 10 10
 σ 
1 1 3 5 8 4
and =− − = − − = − =−
10 6 30 30 30 15
 154 − µ 
0.20 = P( X > 154) = P  Z >  , so
 σ 
108 − µ 2 a 1 = c(6 − 1) + 2c(6 − 2) + 3c(6 − 3)
−0.524 ⇒ 108 =
= −0.524σ + µ
σ + 4c(6 − 4) + 5c(6 − 5)
and 1 = 5c + 8c + 9c + 8c + 5c
154 − µ 1 = 35c
= 0.841 ⇒ 154= 0.841σ + µ ,
σ c =
1
solving these simultaneously gives 35
σ = 33.7 and µ = 125.66 b E( X )
 117 − 125.66  5 8 9
b P( X > 117) = P  Z >  =1× +2× + 3×
 33.7  35 35 35
8 5
= P(Z > −0.257)
= 0.601
= 60.1% , + 4× +5×
35 35
so this is consistent with the normal 5 16 27 32 25
distribution = + + + +
35 35 35 35 35
11 X ~ N(µ , σ 2 ) , 105
=
 495 − µ  35
0.95 =P( X > 495) =P  Z >  and
 σ  =3
 490 − µ  3 Find the value of x:
0.99 =P( X > 490) =P  Z >  , so
 σ  1 1 1
+ + +x =
1
495 − µ 4 4 8
−1.645 ⇒ 495 =
= −1.645σ + µ
σ 5
+x =1
and 8
490 − µ 1
−2.327 ⇒ 490 =
= −2.327σ + µ , x =
σ 3
solving these simultaneously gives P(total 6) = P(2, 4) + P(3,3) + P(4,2)
σ = 7.33 and µ = 507.1 1 3 1 1 3 1
= × + × + ×
4 8 8 8 8 4
3 1 3
= + +
32 64 32
6 1 6
= + +
64 64 64
13
=
64

© Oxford University Press 2019 9

 Worked solutions

4 a 2,4,6,8,12,16 8 19
c i E( X ) =−5 × +1×
1 2 1 2 1 1 27 27
b , , , , ,
8 8 8 8 8 8 40 19 21 7
=
− + =
− =
−
c E( X ) 27 27 27 9

1 2 1 2 Expected loss of $0.78

=2× + 4× +6× +8×
8 8 8 8 ii Expected loss of $7
1 1 9 a X ~ B(8, 0.3)
+ 12 × + 16 ×
8 8
2 8 6 16 12 16 8
= + + + + + P( X =   0.330.7=
= 3) 5
0.254
8 8 8 8 8 8 3
60 b P( X ≥ 3) =
0.448
=
8
= 7.5 10 X = no. of sixes when 6 dices are thrown
d E(Money per week)  1
X ~ B  6, 
 6
6 2 30 20 50
=5 × + 10 × = + = P( X
= 3)= 0.0536
8 8 8 8 8
= £6.25 Y = no. of times three sixes are seen
E(Money in 10 weeks) Y ~ B (5, 0.0536 )
10 £6.25 =
=× £62.50 P(Y
= 2)
= 0.0243
1
5 X ~ B  5,  11 a i X ~ B(10, 0.2)
 3
P( X
= 4)
= 0.0881
3 2
5  1   2  40 ii P( X > 5) =
0.00637
P( X
= 3)
=      =
3  3   3  243
b E( X ) =np =10 × 0.2 =2
6 P( X =0) =0.9 × 0.9 =0.81
c Y ~ B(n, 0.2)
P( X = 1) = 2 × 0.1 × 0.9 =0.18
P(Y > 1) =1 − P(Y =0) =1 − 0.8n
P( X =2) =0.1 × 0.1 =0.01
1 − 0.8n > 0.95
E( X ) = 0 × 0.81 + 1 × 0.18 + 2 × 0.01
0 + 0.18 + 0.02 =
= 0.2 0.05 > 0.8n
log0.05 > n log0.8
7 a P( X < 65) = P( X > a)
log0.05
By symmetry a =75 + (75 − 65) =85 <n
log0.8
b P(65 < X < a) =
0.954 13.4 < n
P( X < a) − P( X < 65) =0.954 ∴n = 14
P( X < a) − 0.023 = 0.954 12 P(−a < Z < a) =0.85
P( X < a) = 0.977 By symmetry:
∴a = 85
0.85 − 0.5
P( X > 85) = 0.023 P(Z < a) =1 − =0.925
2
1 2 1 2 1
2
∴a =
1.44
8 a P( X = 1) = + × +  ×
3 3 3 3 3 13 a P( X < 80) =
0.85
1 2 4 9 6 4 19  80 − 71 
= + + = + + = P Z < =0.85
3 9 27 27 27 27 27  σ 
b 80 − 71
= 1.036
σ
x P(X = x) 9
= 1.036
-5 8 σ
27 9
=σ = 8.68
1 19 1.036
27 65 − 71 
b P  Z > =  P ( Z > −0.69
= ) 0.755
 8.68 

© Oxford University Press 2019 10

 Worked solutions

14 P  Z <
30 − µ 
0.15
=
b P ( X ≤ 1) =
0.999 (3 s.f.) M1A1
 σ  P ( X = 1)
c P ( X = 1 X ≤ 1) =
30 − µ P ( X ≤ 1)
⇒ −1.036
=
σ = 0.0478 M1A1A1
⇒ µ = 30 + 1.036σ
20 Let X  B ( n, p ) .
 50 − µ 
P Z > 0.10
=
 σ  np = 3 and npq = 1.2 A1A1
50 − µ Solve simultaneously M1
⇒ =1.282 q = 0.4 ⇒ p= 0.6 A1
σ
⇒ µ = 50 − 1.282σ n = 50 A1
∴ 30 + 1.036σ = 50 − 1.282σ 21 X  N (50.1, 0.42 )
⇒ 2.318σ = 20
a P ( X < 49.5) =
0.0668 (3 s.f.) M1A1
σ = 8.63
µ = 50 − 1.282(8.63) =
38.9 b P ( 49.5 < X < 50.5) =
0.775 (3 s.f.)

35 − µ  M1A1 c
15 a P  Z > =0.2 P ( X > 49 X < 49.5)
 2 
35 − µ P ( 49 < X < 49.5)
⇒ = 0.841 = = 0.955 M1A1A1
2 P ( X < 49.5)
⇒ 35 − µ = 1.682
22 X  N ( µ,52 )
⇒ µ = 35 − 1.682 = 33.3

b X ~ B(5, 0.8) a P ( X < 5) =

0.754

P( X
= 5)
= 0.328  5−µ
⇒ PZ < =0.754 M1
 3 
c Y ~ B(5, 0.2)
5−µ
P( X ≥ 2) =
0.263 = 0.6871...
= ⇒ µ 2.94 M1A1
3
16 a 0,1,2 A1 b P ( 4 < X < 5) =
0.116 M1A1
10 10 25
b P ( X =2) = × = M1A1 23 a i Let X be the number of correct
18 18 81
answers in the 12 questions
c answered at random.
x 0 1 2 X  B (12, 0.5) M1
P (X = x) 16 40 25
12 
P (X )   (0.5)= 0.0161
12
81 81 81 = 2=
2
 
A2
M1A1
17 a 0.2 + k + 0.25 + k − 0.05 + 0.3 =
1 12 
ii ( X 12 )   (0.5=) 0.000244
12
⇒k =
0.15 M1A1A1 P= =
12
 
b E(X ) A1
= 0 × 0.2 + 1 × 0.4 + 2 × 0.1 + 3 × 0.3 =1.5 b E ( X ) =12 × 0.5 × 0.5
M1A1 = 3 correct answers M1
18 a 0.05 + 0.22 + 0.27 + a + b = 1 3 correct random answers = 6 marks
⇒ a+b =
0.46 M1A1 A1
b E ( X ) = 2.46 9 incorrect random answers =-9 marks
A1
⇒ 0 × 0.05 + 1 × 0.22 + 2 × 0.27 + 3a + 4b 8 answers known =16 marks A1
If the student answers all the question
= 2.46 M1A1 the expected number of marks is 13
3a + 4b = 1.7 marks which is 3 less than the total
Solve simultaneously marks if he just answers the questions
he knows the correct answer. R1
a+b = 0.46 and 3a + 4b =
1.7 M1
a = 0.14 , b = 0.32 A1A1
19 a X  B (10, 0.005) M1
P (X ) 0.0478 (3 s.f.)
= 1= A1

© Oxford University Press 2019 11

 Worked solutions

24 a i (
W  N µ, σ 2 ) 82 − µ
= 1.28... ,
σ
P (W < 65) =
0.27 40 − µ
= −0.841... M1
 65 − µ  σ
⇒ PZ < 0.27
= M1
 σ  Solve simultaneously M1
µ = 56.6 and σ = 19.8 A1A1
P (W > 96 ) =
0.25
 96 − µ 
⇒ PZ < 0.75
=
 σ 

65 − µ
= −0.6128...
σ
96 − µ
= 0.6744... A1A1
σ
ii Solve simultaneously
65 − µ
= −0.6128... ,
σ
96 − µ
= 0.6744... M1
σ
µ = 79.8 and σ = 24.1 A1A1
b P (W > 100 ) =
0.20 M1A1

(
c Let Y  N 80.5,10.12 )
P (75 < Y < 85) =
0.379 . M1A1

d 630P (Y > 85) =

207 M1A1
630 × 80.5 + 370m
e = 79.7573...
1000
M1
m = 78.5 A1

25 a i (
T  N 45, 92 )
P (T ≥ 55) =
0.133 M1A1
P (T > 65)
ii P (T ≥ 65 T > 55) =
P (T ≥ 55)
0.01313...
= = 0.0986 M1A1A1
0.13326...
(0.133...) = 0.00237
3
b M1A1
c N  B (50, 0.133...)
i E (N ) = 50 × 0.133... = 6.66 M1A1
ii P ( N ≥ 5) =1 − P ( N ≤ 4 ) =0.814
M1M1A1
26 P ( X > 82 ) =
0.1
⇒ P ( X < 82 ) =
0.9
 82 − µ 
⇒ PZ < 0.9
= M1A1
 σ 
P ( X < 40 ) =
0.2
 40 − µ 
⇒ PZ < 0.2
= A1
 σ 

© Oxford University Press 2019 12