Chapter 7 and 8
Chapter 7 and 8
Exercise 7A
1 a There is a strong, positive, linear
correlation
b There is a weak, negative, linear
correlation
c There is a strong, negative, linear
correlation
d There is a weak, positive, linear
correlation b There is a strong, positive, linear
e There is no correlation correlation
2 i a Positive b Linear 5 a
c Strong
ii a Positive b Linear
c Moderate
iii a Positive b Linear
c Weak
iv a No correlation b Non linear
c Zero
v a Negative b Linear
c Strong
vi a Negative b Non linear
c Strong b There is a strong, positive, linear
3 a correlation
c As the kitten gets older, it gets heavier
Exercise 7B
1 a
x y x2 y2 xy
20 250 400 62500 5000
( Σx ) Sxy
2
Sxx =Σx 2 − r =
n (S xx Syy )
6292 109369
Sxx = 50501 − = −241362
10 10 r = = −0.976
165 3708905528
( Σy )
2 ×
Syy =Σy 2 − 2 5
n b There is a strong negative correlation
58102
Syy= 4049500 − = 673890 c The price of the motorbike can never
10 fall below 0.
Sxy =Σxy −
( Σx ) ( Σy ) 3 a
n x y x2 y2 xy
629 × 5810
Sxy = 450200 − 84751
= 148 34 21904 1156 5032
10
153 38 23409 1444 5814
Sxy
r = 156 42 27225 1764 6930
(
Sxx Syy ) 142 36 20164 1296 5112
84751
=r = 0.987 155 42 24025 1764 6510
109369
× 673890 141 32 19881 1024 4512
10
171 40 29241 1600 6840
b There is a strong positive correlation
154 34 23716 1156 5236
c As the floor area increases, house price
170 40 28900 1600 6800
increases
2 a 168 38 28224 1444 6384
x y x2 y2 xy Σx Σy Σx 2 Σy 2 Σxy
= 1567 = 376 = 246689 = 14248 = 59170
1 40000 1 1600000000 40000
( Σx )
2
2 36500 4 1332250000 73000
Sxx =Σx 2 −
3 31000 9 1961000000 93000 n
4 26658 16 710648954 106632 15672 11401
Sxx = 246689 − =
5 24250 25 588062500 121250 10 10
( Σy )
2
6 19540 36 381811600 117240
Syy =Σy 2 −
7 19100 49 364810000 133700 n
3762 552
8 18750 64 351562500 150000 Syy = 14248 − =
10 5
9 15430 81 238084900 138870
Sxy = Σxy −
( Σx ) ( Σy )
10 12600 100 158760000 126000
n
Σx = Σy = 2
Σx = 2
Σy = Σxy =
1567 × 376 1254
55 243828 385 6686990464 1099692 Sxy = 59170 − =
10 5
Sxy
( Σx )
2
r =
Sxx =Σx 2 −
n
(
Sxx Syy )
552 165 1254
Sxx = 385 − = 5
10 2 =r = 0.707
11401 552
( Σy )
2
×
Syy =Σy 2 − 10 5
n
b There is a moderate positive
2438282
=Syy 6686990464 − correlation
10
3708905528
=
5
Sxy = Σxy −
( Σx ) ( Σy )
n
55 × 243828
=Sxy 1099692 −
10
= −241362
4 a ( Σy )
2
x y x 2
y 2
xy Syy =Σy 2 −
n
6 78 36 6084 468
1062
80 16 6400 320
Syy = 1740 − = 335.5
4 8
7 86 49 7396 602
Sxy = Σxy −
( Σx ) ( Σy )
5 88 25 7744 440 n
1 66 1 4356 66 24.8 × 106
Sxy = 309.9 − = −18.7
70 4900 140
8
2 4
Sxy
4 78 16 6084 312 r =
6 95 36 9025 570 (
Sxx Syy )
8 97 64 9409 776 −18.7
r = = −0.449
4 76 16 5776 304 5.16 × 335.5
Σx Σy Σx 2 Σy 2 Σxy b There is a weak negative correlation
= 47 = 814 = 263 = 67174 = 3998 c Yes, because the correlation is only
weak
( Σx )
2
Sxx =Σx 2 − 6 a
n
x y x2 y2 xy
472 421
Sxx = 263 − = 52 60 2704 3600 3120
10 10
60 68 3600 4624 4080
( Σy )
2
Sxy = Σxy −
( Σx ) ( Σy ) 76 82 5776 6724 6232
=r = 5 0.878 Σx Σy Σxy
Σx 2
Σy2
Exercise 7C
36 + 55 + 42 + 35 + 58 + 65 c
1 a mean =
6
= 48.5
17 + 30 + 23 + 11 + 44 + 51
b mean =
6
= 29.333
c
y2 − y1
d y − y1
= × (x − x1 )
x2 − x1
33 − 50
y −=
33 × (x − 11)
11 − 5
y =
−2.833x + 64.1667
2 a mean age
e y = −2.833 × 8 + 64.1667 =
41.5
1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 6 + 8 + 10 + 12
= = 5.75 ⇒ 41,500 Rupees
8
f 50 =
−2.833x + 64.1667
mean height
50 − 64.1667
=
1.78 + 1.98 + 2.17 + 2.40 + 2.82 + 3.26 + 3.71 + 4.14 ⇒x = = 5 km
8 −2.833
= 2.7825 =g y −2.833 × 30 + 64.1667
b = −20.8233
⇒ −20, 823 Rupees
Not suitable to extrapolate, negative
rent is not correct
Exercise 7D
1 A student who plays no sport will spend
35 hours on homework and each day
y2 − y1 spent playing sport reduces the hours of
c y −=
y1 × (x − x1 ) homework by 30 minutes
x2 − x1
2 A person who has no friends who are
2.7825 − 2 criminals has 1 conviction and adding one
y − 2.7825
= × (x − 5.75)
5.75 − 2 extra criminal friends leads to 6 extra
=y 0.208 x + 1.589 convictions
d y = 0.208 × 9 + 1.589 =
3.46 m 3 A brand new speaker is worth $300 and
as it gets older, its value decreases by
e y = 0.208 × 120 + 1.589 =
26.5 m $40 per year
f Not reliable as it is known that giraffes
only grow to 6 m
3 + 6 + 10 + 12 + 15 + 20
3 a mean =
6
= 11 km
60 + 45 + 32 + 28 + 18 + 15
b mean =
6
= 33, 000 Rupees
4 a 5 a
x y x2 y2 xy x y x2 y2 xy
6 157 36 24649 942 80 74 6400 5476 5920
Sxx =Σx 2 −
( Σx )
2
n
Sxx =Σx 2 −
n 7382
Sxx = 61368 − = 852
92.52 9
Sxx = 889.75 − = 34.125
( Σy )
2
10
Syy =Σy 2 −
( Σy )
2
n
Syy =Σy 2 −
n 6902
Syy = 54004 − = 1104
13672 9
Syy = 188625 − = 1756.1
10
Sxy = Σxy −
( Σx ) ( Σy )
Sxy =Σxy −
( Σx ) ( Σy ) n
n 738 × 690
Sxy = 57442 − = 862
92.5 × 1367 9
Sxy = 12403 − −241.75
= Sxy
10 r =
r =
Sxy (
Sxx Syy )
(
Sxx Syy ) =r
86 2
= 0.889
−241.75 852 × 1104
r = = −0.988
34.125 × 1756.1 b y= a + bx , where
b y= a + bx , where Sxy 862
b == = 1.012 and
Sxy −241.75 Sxx 852
b= = = −7.084 and
Sxx 34.125 690 738
a = y − bx = − 1.012 × = −6.30
1367 92.5 9 9
a = y − bx= + 7.084 × = 202.229
10 10 so y 1.01x − 6.30
=
y 202 − 7.084 x
so= c y 1.012 × 75 − 6.30 = 69.6
=
c y 202.229 − 7.084 × 7.5 =
= 149 kmh −1
6 a
x y x2 y2 xy
d As the time taken to accelerate from 0
to 90 increases by 1 second, the top 35 13 1225 169 455
speed decreases by 7.08 38 18 1444 324 684
( Σx )
2
Sxy =Σxy −
( Σx ) ( Σy )
Sxx =Σx 2 −
n n
3052 14.5 × 108
Sxx = 13471 − = 181.714 Sxy = 150 − −73.714
=
7 7
Sxy
( Σy )
2
r =
Syy =Σy 2 −
n (
Sxx Syy )
1962 −73.714
Syy = 6058 − = 570 r = = −0.952
7 8.714 × 687.714
Sxy = Σxy −
( Σx ) ( Σy ) d Strong, positive
n
8 a
305 × 196
Sxy = 8857 − = 317 x y x2 y2 xy
7
28 66 784 4356 1848
Sxy
r = 33 70 1089 4900 2310
(
Sxx Syy ) 35 85 1225 7225 2975
317
=r = 0.985 42 94 1764 8836 3984
181.714 × 570
40 96 1600 9216 3840
There is a strong, positive correlation 38 80 6400 3040
1444
b y= a + bx , where Σx Σy Σxy
Σx 2 Σy 2
Sxy 317 = 216 = 491 = 7906 = 40933 = 17961
b= = = 1.744 and
Sxx 181.714
( Σx )
2
Syy =Σy 2 −
d For every cm that the cat grows in n
length, it grows 1.74 cm in height 4912
7 a a = −8.46 and b = 33.0 Syy = 40933 − = 752.833
6
b y 32.95 − 8.46 × 3.5 =
= 3.34
Sxy = Σxy −
( Σx ) ( Σy )
⇒ 3 mudbugs n
216 × 491
c Sxy = 17961 − = 285
6
x y x2 y2 xy
Sxy
0.5 30 0.25 900 15 r =
1 28 1 748 28 (
Sxx Syy )
1.5 14 2.25 196 21 285
=r = 0.911
2 18 4 324 36 130 × 752.833
2.5 10 6.25 100 25 Sxy 285
b b == = 2.19 and
3 7 9 49 21 Sxx 130
4 1 16 1 4 491 216
a = y − bx = − 2.192 × = 2.92
Σx Σy Σx2
Σy2 Σxy 6 6
= 14.5 = 108 = 38.75 = 2354 = 150 c If a student scores 1 mark better in
the IB diploma then they will do 2.19%
( Σx )
2
Syy =Σy 2 −
n
1082
Syy = 2354 − = 687.714
7
9 a 10 a
x y x2 y2 xy x y x2 y2 xy
25 200 625 40000 5000 1 115 1 13225 115
Sxx =Σx 2 −
( Σx )
2
n
Sxx =Σx 2 −
n 422
Sxx = 300 − = 79.5
4532 8
Sxx = 25151 − = 2350
( Σy )
2
9
Syy =Σy 2 −
( Σy )
2
n
Syy =Σy 2 −
n 6622
Syy = 58476 − = 3695.5
30402 8
Syy= 1148100 − = 121256
9
Sxy = Σxy −
( Σx ) ( Σy )
Sxy =Σxy −
( Σx ) ( Σy ) n
n 42 × 662
Sxy = 2942 − = −533.5
453 × 3040 8
Sxy 168090 −
= 15076.7
=
9 Sxy
r =
y= a + bx , where Sxx Syy ( )
S 15076.7 −533.5
b = xy
= = 6.416 and r = = −0.984
Sxx 2350 79.5 × 3695.5
3040 453 Sxy
a = y − bx= − 6.416 × = 14.858 −533.5
9 9 b b= = = −6.71 and
Sxx 79.5
so y 6.416 x + 14.858
=
662 42
b i Each additional pizza costs $6.42 a ==
y − bx + 6.711
= × 118
8 8
ii When no pizzas are made, there is
c y = 117.98 − 6.711 × 6 =
77.717
a cost of $14.86
c y 6.416 × 60 + 14.858 = $399.82
= = ¥78000
Sxy =Σxy −
( Σx ) ( Σy ) 67 67 4489 4489 4489
Sxy = Σxy −
( Σx ) ( Σy ) 118 196 13924 1652
14
n
19 90 361 8100 1710
35 × 169
Sxy = 1279 − =293.167 85 7225 1785
6 21 441
( Σx ) y1 − y2
2
Sxx =Σx 2 − e=
y − y1 (x − x1 )
n x1 − x2
1692 12 − 16
Sxx = 3881 − = 1024.9 y − 12
= (x − 40)
10 40 − 45
( Σy )
2
y= 0.8 x − 32 + 12
Syy =Σy 2 −
n =y 0.8 x − 20
11122 3 a
Syy = 139398 − = 15743.6
10 t e t2 e2 te
Sxy =Σxy −
( Σx ) ( Σy ) 0 29 0 841 0
n 2 38 4 1444 76
169 × 1112
Sxy 14877 −
= −3915.8
= 4 27 16 729 108
10
6 19 36 361 114
y= a + bx , where
8 12 64 144 96
S xy −3915.8
b= = = −3.821 and Σt Σe 2
Σt Σe 2 Σte
S xx 1024.9 = 20 = 125 = 394
= 120 = 3519
1112 169
a = y − bx=+ 3.821 × = 175.775 ( Σt )
2
10 10 Stt =Σt 2 −
=so y 175.775 − 3.821x , n
=y 175.775 − 3.821
= × 7 149.028
= 149 202
Stt = 120 − = 40
5
b x= a + by , where
( Σe )
2
( Σx ) ( Σy )
2 2
Sxy =Σxy −
( Σx ) ( Σy )
Syy =Σy 2 −
n n
28900 2 215 × 1660
S= 144610000 − = 5408333 Sxy = 36935 − 1245
=
yy
6 10
( Σx ) ( Σy ) Sxy
Sxy =Σxy − r =
n (
Sxx Syy )
248 × 28900 1245
Sxy 1243400 −
= 48866.7
= =r = 0.924
6
68.08 × 26656
y= a + bx , where
c There is a strong positive correlation.
Sxy 48866.7 The hotter the day, the more bottles
b= = = 107.794 and
Sxx 453.333 sold.
28900 248 d y= a + bx , where
a = y − bx
= − 107.794 × = 361.181
6 6 Sxy 1245
b= = = 18.29 and
so
= y 108 x + 361 S xx 68.08
b Need to find the smallest x such that 1660 215
120 x > 107.794 x + 361.181 , a = y − bx = − 18.29 × −227.235
=
10 10
so y 18.3x − 227
=
120 x > 107.794 x + 361.181
=e y 18.29 × 19.6 − 227.235 = 131.249
(120 − 107.794)x > 361.181
⇒ 131 bottles
361.181
x > f 36 is far outside the domain that we
12.206
have
x > 29.59
6 a
So the smallest number of chairs is 30
x y x2 y2 xy
5 a 24 + 23.5 + 23 + 22 + 21 + 20.3 + 20 + 18.2 + 17 + 26
3500 110000 12250000 12100000000 385000000
10
2000 65000 4000000 4225000000 130000000
215
= = 21.5 5000 100000 25000000 10000000000 500000000
10
6000 135000 36000000 18225000000 810000000
b
x y x2 y2 xy 5000 120000 25000000 14400000000 600000000
23.5 199 552.25 39601 4676.5 4000 100000 16000000 10000000000 400000000
Sxy =Σxy −
( Σx ) ( Σy ) 8 a
n x y x2 y2 xy
36500 × 860000 1 6 1 36 6
=Sxy 4215000000 −
8 1.5 7 2.25 49 10.5
= 291250000 2 10 4 100 20
y= a + bx , where 2.5 15 6.25 225 37.5
Sxy 291250000 3 9 9 81 27
b= = = 11.78 and
Sxx 24718750 3.5 17 12.25 289 59.5
860000 36500 4 20 16 400 80
a = y −=
bx − 11.78 × = 53753.8
8 8 4.5 18 20.25 324 81
so y 11.8 x + 53750
=
Σx Σy Σx 2 Σy 2 Σxy
b=
y 11.8 × 7000 + 5375
= 0 $136210 = 22 = 102 = 71 = 1504 = 321.5
Sxy =Σxy −
( Σx ) ( Σy ) c A plant with no growth hormone will
n produce 2 flowers
530 × 50.7 d=y 2.01 + 3.905 × 1.75 =
8.84
Sxy 6674 −
= 1299.8
=
5 e=
12 2.01 + 3.905x
y ax + b , where
= 9.99
3.905x = 12 − 2.01 ⇒ x = = 2.56 g
S 1299.8 3.905
= xy
a= = 0.0874 and f Not appropriate as 1000 is far outside
S xx 14870
the domain of the data provided
50.7 530
b = y − ax= − 0.0874 × 9 a
5 5
x y x2 y2 xy
= 0.876
100 204 10000 41616 20400
b The gradient indicates that a car
200 257 40000 66049 51400
travelling one additional mile uses
0.0874 litres of fuel 300 292 90000 85264 87600
d Not reliable as 5 is outside the domain 500 330 250000 108900 165000
of the original data 600 355 360000 126025 213000
( Σx )
2
Sxy =Σxy −
( Σx ) ( Σy )
Sxx =Σx 2 −
n n
28002 240 × 141
Sxx= 1400000 − = 280000 Sxy 5195 −
= −445
=
7 6
( Σy )
2
y ax + b , where
=
Syy =Σy 2 −
n Sxy −445
a= = = −0.254 and
2123 2
Sxx 1750
Syy = 663979 − = 20103.4
7 141 240
b = y − ax =+ 0.254 × = 33.7 ,
Sxy =Σxy −
( Σx ) ( Σy ) 6 6
n =y 33.7 − 0.254 x
2800 × 2123 b=y 33.7 − 0.254 × 50
Sxy 922400 −
= 73200
=
7
= 21 decimal places
y ax + b , where
=
Sxy
S 73200 c r =
a = xy
= = 0.261 and
S xx 280000 (S xx Syy )
2123 2800 −445
b = y − ax= − 0.261 × = 199 =r = −0.842
7 7 1750 × 159.5
b Each additional gram increases the d There is a strong, negative correlation
length of the spring by 0.261 mm
11 a 0.51 × 120 + 7.5 =
68.7 M1A1
c The spring was 199 mm long before
any weight was added b The line of best fit goes through ( x, y )
d=
y 199 + 0.261 × 550 = 342 mm R1
e 2 kg is outside the domain of the data, y = 0.51 × 100 + 7.5 = 58.5 A1
so extrapolation is unreliable c Strong, positive A1A1
f x ay + b , where
= d x on y A1
S 12 i perfect positive A1
73200
a = xy
= = 3.641 and ii strong negative A1
Syy 20103.4
iii weak positive A1
2800 2123 iv weak negative A1
b = x − ay = − 3.641 × =−704.263
7 7 v zero A1
so x 3.641y − 704.263 ,
= 13 a r = 0.979 (3sf) A2
x = 3.641 × 300 − 704.263 = 388 g b Strong, positive A1A1
10 a c i y 1.23x − 21.3
= A1A1
x y x2 y2 xy ii x 0.776y + 20.8
= A1A1
15 26 225 676 390 d 1.23 × 105 − 21.3 =
108 A1
25 30 625 900 750 e 0.776 × 95 + 20.8 = 95 A1
35 25 1225 625 875 f It is extrapolation R1
45 26 2025 676 1170 14 a
55 20 3025 400 1100
( Σx )
2
Sxx =Σx 2 −
n
2402
Sxx = 11350 − = 1750
6
( Σy )
2
2
Syy =Σy −
n
1412
Syy = 3473 − = 159.5
6 A1
scales A3 points
(A2 6 points, A1 3 points)
© Oxford University Press 2019 12
Worked solutions
x 13 14 15 16 16 17 18 18 19 19
y 2 0 3 1 4 1 1 2 1 2
b r = −0.0695(3sf ) A2
0.6
18 i m
Gradient= = 0.2 M1A1
3
ii l = 0.6 A1
iii k = 3 A1
e A ∪ B′
Exercise 8C
1 a = {2, 4,6,8,10} ∪ {1,2, 4,5,7,8,10}
= { 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10 }
f A′ ∪ B′
= {1,3,5,7,9} ∪ {1,2, 4,5,7,8,10}
= { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10 }
6 U={1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15}
b From the Venn diagram, a i M = {3,6,9,12,15}
8 4 ii F = { 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 10, 15 }
P(neither)
= =
38 19
b
2 a
1 8
=1 − =
9 9
3 Let A = gave a card and B = gave a present
31 + 40 − 25 23
a P(card =
or present) =
50 25
31 − 25 3
b P(card but no present)
= =
50 25 b i P(only 9 pm) = 33%
c P(neither card nor present) ii P(only 6 pm) = 24%
23 2 iii P(no news) = 30%
=1 − P(card or present) =1− =
25 25
© Oxford University Press 2019 2
Worked solutions
Exercise 8D 9
so 4P( A ∩ B) =
n({2,3,5,7}) 4 2 16
1 a P(prime)
= = =
10 10 5 9 27
⇒ P( A ∩ B) = ⇒ P( A ∪ B) =
b P(prime or multiple of 3) 64 64
6 a P( A ∩ B)= P( A) + P(B) − P( A ∪ B) 2 a
4 1 1 1 1
= = 1 P(both purple) = × =
16 4 5 5 25
3
iv P(sum is prime) 4 64
2 P(all 3 like pasta)
= =
n({(1,1),(1,2),(1, 4),(2,1),(2,3),(3,2),(3, 4),(4,1),(4,3)}) 5 125
=
n(U )
3 P(loses both) = (1 − 0.75) × (1 − 0.85)
9
= = 0.0375
16
4 a P(B) = P( A ∩ B) + P( A ∪ B) − P( A)
3 a
=0 + 0.4 − 0.2 =0.2
P(B ∩ C )= P(B) + P(C ) − P(B ∪ C )
= 0.2 + 0.3 − 0.34
= 0.16
b Not independent as P(B ∩ C ) =
/ 0
1 5 5
5 P(head and not 6) = × =
b i P(cards have same number) 2 6 12
n({(2,2),(3,3)}) 2 1 6 P(not hitting with 4 missiles)
= = =
n(U ) 12 6 4
1 1
= =
ii P(largest number is 3) 9 6561
n({(2,3),(3,1),(3,2),(3,3)}) 7 a P(E ) =−
1 P(E′) =−
1 0.6 =0.4
=
n(U )
b i Because
4 1
= = P(E ) × P(F ) =0.24 =P(E ∩ F )
16 4
iii P(sum is less than 7) ii Because P(E ∩ F ) =
/ 0
n({(2,1),(2,2),(2,3),(3,1),(3,2),(3,3),(4,1),(4,2),(5,1)}) c P(E ∪ F ′)= P(E ) + P(F ′) − P(E ∩ F ′)
n(U )
= P(E ) + 1 − P(F ) − (P(E ) − P(E ∩ F ))
9 3
= =
12 4 = 0.4 + 1 − 0.6 − 0.4 + 0.24= 0.64
iv P(product is at least 8) 8 The only possible way to have a sum of 6
3
2 1
n({(3,3),(4,2),(4,3),(5,2),(5,3)}) is if all dice show 2. P(sum to 6) = =
= 6
2 7
n(U )
5 9 a P( A ∩ B) = P( A) × P(B) = 0.9 × 0.3 = 0.27
=
12
b P( A ∩ B′)= P( A) − P( A ∩ B)
v P(at least one even number)
=0.9 − 0.27 =0.63
n({(2,1),(2,2),(2,3),(3,2),(4,1),(4,2),(4,3),(5,2)})
=
n(U ) c P( A ∪ B′)= P( A) + P(B′) − P( A ∩ B′)
n({6,7,11,14}) 9 5 10 55
=2 × × + =
8 4 2 14 13 91 91
= = =
n({6,7,11,14,24,29}) 6 3
1
8 c P(girl picks broken pen) =
4
c P(less than 5 | less than 15)
3
P(less than 5 and less than 15) 3 a P(male) =
= 10
P(less than 15)
b P(one male and one female)
n({1,2})
8 2 1 3 7 7
= = = =2 × × =
n({1,2,6,7,11,14}) 6 3 10 9 15
8
4 a P(at least one answers correctly)
d P(1 ↔ 10 | 5 ↔ 25)
= P(one answers correctly)
P(1 ↔ 15 and 5 ↔ 25) + P(both answer correctly)
=
P(5 ↔ 25)
5 4 2 5 5 5 55
n({6,7,11,14}) = × + × + × =
7 9 7 9 7 9 63
8 4
= =
n({6,7,11,14,24}) 5 b P(Luca correct | at least one correct)
8
5
3 a 0 because they are mutually
P(V ∩ W ) = P(Luca correct) 7 9
= = =
exclusive P(at least one correct) 55 11
63
b P(V | W ) = 0 because they are mutually
exclusive c P(Ian correct | at least one correct)
Chapter review 5 a 6x
1 a P(divisible by 5) b
n({10,15,20,...85,90,95})
=
n({10,11,...,98,99})
18 1
= =
90 5
b P(divisible by 3)
n({12,15,18,...93,96,99}) 30 1
= = =
n({10,11,...,98,99}) 90 3
c P(greater than 50)
n({51,52,53,...,98,99}) 49 c 15 + 3 + 7 + 20 + 6 x + 2 x + x =90
= =
n({10,11,...,98,99}) 90 45 + 9 x =
90
d P(a square number) 9 x = 45
x =5
n({16,25,36, 49,64,81}) 6 1
= = =
n({10,11,...,98,99}) 90 15 6 a P(C ∩ D)= P(D) × P(C | D)
2 = 0.5 × 0.6 = 0.3
b Not mutually exclusive as P(C ∩ D) ≠ 0
c P(C ) × P(D) = 0.4 × 0.5 = 0.2
(M1)A1
2 1
h Considering the list in (e) =
6 3
or using conditional probability formula
(M1)A1
13 a Independent ⇔ P(F ∩ R)= P(F ) × P(R)
R1
1 1 1 A3 (A1 shape A2 numbers)
≠ × so not independent A1
6 3 4
50 1 82 118 59
c i = A1 iv 1 − = = (M1)A1
100 2 200 200 100
90 9 20 5
ii = A1 d = or by using the formula A2
100 10 48 12
40 2 5 4 5
iii = A1 19 a i × = (M1)A1
100 5 8 7 14
P ( E ∩ F ) 10 1 ii RG or GR
d P (E =
F) = = M1A1 5 3 3 5 15
P (F ) 40 4 × + × = (M1)A1
8 7 8 7 28
e If independent then P ( E F ) = P ( E ) R1
5 5 25
b i × = (M1)A1
1 60 8 8 64
≠ so not independent A1
4 100 ii RG or GR
17 a 5 3 3 5 15
× + × = (M1)A1
8 8 8 8 32
P ( A ∩ B)
20 a i P ( A B) =
P (B)
P ( A ∩ B)
⇒
= 0.4 ⇒ P ( A=
∩ B ) 0.2
0.5
M1A1
ii P ( A )= P ( A ∩ B ) + P ( A ∩ B′ )
P ( I ∩ C ′) 24
24
f P ( I C=
′) = =
100
M1A1
P (C ′) 31
100 31
18 a
b 200 − 140 =
60 (M1)A1
30 3
c i = A1
200 20
122 61
ii = A1
200 100
92 23
iii = A1
200 50