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Chapter 7 and 8

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51 views21 pages

Chapter 7 and 8

Uploaded by

mcga2601
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Worked solutions

7 Modelling relationships between two data


sets: statistics for bivariate data
Skills check 4 a
1 a 1296 b 64 c 343
2 a 5 b 4 c 3 d 3
3 a =
y 4x − 2 b y= 1 − 2 x

Exercise 7A
1 a There is a strong, positive, linear
correlation
b There is a weak, negative, linear
correlation
c There is a strong, negative, linear
correlation
d There is a weak, positive, linear
correlation b There is a strong, positive, linear
e There is no correlation correlation
2 i a Positive b Linear 5 a
c Strong
ii a Positive b Linear
c Moderate
iii a Positive b Linear
c Weak
iv a No correlation b Non linear
c Zero
v a Negative b Linear
c Strong
vi a Negative b Non linear
c Strong b There is a strong, positive, linear
3 a correlation
c As the kitten gets older, it gets heavier

Exercise 7B
1 a
x y x2 y2 xy
20 250 400 62500 5000

24 300 576 90000 7200

30 350 900 122500 10500

40 360 1600 129600 14400

50 480 2500 230400 24000

75 580 5625 336400 43500

b There is a strong, negative, linear 80 750 6400 562500 60000


correlation 90 840 8100 705600 75600
c As the maximum depth increases the 100 900 10000 810000 90000
time at that depth decreases
120 1000 14400 1000000 120000

Σx =629 Σy =5810 Σx2


Σy2 Σxy
= 50501 = 4049500 = 450200

© Oxford University Press 2019 Worked solutions 1


Worked solutions

( Σx ) Sxy
2

Sxx =Σx 2 − r =
n (S xx Syy )
6292 109369
Sxx = 50501 − = −241362
10 10 r = = −0.976
165 3708905528
( Σy )
2 ×
Syy =Σy 2 − 2 5
n b There is a strong negative correlation
58102
Syy= 4049500 − = 673890 c The price of the motorbike can never
10 fall below 0.
Sxy =Σxy −
( Σx ) ( Σy ) 3 a
n x y x2 y2 xy
629 × 5810
Sxy = 450200 − 84751
= 148 34 21904 1156 5032
10
153 38 23409 1444 5814
Sxy
r = 156 42 27225 1764 6930
(
Sxx Syy ) 142 36 20164 1296 5112
84751
=r = 0.987 155 42 24025 1764 6510
109369
× 673890 141 32 19881 1024 4512
10
171 40 29241 1600 6840
b There is a strong positive correlation
154 34 23716 1156 5236
c As the floor area increases, house price
170 40 28900 1600 6800
increases
2 a 168 38 28224 1444 6384

x y x2 y2 xy Σx Σy Σx 2 Σy 2 Σxy
= 1567 = 376 = 246689 = 14248 = 59170
1 40000 1 1600000000 40000

( Σx )
2
2 36500 4 1332250000 73000
Sxx =Σx 2 −
3 31000 9 1961000000 93000 n
4 26658 16 710648954 106632 15672 11401
Sxx = 246689 − =
5 24250 25 588062500 121250 10 10
( Σy )
2
6 19540 36 381811600 117240
Syy =Σy 2 −
7 19100 49 364810000 133700 n
3762 552
8 18750 64 351562500 150000 Syy = 14248 − =
10 5
9 15430 81 238084900 138870

Sxy = Σxy −
( Σx ) ( Σy )
10 12600 100 158760000 126000
n
Σx = Σy = 2
Σx = 2
Σy = Σxy =
1567 × 376 1254
55 243828 385 6686990464 1099692 Sxy = 59170 − =
10 5
Sxy
( Σx )
2
r =
Sxx =Σx 2 −
n
(
Sxx Syy )
552 165 1254
Sxx = 385 − = 5
10 2 =r = 0.707
11401 552
( Σy )
2
×
Syy =Σy 2 − 10 5
n
b There is a moderate positive
2438282
=Syy 6686990464 − correlation
10
3708905528
=
5

Sxy = Σxy −
( Σx ) ( Σy )
n
55 × 243828
=Sxy 1099692 −
10
= −241362

© Oxford University Press 2019 2


Worked solutions

4 a ( Σy )
2

x y x 2
y 2
xy Syy =Σy 2 −
n
6 78 36 6084 468
1062
80 16 6400 320
Syy = 1740 − = 335.5
4 8
7 86 49 7396 602
Sxy = Σxy −
( Σx ) ( Σy )
5 88 25 7744 440 n
1 66 1 4356 66 24.8 × 106
Sxy = 309.9 − = −18.7
70 4900 140
8
2 4
Sxy
4 78 16 6084 312 r =
6 95 36 9025 570 (
Sxx Syy )
8 97 64 9409 776 −18.7
r = = −0.449
4 76 16 5776 304 5.16 × 335.5
Σx Σy Σx 2 Σy 2 Σxy b There is a weak negative correlation
= 47 = 814 = 263 = 67174 = 3998 c Yes, because the correlation is only
weak
( Σx )
2

Sxx =Σx 2 − 6 a
n
x y x2 y2 xy
472 421
Sxx = 263 − = 52 60 2704 3600 3120
10 10
60 68 3600 4624 4080
( Σy )
2

Syy =Σy 2 − 62 66 3844 4356 4092


n
65 69 4225 4761 4485
8142 4572
Syy = 67174 − = 68 75 4624 5625 5100
10 5

Sxy = Σxy −
( Σx ) ( Σy ) 76 82 5776 6724 6232

n 77 83 5929 6889 6391


47 × 814 861 78 84 6084 7056 6552
Sxy = 3998 − =
10 5 80 88 6400 7040
7744
Sxy
r = 84 90 7056 8100 7560
(
Sxx Syy ) 85 93 7225 8649 7905
861 95 92 9025 8464 8740

=r = 5 0.878 Σx Σy Σxy
Σx 2
Σy2

421 4572 = 882 = 950 = 66492 = 76592 = 71297


×
10 5
( Σx )
2

b There is a strong positive correlation Sxx =Σx 2 −


n
c Yes
8822
5 a Sxx = 66492 − = 1665
12
x y x 2
y 2
xy
( Σy )
2

3.9 10 15.21 100 39 Syy =Σy 2 −


n
2.7 14 7.29 196 37.8
9502
3.8 5 14.44 25 19 Syy = 76592 − = 1383.67
12
2.4 8 5.76 64 19.2
Sxy = Σxy −
( Σx ) ( Σy )
1.7 24 2.89 576 40.8 n
2.6 17 6.76 289 44.2 882 × 950
Sxy = 71297 − =1472
4.0 21 16 441 84 12
3.7 13.69 49 25.9
Sxy
7 r =
Σx Σy Σx 2 Σy 2 Σxy (
Sxx Syy )
= 24.8 = 106 = 82.04 = 1740 = 309.9
1472
=r = 0.970
( Σx )
2
1665 × 1383.67
Sxx =Σx 2 −
n b There is a strong positive correlation
24.82 c More practice questions will likely
Sxx = 82.04 − = 5.16
8 increase the overall grade
© Oxford University Press 2019 3
Worked solutions

Exercise 7C
36 + 55 + 42 + 35 + 58 + 65 c
1 a mean =
6
= 48.5
17 + 30 + 23 + 11 + 44 + 51
b mean =
6
= 29.333
c

y2 − y1
d y − y1
= × (x − x1 )
x2 − x1
33 − 50
y −=
33 × (x − 11)
11 − 5
y =
−2.833x + 64.1667
2 a mean age
e y = −2.833 × 8 + 64.1667 =
41.5
1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 6 + 8 + 10 + 12
= = 5.75 ⇒ 41,500 Rupees
8
f 50 =
−2.833x + 64.1667
mean height
50 − 64.1667
=
1.78 + 1.98 + 2.17 + 2.40 + 2.82 + 3.26 + 3.71 + 4.14 ⇒x = = 5 km
8 −2.833
= 2.7825 =g y −2.833 × 30 + 64.1667
b = −20.8233
⇒ −20, 823 Rupees
Not suitable to extrapolate, negative
rent is not correct

Exercise 7D
1 A student who plays no sport will spend
35 hours on homework and each day
y2 − y1 spent playing sport reduces the hours of
c y −=
y1 × (x − x1 ) homework by 30 minutes
x2 − x1
2 A person who has no friends who are
2.7825 − 2 criminals has 1 conviction and adding one
y − 2.7825
= × (x − 5.75)
5.75 − 2 extra criminal friends leads to 6 extra
=y 0.208 x + 1.589 convictions
d y = 0.208 × 9 + 1.589 =
3.46 m 3 A brand new speaker is worth $300 and
as it gets older, its value decreases by
e y = 0.208 × 120 + 1.589 =
26.5 m $40 per year
f Not reliable as it is known that giraffes
only grow to 6 m
3 + 6 + 10 + 12 + 15 + 20
3 a mean =
6
= 11 km
60 + 45 + 32 + 28 + 18 + 15
b mean =
6
= 33, 000 Rupees

© Oxford University Press 2019 4


Worked solutions

4 a 5 a
x y x2 y2 xy x y x2 y2 xy
6 157 36 24649 942 80 74 6400 5476 5920

7 155 49 24025 1085 73 62 5329 3844 4526

8 147 64 21609 1176 95 93 9025 8649 8835

8.5 142 72.25 20164 1207 84 75 7056 5625 6300

9 138 81 19044 1242 67 73 4489 5329 4891

9.5 132 90.25 17424 1254 88 81 7744 6561 7128

10 134 100 17956 1340 69 58 4761 3364 4002

11 127 121 16129 1397 92 90 8464 8100 8280

11.5 120 132.25 14400 1380 90 84 8100 7056 7560

12 115 144 13225 1380 Σx Σy Σx 2


Σy2 Σxy
= 738 = 690 = 61368 = 54004 = 57442
Σx Σy Σx 2
Σy2 Σxy
= 92.5 = 1367 = 188625 = 12403
( Σx )
= 889.75 2

Sxx =Σx 2 −
( Σx )
2
n
Sxx =Σx 2 −
n 7382
Sxx = 61368 − = 852
92.52 9
Sxx = 889.75 − = 34.125
( Σy )
2
10
Syy =Σy 2 −
( Σy )
2
n
Syy =Σy 2 −
n 6902
Syy = 54004 − = 1104
13672 9
Syy = 188625 − = 1756.1
10
Sxy = Σxy −
( Σx ) ( Σy )
Sxy =Σxy −
( Σx ) ( Σy ) n
n 738 × 690
Sxy = 57442 − = 862
92.5 × 1367 9
Sxy = 12403 − −241.75
= Sxy
10 r =
r =
Sxy (
Sxx Syy )
(
Sxx Syy ) =r
86 2
= 0.889
−241.75 852 × 1104
r = = −0.988
34.125 × 1756.1 b y= a + bx , where
b y= a + bx , where Sxy 862
b == = 1.012 and
Sxy −241.75 Sxx 852
b= = = −7.084 and
Sxx 34.125 690 738
a = y − bx = − 1.012 × = −6.30
1367 92.5 9 9
a = y − bx= + 7.084 × = 202.229
10 10 so y 1.01x − 6.30
=
y 202 − 7.084 x
so= c y 1.012 × 75 − 6.30 = 69.6
=
c y 202.229 − 7.084 × 7.5 =
= 149 kmh −1
6 a
x y x2 y2 xy
d As the time taken to accelerate from 0
to 90 increases by 1 second, the top 35 13 1225 169 455
speed decreases by 7.08 38 18 1444 324 684

42 27 1764 729 1134

45 28 2025 784 1260

47 36 2209 1296 1692

48 34 2304 1156 1632

50 40 2500 1600 2000


Σx Σy Σx 2
Σy 2 Σxy
= 305 = 196 = 13471 = 6085 = 8857

© Oxford University Press 2019 5


Worked solutions

( Σx )
2

Sxy =Σxy −
( Σx ) ( Σy )
Sxx =Σx 2 −
n n
3052 14.5 × 108
Sxx = 13471 − = 181.714 Sxy = 150 − −73.714
=
7 7
Sxy
( Σy )
2
r =
Syy =Σy 2 −
n (
Sxx Syy )
1962 −73.714
Syy = 6058 − = 570 r = = −0.952
7 8.714 × 687.714
Sxy = Σxy −
( Σx ) ( Σy ) d Strong, positive
n
8 a
305 × 196
Sxy = 8857 − = 317 x y x2 y2 xy
7
28 66 784 4356 1848
Sxy
r = 33 70 1089 4900 2310
(
Sxx Syy ) 35 85 1225 7225 2975
317
=r = 0.985 42 94 1764 8836 3984
181.714 × 570
40 96 1600 9216 3840
There is a strong, positive correlation 38 80 6400 3040
1444
b y= a + bx , where Σx Σy Σxy
Σx 2 Σy 2
Sxy 317 = 216 = 491 = 7906 = 40933 = 17961
b= = = 1.744 and
Sxx 181.714
( Σx )
2

196 305 Sxx =Σx 2 −


a = y − bx = − 1.744 × −48.0321
= n
7 7
2162
so y 1.74 x − 48.0
= Sxx = 7906 − = 130
6
c y = 1.74 × 40 − 48.0 =
21.6 cm
( Σy )
2

Syy =Σy 2 −
d For every cm that the cat grows in n
length, it grows 1.74 cm in height 4912
7 a a = −8.46 and b = 33.0 Syy = 40933 − = 752.833
6
b y 32.95 − 8.46 × 3.5 =
= 3.34
Sxy = Σxy −
( Σx ) ( Σy )
⇒ 3 mudbugs n
216 × 491
c Sxy = 17961 − = 285
6
x y x2 y2 xy
Sxy
0.5 30 0.25 900 15 r =
1 28 1 748 28 (
Sxx Syy )
1.5 14 2.25 196 21 285
=r = 0.911
2 18 4 324 36 130 × 752.833
2.5 10 6.25 100 25 Sxy 285
b b == = 2.19 and
3 7 9 49 21 Sxx 130
4 1 16 1 4 491 216
a = y − bx = − 2.192 × = 2.92
Σx Σy Σx2
Σy2 Σxy 6 6
= 14.5 = 108 = 38.75 = 2354 = 150 c If a student scores 1 mark better in
the IB diploma then they will do 2.19%
( Σx )
2

Sxx =Σx 2 − better in their first year at university


n d y 2.19 x + 2.92
=
14.52
Sxx = 38.75 − = 8.714 = 2.19 × 30 + 2.92 =
68.7%
7
( Σy )
2

Syy =Σy 2 −
n
1082
Syy = 2354 − = 687.714
7

© Oxford University Press 2019 6


Worked solutions

9 a 10 a
x y x2 y2 xy x y x2 y2 xy
25 200 625 40000 5000 1 115 1 13225 115

40 260 1600 67600 10400 2 110 4 12100 220

65 350 4225 122500 22750 3 92 9 8464 276

53 360 2809 129600 19080 4 89 16 7921 365

46 260 2116 67600 11960 5 80 25 6400 400

30 250 900 62500 7500 8 63 64 3969 504

50 310 2500 96100 15500 9 59 81 3481 531

74 600 5476 360000 44400 10 54 100 2916 540

70 450 4900 202500 31500 Σx Σy Σx 2 Σy 2 Σxy


= 42 = 662 = 300 = 58476 = 2942
Σx Σy Σx 2
Σy2 Σxy
= 453 = 3040 = 168090
( Σx )
= 25151 = 1148400 2

Sxx =Σx 2 −
( Σx )
2
n
Sxx =Σx 2 −
n 422
Sxx = 300 − = 79.5
4532 8
Sxx = 25151 − = 2350
( Σy )
2
9
Syy =Σy 2 −
( Σy )
2
n
Syy =Σy 2 −
n 6622
Syy = 58476 − = 3695.5
30402 8
Syy= 1148100 − = 121256
9
Sxy = Σxy −
( Σx ) ( Σy )
Sxy =Σxy −
( Σx ) ( Σy ) n
n 42 × 662
Sxy = 2942 − = −533.5
453 × 3040 8
Sxy 168090 −
= 15076.7
=
9 Sxy
r =
y= a + bx , where Sxx Syy ( )
S 15076.7 −533.5
b = xy
= = 6.416 and r = = −0.984
Sxx 2350 79.5 × 3695.5
3040 453 Sxy
a = y − bx= − 6.416 × = 14.858 −533.5
9 9 b b= = = −6.71 and
Sxx 79.5
so y 6.416 x + 14.858
=
662 42
b i Each additional pizza costs $6.42 a ==
y − bx + 6.711
= × 118
8 8
ii When no pizzas are made, there is
c y = 117.98 − 6.711 × 6 =
77.717
a cost of $14.86
c y 6.416 × 60 + 14.858 = $399.82
= = ¥78000

d i Not reliable as 5000 is not close to


the domain used Exercise 7E
ii=
100 6.416 x + 14.858 1 a
x y x2 y2 xy
100 − 14.858
x = 12 45 144 2025 540
6.416
x = 13.27 15 44 225 1936 660

13 pizzas 18 45 324 2025 810

18 42 324 1764 756

22 40 484 1600 880

25 34 625 1156 850

30 26 900 676 780


Σx Σy Σx 2
Σy2 Σxy
= 140 = 276 = 3026 = 11182 = 5276

© Oxford University Press 2019 7


Worked solutions

b=x 1.35 + 0.159 × 50 = 9.3 mins


( Σx )
2
2
Sxx =Σx − 3 a
n
1402 x y x2 y2 xy
Sxx = 3026 − = 226 90 87 8100 7569 7830
7
88 57 7744 3249 5061
( Σy )
2

Syy =Σy 2 − 65 52 4225 2704 3380


n
92 76 8464 5776 6992
2762
Syy = 11182 − = 299.714
7 50 30 2500 900 1500

Sxy =Σxy −
( Σx ) ( Σy ) 67 67 4489 4489 4489

n 100 96 10000 9216 9600


140 × 276 100 10000 5476 7400
Sxy =5276 − = −244 74
7 73 65 5329 4225 4745
y= a + bx , where 90 87 8100 7569 7830
Sxy −244 83 78 6889 6084 6474
b= = = −1.0797 and
Sxx 226
94 89 8836 7921 8366
276 140
a = y − bx = + 1.0797 × = 61.0226 83 78 6889 6084 6474
7 7
Σx Σy Σx 2 Σy 2 Σxy
so
= y 61.0 − 1.08 x , = 1075 = 936 = 80096
= 91565 = 71262
=y 61.0 − 1.08 × 20= 39.4 ⇒ 39 tickets
( Σy )
2

b x= a + by , where Syy =Σy 2 −


n
S xy −244
b= = = −0.814 and 9362
Syy 299.714 Syy = 71262 − = 3870
13
140
a = x − by =
+ 0.814 ×
276
= 52.1 Sxy =Σxy −
( Σx ) ( Σy )
7 7 n
so=x 52.1 − 0.814y , 1075 × 936
=y 52.1 − 0.814=× 35 23.61 ⇒ $24 Sxy =80096 − = 2696
13
2 a x= a + by , where
x y x2 y2 xy
Sxy 2696
2 6 4 36 12 b == = 0.697 and
Syy 3870
3 10 9 100 30
1075 936
5 22 25 484 110 a = x − by= − 0.697 × = 32.508
13 13
7 33 49 1089 231 so
= x 32.5 + 0.697y ,
8 42 64 1764 336
=x 32.508 + 0.697 × 52 =
68.752
10 56 100 3136 560
⇒ 69 marks in physics
Σx Σy Σx 2 Σy 2 Σxy
4 a
= 35 = 169 = 251 = 6609 = 1279
x y x2 y2 xy
( Σy )
2
1 180 1 32400 180
Syy =Σy 2 −
n 5 164 25 26896 820
1692 9 148 81 21904 1332
Syy = 6609 − = 1848.83
6
12 120 144 14400 1440

Sxy = Σxy −
( Σx ) ( Σy ) 118 196 13924 1652
14
n
19 90 361 8100 1710
35 × 169
Sxy = 1279 − =293.167 85 7225 1785
6 21 441

24 82 576 6724 1968


x= a + by , where
S 30 65 900 4225 1950
293.167
b = xy
= = 0.159 and 34 60 1156 3600 2040
Syy 1848.83
Σx Σy Σx2
Σy2 Σxy
35 169
a = x − by =
− 0.159 × = 1.35 so = 169 = 1112 = 3881 = 139398 = 14877
6 6
=x 1.35 + 0.159y

© Oxford University Press 2019 8


Worked solutions

( Σx ) y1 − y2
2

Sxx =Σx 2 − e=
y − y1 (x − x1 )
n x1 − x2
1692 12 − 16
Sxx = 3881 − = 1024.9 y − 12
= (x − 40)
10 40 − 45
( Σy )
2
y= 0.8 x − 32 + 12
Syy =Σy 2 −
n =y 0.8 x − 20
11122 3 a
Syy = 139398 − = 15743.6
10 t e t2 e2 te

Sxy =Σxy −
( Σx ) ( Σy ) 0 29 0 841 0
n 2 38 4 1444 76
169 × 1112
Sxy 14877 −
= −3915.8
= 4 27 16 729 108
10
6 19 36 361 114
y= a + bx , where
8 12 64 144 96
S xy −3915.8
b= = = −3.821 and Σt Σe 2
Σt Σe 2 Σte
S xx 1024.9 = 20 = 125 = 394
= 120 = 3519
1112 169
a = y − bx=+ 3.821 × = 175.775 ( Σt )
2

10 10 Stt =Σt 2 −
=so y 175.775 − 3.821x , n
=y 175.775 − 3.821
= × 7 149.028
= 149 202
Stt = 120 − = 40
5
b x= a + by , where
( Σe )
2

Sxy −3915.8 See =Σe 2



b= = = −0.249 and n
Syy 15743.6
1252
169 1112 See = 3519 − = 394
+ 0.249 ×
a = x − by = = 44.589 5
10 10 ( Σ t ) ( Σe )
=so x 44.589 − 0.249y , Ste = Σte −
n
=x 44.589 − 0.249 × 100 = 19.7 km 20 × 125
Ste = 394 − =−106
5
Chapter Review e at + b , where
=
1 a The PMCC lies between -1 and 1 S −106
a = te = = −2.65 and
b A -0.6, B 0.9, C 0.5, D 0, E -0.96 Stt 40
c Strong negative, linear 125 20
b = e − at = + 2.65 × = 35.6
2 a,d & f 5 5
b=e 35.6 − 2.65 × 5 = 22.35 ⇒ 22 eggs
c Because t = 40 is too far outside the
domain
4 a
x y x2 y2 xy
28 3600 784 12960000 100800

46 5200 2116 27040000 239200

38 4400 1444 19360000 167200

34 3800 1156 14440000 129200

b mean temp 52 6000 2704 36000000 312000

50 5900 2500 34810000 295000


39 + 36 + 45 + 41 + 42 + 37 240
= = Σx Σy Σxy
6 6 Σx 2 Σy 2
= 248 = 28900 = 10704 = 144610000 = 1243400
= 40 °C
c mean cost
11 + 8 + 16 + 13 + 14 + 10 72
= = = 12
6 6
so 1200 Dirhams

© Oxford University Press 2019 9


Worked solutions

( Σx ) ( Σy )
2 2

Sxx =Σx 2 − Syy =Σy 2 −


n n
2482 16602
Sxx = 10704 − = 453.333 Syy = 302216 − = 26656
6 10
( Σy )
2

Sxy =Σxy −
( Σx ) ( Σy )
Syy =Σy 2 −
n n
28900 2 215 × 1660
S= 144610000 − = 5408333 Sxy = 36935 − 1245
=
yy
6 10
( Σx ) ( Σy ) Sxy
Sxy =Σxy − r =
n (
Sxx Syy )
248 × 28900 1245
Sxy 1243400 −
= 48866.7
= =r = 0.924
6
68.08 × 26656
y= a + bx , where
c There is a strong positive correlation.
Sxy 48866.7 The hotter the day, the more bottles
b= = = 107.794 and
Sxx 453.333 sold.
28900 248 d y= a + bx , where
a = y − bx
= − 107.794 × = 361.181
6 6 Sxy 1245
b= = = 18.29 and
so
= y 108 x + 361 S xx 68.08
b Need to find the smallest x such that 1660 215
120 x > 107.794 x + 361.181 , a = y − bx = − 18.29 × −227.235
=
10 10
so y 18.3x − 227
=
120 x > 107.794 x + 361.181
=e y 18.29 × 19.6 − 227.235 = 131.249
(120 − 107.794)x > 361.181
⇒ 131 bottles
361.181
x > f 36 is far outside the domain that we
12.206
have
x > 29.59
6 a
So the smallest number of chairs is 30
x y x2 y2 xy
5 a 24 + 23.5 + 23 + 22 + 21 + 20.3 + 20 + 18.2 + 17 + 26
3500 110000 12250000 12100000000 385000000
10
2000 65000 4000000 4225000000 130000000
215
= = 21.5 5000 100000 25000000 10000000000 500000000
10
6000 135000 36000000 18225000000 810000000
b
x y x2 y2 xy 5000 120000 25000000 14400000000 600000000

24 260 576 67600 6240 3000 90000 9000000 8100000000 270000000

23.5 199 552.25 39601 4676.5 4000 100000 16000000 10000000000 400000000

23 174 529 30276 4002 8000 140000 64000000 19600000000 1120000000

162 484 26244 3564 Σx = Σy = Σx 2 = Σy 2 = Σxy =


22
36500 860000 191250000 96650000000 4215000000
21 149 441 22201 3129
( Σx )
2
20.3 135 412.09 18225 2740.5 2
Sxx =Σx −
20 118 400 13924 2360 n
365002
18.2 115 331.24 13225 2093 =Sxx 191250000 −
8
17 102 289 10404 1734
= 24718750
26 246 676 60516 6396
( Σy )
2
2
Σx Σy Σx 2
Σy 2 Σxy Syy =Σy −
= 215 = 1660 = 36935 n
= 4690.58 = 302216
8600002
=Syy 96650000000 −
( Σx )
2
8
Sxx =Σx 2 −
n = 420000000
2152
= 4690.58 −
Sxx = 68.08
10

© Oxford University Press 2019 10


Worked solutions

Sxy =Σxy −
( Σx ) ( Σy ) 8 a
n x y x2 y2 xy

36500 × 860000 1 6 1 36 6
=Sxy 4215000000 −
8 1.5 7 2.25 49 10.5
= 291250000 2 10 4 100 20
y= a + bx , where 2.5 15 6.25 225 37.5
Sxy 291250000 3 9 9 81 27
b= = = 11.78 and
Sxx 24718750 3.5 17 12.25 289 59.5
860000 36500 4 20 16 400 80
a = y −=
bx − 11.78 × = 53753.8
8 8 4.5 18 20.25 324 81
so y 11.8 x + 53750
=
Σx Σy Σx 2 Σy 2 Σxy
b=
y 11.8 × 7000 + 5375
= 0 $136210 = 22 = 102 = 71 = 1504 = 321.5

c i and ii would change, iii would remain


( Σx )
2

the same Sxx =Σx 2 −


n
7 a
222
x y x2 y2 xy Sxx =71 − =10.5
8
30 3.2 900 10.24 96
( Σy )
2

65 7.5 4225 56.25 487.5 Syy =Σy 2 −


n
110 8.4 12100 70.56 924
1022
140 15.1 19600 228.01 2114
Syy = 1504 − = 203.5
8
185 16.5 34225 272.25 3052.5
Sxy = Σxy −
( Σx ) ( Σy )
Σx Σy Σx 2
Σy 2 Σxy n
= 530 = 50.7 = 6674
= 71050 = 637.31 22 × 102
Sxy = 321.5 − = 41
( Σx )
2 8
2
Sxx =Σx − y ax + b , where
=
n
5302 S xy 41
Sxx = 71050 − = 14870 a == = 3.90 and
5 Sxx 10.5
( Σy )
2
102 22
Syy =Σy 2 − b = y − ax = − 3.90 × = 2.01
n 8 8
50.72 b An increase in one gram of hormone
Syy = 637.31 − = 123.212
5 leads to just under 4 extra flowers

Sxy =Σxy −
( Σx ) ( Σy ) c A plant with no growth hormone will
n produce 2 flowers
530 × 50.7 d=y 2.01 + 3.905 × 1.75 =
8.84
Sxy 6674 −
= 1299.8
=
5 e=
12 2.01 + 3.905x
y ax + b , where
= 9.99
3.905x = 12 − 2.01 ⇒ x = = 2.56 g
S 1299.8 3.905
= xy
a= = 0.0874 and f Not appropriate as 1000 is far outside
S xx 14870
the domain of the data provided
50.7 530
b = y − ax= − 0.0874 × 9 a
5 5
x y x2 y2 xy
= 0.876
100 204 10000 41616 20400
b The gradient indicates that a car
200 257 40000 66049 51400
travelling one additional mile uses
0.0874 litres of fuel 300 292 90000 85264 87600

c y 0.876 + 0.0874 × 160 =


= 14.9 litres 400 315 160000 99225 126000

d Not reliable as 5 is outside the domain 500 330 250000 108900 165000
of the original data 600 355 360000 126025 213000

700 370 490000 136900 259000


Σx Σy Σx 2
Σy 2 Σxy
= 2800 = 2123 = 1400000 = 663979 = 922400

© Oxford University Press 2019 11


Worked solutions

( Σx )
2

Sxy =Σxy −
( Σx ) ( Σy )
Sxx =Σx 2 −
n n
28002 240 × 141
Sxx= 1400000 − = 280000 Sxy 5195 −
= −445
=
7 6

( Σy )
2
y ax + b , where
=
Syy =Σy 2 −
n Sxy −445
a= = = −0.254 and
2123 2
Sxx 1750
Syy = 663979 − = 20103.4
7 141 240
b = y − ax =+ 0.254 × = 33.7 ,
Sxy =Σxy −
( Σx ) ( Σy ) 6 6
n =y 33.7 − 0.254 x
2800 × 2123 b=y 33.7 − 0.254 × 50
Sxy 922400 −
= 73200
=
7
= 21 decimal places
y ax + b , where
=
Sxy
S 73200 c r =
a = xy
= = 0.261 and
S xx 280000 (S xx Syy )
2123 2800 −445
b = y − ax= − 0.261 × = 199 =r = −0.842
7 7 1750 × 159.5
b Each additional gram increases the d There is a strong, negative correlation
length of the spring by 0.261 mm
11 a 0.51 × 120 + 7.5 =
68.7 M1A1
c The spring was 199 mm long before
any weight was added b The line of best fit goes through ( x, y )
d=
y 199 + 0.261 × 550 = 342 mm R1
e 2 kg is outside the domain of the data, y = 0.51 × 100 + 7.5 = 58.5 A1
so extrapolation is unreliable c Strong, positive A1A1
f x ay + b , where
= d x on y A1
S 12 i perfect positive A1
73200
a = xy
= = 3.641 and ii strong negative A1
Syy 20103.4
iii weak positive A1
2800 2123 iv weak negative A1
b = x − ay = − 3.641 × =−704.263
7 7 v zero A1
so x 3.641y − 704.263 ,
= 13 a r = 0.979 (3sf) A2
x = 3.641 × 300 − 704.263 = 388 g b Strong, positive A1A1
10 a c i y 1.23x − 21.3
= A1A1
x y x2 y2 xy ii x 0.776y + 20.8
= A1A1
15 26 225 676 390 d 1.23 × 105 − 21.3 =
108 A1
25 30 625 900 750 e 0.776 × 95 + 20.8 = 95 A1
35 25 1225 625 875 f It is extrapolation R1
45 26 2025 676 1170 14 a
55 20 3025 400 1100

65 14 4225 196 910


Σx Σy Σx 2
Σy 2 Σxy
= 240 = 141 = 11350 = 3473 = 5195

( Σx )
2

Sxx =Σx 2 −
n
2402
Sxx = 11350 − = 1750
6
( Σy )
2
2
Syy =Σy −
n
1412
Syy = 3473 − = 159.5
6 A1
scales A3 points
(A2 6 points, A1 3 points)
© Oxford University Press 2019 12
Worked solutions

b strong, negative A1A1 iv a = 5 A1


c i x = 4.625 v b = 0.6 A1
ii x = 5.875 0.9 − 0.6
vi Gradient
= p = 0.1 M1A1
iii see above A2A2A1 8−5
d see above M1 vii 0.6= 0.1 × 5 + q ⇒ q= 0.1 M1A1
thru average A1 viii A1
r =8
e 3.2 see above for lines drawn on
19 a i 0.849 (3sf) A2
A1A1
ii strong, positive A1A1
15 a 100
= 70m + c
= iii y 0.937 x + 0.242 A1A1
140 100m + c
= b i 0.267 (3sf) A2
40 = 30m ii weak, positive A1A1
4 iii the r value is too small for this to
m=
3 be particularly meaningful R1
20 20 a i no change
c = (M1)A1A1 r = 0.87 A1
3
b Positive A1 ii no change
15 A1
c Line goes through ( x, y ) (R1)
iii The scatter diagram has just been
4 2 2 moved up by 5 and to the left by 4.
y= 90 + 6 = 126 (M1)A1
3 3 3 R1
4 2 2 iv Strong, positive A1A1
d Estimate is 60 + 6 =86 (M1)A1
3 3 3 b i no change
16 a 40 C A1 r = 0.87 A1
b 70 C A1
ii 2 × 15 = 30 A1
c 100 C A1
iii the scatter diagram has been
d i
stretched vertically. R1
c i r = −0.87 A1
15
ii = −5 A1
−3
iii The scatter diagram has been
A1 stretched horizontally and reflected
ii T ≥ 80 in the y-axis. R1R1
40 + 2t = 80 ⇒ t = 20 iv Strong, negative A1A1
130 − t = 80 ⇒ t = 50 M1
Interval is 20 ≤ t ≤ 50 . A1A1
17 a

x 13 14 15 16 16 17 18 18 19 19

y 2 0 3 1 4 1 1 2 1 2

A3 (A2 for 5 A1 for 3)

b r = −0.0695(3sf ) A2

c Very weak (negative) correlation so


line of best fit is meaningless R1

25-year-old would be extrapolation


R1

0.6
18 i m
Gradient= = 0.2 M1A1
3
ii l = 0.6 A1
iii k = 3 A1

© Oxford University Press 2019 13


Worked solutions

8 Quantifying randomness: probability

Skills Check f As there is no 9 on an 8 sided dice,


3 7 3 4 P(9) = 0
1 a 1− = − =
7 7 7 7 n({C }) 1
=5 a P(C ) =
2 5 14 25 39 n({S, T , A, T , I , S, T , I , C , S}) 10
b + = + =
5 7 35 35 35
b As there is no P in the word
2 2 2×2 4 “STATISTICS”, P(P ) = 0
c ×= =
5 3 5 × 3 15
n({ A, I , I})
1 3 3 53 c P(vowel) =
d 1 −  ×  =1 − = n({S, T , A, T , I , S, T , I , C , S})
7 8 56 56
3
3 =
10
20 3 ÷ 20 3
e= =
7 7 ÷ 20 7 6 a Every other number is even, so
20 1
P(even) =
2 a 1 − 0.375 =0.625 2
b 0.65 + 0.05 = 0.7 b P(contains digit 1)
7×6 42 n({1,10 − 19,21,31, 41}) 14 7
c 0.7 × 0.6 = = = 0.42 = = =
102 100 50 50 25
d 0.25 × 0.64 = 0.64 ÷ 4 = 0.16 7 Let x be the number of seats on a
e 0.5 × 30 = 30 ÷ 2 = 15 minibus, then
3x 3x 3
222 484 P(coach)
= = =
f 0.22 × 0.22 = = = 0.0484 x + x + x + x + 3x 7x 7
1002 10000
8 Using P(green) = 2P(yellow) and
1 =P(red) + P(yellow) + P(blue) + P(green) ,
Exercise 8A
we see that
n({1,3,5,7,9}) 1 =P(red) + P(yellow) + P(blue) + P(green)
1 P(odd) =
n({1,2,3, 4,5,6,7,8,9,10}) 1 = 0.4 + P(yellow) + 0.3 + P(green)
5 1 1= 0.7 + P(yellow) + P(green)
= =
10 2 1 −=0.7 P(yellow) + 2P(yellow)
30 1 0.3 = 3P(yellow)
2 P(defective)
= =
150 5 0.3
= P(yellow)
3
20 20 4
3 P(chorus)
= = = P(yellow) = 0.1
20 + 10 + 5 35 7
P(green) 2=
= P(yellow) 0.2
n({2, 4,6,8}) 4 1
4 a P(even)
= = = 9
Number of people who buy raffle tickets
n({1,2,3, 4,5,6,7,8}) 8 2
360
= = 180 , of these half bought 2 tickets and
n({3,6}) 2
b P(multiple of 3) =
n({1,2,3, 4,5,6,7,8}) the other half bought one, so there were
180
2 1 2× + 180 =360 raffle tickets sold. Therefore
= = 2
8 4
1
n({4,8}) P(win) =
c P(multiple of 4) = 360
n({1,2,3, 4,5,6,7,8})
2 1 Exercise 8B
= =
8 4
1 a i P(age 15) = 0.18
d P(not a multiple of 4)
ii P(age 16 or higher)
1 3
= 1 − P(multiple of 4) =1 − = = P(age 16) + P(age 17) + P(age 18)
4 4
= 0.22 + 0.27 + 0.13 = 0.62
n({1,2,3})
e P(less than 4) = b Number of 15 year old students
n({1,2,3, 4,5,6,7,8})
= 1200 × P(age 15) = 1200 × 0.18 = 216
3
=
8

© Oxford University Press 2019 Worked solutions 1


Worked solutions

2 a The relative frequency of getting a 1 is 4 A = {P , R, O, B, A, I , L, T , Y } and


frequency of 1 27 B = {C , O, M, P , L, E , N, T , A, R, Y }
= = 0.27
total spins 100
a
b The spinner is probably not fair because the
relative frequencies are not close to each
other, a 1 occurred nearly 4 times more than
a6
15
c Estimated number of 4s = 3000 × = 450
100
3 a 10 of each
b
Relative b A∩B =
{P , R, O, A, L, T , Y }
0.1 0.1 0.15 0.128 0.138 0.15 0.138 0.0875
frequency
c A∪B =
{P , R, O, B, A, I , L, T , Y , C , M, E , N}
c
Relative 5 a A∩B =
{6}
0.0925 0.1225 0.1375 0.125 0.14 0.145 0.1075 0.13
frequency
b A∪B =
{2,3, 4,6,8,9,10}
d There is a big difference between relative
frequency of getting a 1 and getting a 6. c A′ = {1,3,5,7,9}
This suggests that the dice is not fair.
d=
A′ ∩ B {1,3,5,7,9} ∩=
{3,6,9} {3,9}

e A ∪ B′
Exercise 8C
1 a = {2, 4,6,8,10} ∪ {1,2, 4,5,7,8,10}

= { 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10 }

f A′ ∪ B′
= {1,3,5,7,9} ∪ {1,2, 4,5,7,8,10}
= { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10 }
6 U={1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15}
b From the Venn diagram, a i M = {3,6,9,12,15}
8 4 ii F = { 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 10, 15 }
P(neither)
= =
38 19
b
2 a

b From the Venn diagram,


19 + 21 + 16 + 7 =
63 3 1
c i P(M ∩ F ) = =
15 5
40
c i P(badminton) =
63 6 2
ii P((M ∪ F )′ ) = =
15 5
21 1
ii P(both)
= = 7 a
63 3
7 1
iii P(neither)= =
63 9
iv P(at least one)= 1 − P(neither)

1 8
=1 − =
9 9
3 Let A = gave a card and B = gave a present
31 + 40 − 25 23
a P(card =
or present) =
50 25
31 − 25 3
b P(card but no present)
= =
50 25 b i P(only 9 pm) = 33%
c P(neither card nor present) ii P(only 6 pm) = 24%
23 2 iii P(no news) = 30%
=1 − P(card or present) =1− =
25 25
© Oxford University Press 2019 2
Worked solutions

Exercise 8D 9
so 4P( A ∩ B) =
n({2,3,5,7}) 4 2 16
1 a P(prime)
= = =
10 10 5 9 27
⇒ P( A ∩ B) = ⇒ P( A ∪ B) =
b P(prime or multiple of 3) 64 64

n({2,3,5,7}) + n({3,6,9}) − n({3}) 27 37


= b P( A ∪ B)′ =1 − P( A ∪ B) =1 − =
10 64 64
4 + 3 −1 6 3 c P( A ∩ B′)= P( A) − P( A ∩ B)
= = =
10 10 5
3 9 3
c P(multiple of 3 or 4) = − =
16 64 64
n({3,6,9}) + n({4,8})
=
n({10}) Exercise 8E
3+2 5 1
= = = 1 a No b Yes c No d Yes
10 10 2
e No f No g No
2 P(camera owner or female)
2 P(N ∩ M )= P(N ) + P(M ) − P(N ∪ M )
n(cam) + n(fem) − n(fem and cam)
= 1 1 3
n(U ) = + − =0
5 10 10
30 + 25 − 18 37
= = so N and M are mutually exclusive
55 55
3 Let A = {M, A, T , H, E , I , C , S} and 3 P( A ∩ B) = P( A ∩ C ) = P(B ∩ C ) = 0 because
only one school can win
B = {T , R, I , G, O, N, M, E , Y }
a P( A ∪ B)= P( A) + P(B) − P( A ∩ B)
n( A) 8 4
a P(=
A) = =
n(U ) 26 13 1 1 7
= + −0 =
3 4 12
n(B) 9
b P
= (B) = b P( A ∪ B ∪ C=
) P( A) + P(B) + P(C )
n(U ) 26
n({E , I , M, T }) 4 2 1 1 1 47
c P( A ∩ B) = = = = + + =
n(U ) 26 13 3 4 5 60
c Yes, because the probability of A, B or
n( A) + n(B) − n( A ∩ B)
d P( A ∪ B) = C winning is not equal to 1.
n(U )
8 + 9 − 4 13 1 Exercise 8F
= = =
26 26 2
1 U = {HHH, HHT , HTH, THH, HTT ,
4 a P(fiction or non-fiction)
THT , TTH, TTT }
= P(fiction) + P(non-fiction) − P(both)
a P(more heads than tails)
= 0.4 + 0.3 − 0.2 = 0.5
b n({HHH, HHT , HTH, THH}) 4 1
P(no book) = = =
n(U ) 8 2
= 1 − P(fiction or non-fiction)
b P(at least two heads consecutively)
1 0.5 =
=− 0.5
5 a n({HHH, HHT , THH}) 3
P( X ∪ Y )= P( X ) + P(Y ) − P( X ∩ Y ) = =
n(U ) 8
1 1 1 1
= + − = c P(heads and tails alternately)
4 8 8 4
1 3 n({HTH, THT }) 2 1
b P( X ∪ Y )′ =1 − P( X ∪ Y ) =1 − = = = =
4 4 n(U ) 8 4

6 a P( A ∩ B)= P( A) + P(B) − P( A ∪ B) 2 a

= 0.2 + 0.4 − 0.5 = 0.1


b P( A′ ∪ B=
) P( A′) + P(B) − P( A′ ∩ B)

1 P( A) + P(B) − (P(B) − P( A ∩ B))


=−

1 0.2 + 0.4 − (0.4 − 0.1) =


=− 0.9
7 a 3P( A ∩ B) = P( A ∪ B) b i P(red is higher than blue)
= P( A) + P(B) − P( A ∩ B)
n({(1,2),(1,3),(1, 4),(2,3),(2, 4),(3, 4)})
3 3 =
= + − P( A ∩ B) n(U )
16 8
6 3
= =
16 8
© Oxford University Press 2019 3
Worked solutions

ii P(difference between numbers is 1) c To be more than 1 but less than 2 meters


away, he must go to a corner
n({(1,2),(2,3),(3, 4),(2,1),(3,2),(4,3)}) P(between 1 and 2 meters after 2 rolls)
=
n(U )
n({(1,2),(2,1),(2,3),(3,2),(3, 4),(4,3),(4,1),(1, 4)})
=
6 3 n(U )
= =
16 8 8 2
= =
iii P(red is odd and blue is even) 36 9
n({(1,2),(1, 4),(3,2),(3, 4)})
=
n(U ) Exercise 8G

4 1 1 1 1
= = 1 P(both purple) = × =
16 4 5 5 25
3
iv P(sum is prime) 4 64
2 P(all 3 like pasta)
= = 
n({(1,1),(1,2),(1, 4),(2,1),(2,3),(3,2),(3, 4),(4,1),(4,3)}) 5 125
=
n(U )
3 P(loses both) = (1 − 0.75) × (1 − 0.85)
9
= = 0.0375
16
4 a P(B) = P( A ∩ B) + P( A ∪ B) − P( A)
3 a
=0 + 0.4 − 0.2 =0.2
P(B ∩ C )= P(B) + P(C ) − P(B ∪ C )
= 0.2 + 0.3 − 0.34
= 0.16
b Not independent as P(B ∩ C ) =
/ 0
1 5 5
5 P(head and not 6) = × =
b i P(cards have same number) 2 6 12
n({(2,2),(3,3)}) 2 1 6 P(not hitting with 4 missiles)
= = =
n(U ) 12 6 4
1 1
= =
ii P(largest number is 3) 9 6561
n({(2,3),(3,1),(3,2),(3,3)}) 7 a P(E ) =−
1 P(E′) =−
1 0.6 =0.4
=
n(U )
b i Because
4 1
= = P(E ) × P(F ) =0.24 =P(E ∩ F )
16 4
iii P(sum is less than 7) ii Because P(E ∩ F ) =
/ 0
n({(2,1),(2,2),(2,3),(3,1),(3,2),(3,3),(4,1),(4,2),(5,1)}) c P(E ∪ F ′)= P(E ) + P(F ′) − P(E ∩ F ′)
n(U )
= P(E ) + 1 − P(F ) − (P(E ) − P(E ∩ F ))
9 3
= =
12 4 = 0.4 + 1 − 0.6 − 0.4 + 0.24= 0.64
iv P(product is at least 8) 8 The only possible way to have a sum of 6
3
2 1
n({(3,3),(4,2),(4,3),(5,2),(5,3)}) is if all dice show 2. P(sum to 6) =   =
= 6
  2 7
n(U )
5 9 a P( A ∩ B) = P( A) × P(B) = 0.9 × 0.3 = 0.27
=
12
b P( A ∩ B′)= P( A) − P( A ∩ B)
v P(at least one even number)
=0.9 − 0.27 =0.63
n({(2,1),(2,2),(2,3),(3,2),(4,1),(4,2),(4,3),(5,2)})
=
n(U ) c P( A ∪ B′)= P( A) + P(B′) − P( A ∩ B′)

8 2 = 0.9 + 0.3 − 0.63 = 0.57


= =
12 3
4 a P(at start after 2 rolls) Exercise 8H
n({(1,3),(2, 4),(3,1),(4,2),(5,6),(6,5),(5,5),(6,6)}) 1 a n(both subjects)
=
n(U )
n(film) + n(theatre) − n(either)
=
8 2
= = = 15 + 20 − (27 − 4) = 12
36 9
b i P(theatre and not film)
b P(2 meters from start after 2 rolls)
= P(theatre) − P(theatre and film)
n({(1,1),(2,2),(3,3),(4, 4)}) 4 1
= = = 20 12 8
n(U ) 36 9 = − =
27 27 27

© Oxford University Press 2019 4


Worked solutions

ii P(theatre or film) P( J ∩ K ) P( J) × P(K )


5 P( J |=
K) = = P= ( J) 0.3
= P(theatre) + P(film) P(K ) P(K )
− P(theatre and film) 6 P(two boys | one is a boy)

20 15 12 23 P(two boys and one is a boy)


= + − = =
27 27 27 27 P(one is a boy)
iii P(theatre | film) n({BB})
P(theatre and film) n({BB, BG, GB, GG}) 1
= = =
P(film) n({BB, BG, GB}) 3
n({BB, BG, GB, GG})
12
27 12 4
= = =
15 15 5 Exercise 8I
27
12 11 10 11
1 a P(three picture cards) = × × =
2 a P(even | not multiple of 4) 52 51 50 1105
P(even and not multiple of 4) 12 11 40
= b P(two picture cards) =3 × × ×
P(not multiple of 4) 52 51 50
n({2,6,14}) 132
8 3 =
= = 1105
n({1,2,6,7,11,14,29}) 7
8 5 4 20 10
2 a P(two broken pens) = × = =
14 13 72 91
b P(< 15 |> 5)
b P(at least one broken pen)
P(less than 15 and greater than 5)
=
P(greater than 5) = P(one broken pen) + P(two broken pens)

n({6,7,11,14}) 9 5 10 55
=2 × × + =
8 4 2 14 13 91 91
= = =
n({6,7,11,14,24,29}) 6 3
1
8 c P(girl picks broken pen) =
4
c P(less than 5 | less than 15)
3
P(less than 5 and less than 15) 3 a P(male) =
= 10
P(less than 15)
b P(one male and one female)
n({1,2})
8 2 1 3 7 7
= = = =2 × × =
n({1,2,6,7,11,14}) 6 3 10 9 15
8
4 a P(at least one answers correctly)
d P(1 ↔ 10 | 5 ↔ 25)
= P(one answers correctly)
P(1 ↔ 15 and 5 ↔ 25) + P(both answer correctly)
=
P(5 ↔ 25)
5 4 2 5 5 5 55
n({6,7,11,14}) = × + × + × =
7 9 7 9 7 9 63
8 4
= =
n({6,7,11,14,24}) 5 b P(Luca correct | at least one correct)
8
5
3 a 0 because they are mutually
P(V ∩ W ) = P(Luca correct) 7 9
= = =
exclusive P(at least one correct) 55 11
63
b P(V | W ) = 0 because they are mutually
exclusive c P(Ian correct | at least one correct)

c P(V ∪ W )= P(V ) + P(W ) − P(V ∩ W ) 5


P(Ian correct) 9 7
= 0.26 + 0.37 − =
0 0.63 = = =
P(at least one correct) 55 11
5 1 63
4 a P(male and left-handed)
= =
50 10 d P(two correct | at least one correct)
43 5 5
b P(right-handed) = ×
50 P(two correct) 7 9 5
= = =
c P(right-handed | female) P(at least one correct) 55 11
63
11
P(right-handed and female) 50 11
= = =
P(female) 13 13
50

© Oxford University Press 2019 5


Worked solutions

Chapter review 5 a 6x
1 a P(divisible by 5) b
n({10,15,20,...85,90,95})
=
n({10,11,...,98,99})
18 1
= =
90 5
b P(divisible by 3)
n({12,15,18,...93,96,99}) 30 1
= = =
n({10,11,...,98,99}) 90 3
c P(greater than 50)
n({51,52,53,...,98,99}) 49 c 15 + 3 + 7 + 20 + 6 x + 2 x + x =90
= =
n({10,11,...,98,99}) 90 45 + 9 x =
90
d P(a square number) 9 x = 45
x =5
n({16,25,36, 49,64,81}) 6 1
= = =
n({10,11,...,98,99}) 90 15 6 a P(C ∩ D)= P(D) × P(C | D)
2 = 0.5 × 0.6 = 0.3
b Not mutually exclusive as P(C ∩ D) ≠ 0
c P(C ) × P(D) = 0.4 × 0.5 = 0.2

P(C ∩ D) ≠ P(C ) × P(D)


Therefore C and D are not
independent events.

d P(C ∪ D)= P(C ) + P(D) − P(C ∩ D)


11
From Venn diagram P(Cat and dog) = = 0.4 + 0.5 − 0.3
30
= 0.6
3 a
P(C ∩ D)
e P(D | C ) =
P(C )
0.3 3
= = = 0.75
0.4 4
3 2
7 a P(properly) = × 0.35 + × 0.55
5 5
= 0.21 + 0.22 = 0.43
From Venn diagram P(C ∩ D ') =
0.55 P(Jill ∩ Properly')
b P(Jill | Properly ') =
b P(C ∩ D) =
0.15 P(Properly')

P(C ) × P(D) = 0.7 × 0.2 = 0.14 2


× 0.45
P(C ∩ D) ≠ P(C ) × P(D) = 5 = 0.18 = 0.316
0.57 0.57
Therefore C and D are not
independent events. 8 b i 0.3 × 0.3 =
0.09
ii 0.3 × 0.6 =
0.18
4 a P( A ∩ B)= P(B) × P( A | B)
ii 0.3 × 0.3 + 0.6 × 0.6 + 0.1 × 0.1
= 0.2 × 0.1 = 0.02
= 0.09 + 0.36 + 0.01 = 0.46
b P( A ∪ B)= P( A) + P(B) − P( A ∩ B)
c 0.7 × 0.7 × 0.7 =
0.343
= 0.6 + 0.2 − 0.02
d 3 × 0.12 × 0.6 + 3 × 0.32 × 0.1
= 0.78
= 0.018 + 0.027 = 0.045
c P( A ∪ B) − P( A ∩ B)
6 3
= 0.78 − 0.02 = 0.76 9 a =
16 8
P( A ∩ B)
d P(B | A) = 10 2
P( A) b =
15 3
0.02 2 1 5 4 1 2 2
= = = c × = × =
0.6 60 30 15 14 5 7 21

© Oxford University Press 2019 6


Worked solutions

10 b P(F ∪ R)= P(F ) + P(R) − P(F ∩ R) M1


1 1 1 5
+ − = A1
3 4 6 12
5 1 1
c P(exactly one team)= − = (M1)A1
12 6 4
Could also use a Venn diagram in (b) and
P ( F ∩ R ) 16 1
d P (F ∩ R F ) = = = M1A1
P (F ) 1
3 2
14 a
Both female and eating carrots = 19.
11
a
70
19
b
46
c P(F ) × P(C ) ≠ P(F ∩ C )
Therefore not independent.
1
11 a A1
6 A2
3 1 3 3 9
b 2,4 or 6: = A1 b × = M1A1
6 2 4 5 20
3 1
c Primes are 2,3,5: = (M1)A1 9 11
6 2 c 1− = M1A1
20 20
2 1
d 4 or 5: = (M1)A1
6 3 d P ( ship not hear tower has no reply )
e Impossible: 0 A1

P ( ship not hear ∩ tower has no reply )


1 =
12 a A1 P ( tower has no reply )
36
6 1
b = A1 1
5
36 6 = =4
M1A1
11
20 11
1
c A1
36
e P ( A ∩ B) =
0 so events are mutually
1 1
d 2× = A1 exclusive. R1A1
36 18
e (1,6 ) , (2,5) , (3, 4) , ( 4,3) , (5,2) , (6,1) 3
15 a 30 × 18
= (M1)A1
6 1 5
or using a lattice diagram =
36 6 2
b 50 × 20
= (M1)A1
5
(M1)A1 3
c T× = 30 ⇒ T = 50 (M1)A1
1 5
f since independent A1
6 16 a Let x be the number speaking both English
g P ( R5 ∪ B5=
) P ( R5) + P(B5) − P ( R5 ∩ B5) and French. ( 60 − x ) + x + (40 − x ) + 10 =
100
1 1 1 11 ⇒ 110 − x= 100 ⇒ x= 10 (M1)A1
= + − = or using a lattice diagram
6 6 36 36 b

(M1)A1
2 1
h Considering the list in (e) =
6 3
or using conditional probability formula

(M1)A1
13 a Independent ⇔ P(F ∩ R)= P(F ) × P(R)
R1
1 1 1 A3 (A1 shape A2 numbers)
≠ × so not independent A1
6 3 4

© Oxford University Press 2019 7


Worked solutions

50 1 82 118 59
c i = A1 iv 1 − = = (M1)A1
100 2 200 200 100
90 9 20 5
ii = A1 d = or by using the formula A2
100 10 48 12
40 2 5 4 5
iii = A1 19 a i × = (M1)A1
100 5 8 7 14
P ( E ∩ F ) 10 1 ii RG or GR
d P (E =
F) = = M1A1 5 3 3 5 15
P (F ) 40 4 × + × = (M1)A1
8 7 8 7 28
e If independent then P ( E F ) = P ( E ) R1
5 5 25
b i × = (M1)A1
1 60 8 8 64
≠ so not independent A1
4 100 ii RG or GR
17 a 5 3 3 5 15
× + × = (M1)A1
8 8 8 8 32
P ( A ∩ B)
20 a i P ( A B) =
P (B)

P ( A ∩ B)

= 0.4 ⇒ P ( A=
∩ B ) 0.2
0.5
M1A1
ii P ( A )= P ( A ∩ B ) + P ( A ∩ B′ )

= 0.2 + 0.4 = 0.6 M1A1


iii P ( A ∪ B=
) P ( A) + P ( B ) − P ( A ∩ B )
= 0.6 + 0.5 − 0.2 = 0.9 M1A1
P ( A ∩ B′ ) 0.4
iv P ( A=
B′ ) = = 0.8
A4 (A2 layout A2 numbers) P ( B′ ) 0.5
70 90 63 M1A1
b × = A1
100 100 100
b P ( A B ) ≠ P ( A B′ ) so not independent
30 80 6
c × = A1 R1A1
100 100 25
30 20 70 90 69
d × + × = M1A1
100 100 100 100 100
P ( I′ ∩ C ) 63
21
e P ( I′ =
C) = =
100
M1A1
P (C ) 69
100 23

P ( I ∩ C ′) 24
24
f P ( I C=
′) = =
100
M1A1
P (C ′) 31
100 31
18 a

A4 (A1 shape, A3, 7 numbers, A2, 4 numbers,


A1 2 numbers)

b 200 − 140 =
60 (M1)A1
30 3
c i = A1
200 20
122 61
ii = A1
200 100
92 23
iii = A1
200 50

© Oxford University Press 2019 8

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