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Closed loop PI control of DC-DC Cascode Buck-Boost converter

Conference Paper · March 2017

DOI: 10.1109/ICIIECS.2017.8275838

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 2017 International Conference on Innovations in Information, Embedded and Communication Systems (ICIIECS)

Closed loop PI control of DC-DC Cascode

Buck-Boost Converter
Sanjeet Kumar Dr. P.R.Thakura
M.E Power Electronics Associate Professor
Dept. of EEE Dept. of EEE
BIT Mesra, Ranchi, India BIT Mesra, Ranchi, India
[email protected] [email protected]

Abstract – Two Buck-Boost Converters are used to design a Ts Time period of one cycle
DC-DC Cascode Buck-Boost Converter where IGBT as the G Voltage gain
active switch. The two Buck-Boost Converters are named as AC Alternating Current
top semi stage and bottom semi stage. The voltage input to the
bottom semi stage converter is given directly by means of DC
DC Direct Current
supply and the voltage input to the top semi stage is given by V Volts
means of DC supply and the output voltage of the bottom semi- A Ampere
stage Converter and the output voltage is given by sum of Kp Proportional Gain
voltage output of top semi stage and bottom semi stage. Hence, Ki Integral Gain
the proposed Cascode Converter can be used to achieve very
high output voltage gain in a single stage rather than using I. INTRODUCTION
more number of cascaded converts without high duty ratio. Due to the development of the conventional energy
Operating principle and steady state analysis are discussed in
detail in this paper and the voltage gain is compared with
resources like Photovoltaic cell, fuel cells, Batter power
conventional Boost, Buck-Boost and Cuk Converter. Dynamic vehicles, Hybrid vehicle etc. which make us to design a DC-
analysis of complete circuit is analyzed and DC convert which can give us a stable output voltage of
MATLAB/Simulink simulation is done and finally to verify the suitably high value with an input voltage of 12V or 24V or
proposed cascode converter laboratory experiment of 50W has 48V. Converters are used to increase or decreased voltage
been implemented to test both the simulation and experimental amplitude of input voltage to required amplitude of the
result. PI Controller is employed to control the output voltage voltage suitable for our application.
of the converter to the reference point. During the early stage to step up the DC voltage two or
three or four number of the boost or buck-boost converter
Index Terms — Buck-Boost Converters, Cascode are connected in cascade. Since, as number of stage between
Converter, Closed loop, DC-DC converter, PI controller. the source and the load are increased the efficiency of the
converter reduces due to high switching losses associated
NOMENCLATURE
with the high frequency active switch, losses associated with
Vp Input pulse voltage to switch the voltage drop in passive components and the voltage drop
Vin Input voltage across diode.
iin Input current Four conventional Converters like Buck, Boost, Buck-
VL1 Voltage across inductor L1 Boost and Cuk Converters were developed. Due to the
VL2 Voltage across inductor L2 limitation of practical voltage gain we need to design DC-
iL1 Current through inductorL1 DC converter which provide high voltage gain. To serve
iL2 Current through inductorL2 present industrial application a high voltage gain converters
VC01 Voltage across capacitor C01 are required to power various electrical equipment by using
VC02 Voltage across capacitor C02 batteries. The output voltages of the batteries are usually in
iC01 Capacitor current of C01 terms of 12V or 24V and they are required to step-up as
iC02 Capacitor current of C02 high as 180V or 220V during steady state operation. If the
V0 Output load voltage number of battery are increased and connected in series to
I0 Output load current obtain high voltage it requires large space and in battery
Pout Output Power power vehicle or hybrid vehicle its makes the vehicle size
S IGBT Switch large. This converter can be used to supply AC load or DC
d Duty ratio load. The block diagram of the DC load and AC load are
t1 Turn on time period shown in the Fig 1(a) and 1(b).
t2 Total time period of turn on and turn off Conventional converters like Boost, Buck-Boost or
R Load resistance Cuk Converters are not suitable to achieve very high voltage
f Switching frequency gain in a single stage for moderate duty cycle. Extremely
 2017 International Conference on Innovations in Information, Embedded and Communication Systems (ICIIECS)

high duty ratio can cause severe reverse recovery problems,

high EMI problems. They are mainly due to the losses
associated with input inductance, output filter capacitance
and diode voltage drop.
Many Converter topologies which provide high
voltage gain has been developed but Cascode Converter
provides high voltage gain from moderate duty cycle with
high efficiency. Since the cascode converters have a single
active switch the losses are reduced.

(a)

Fig. 2. Proposed Open loop power circuit diagram

(b)
Fig. 1. Application of high step DC-DC Converter
(a)DC load (b) For AC load.

Circuits topologies with one active switch have

significantly reduce the cost and complexity of the circuit.
Therefore the reliability of the converter is also increased.
PI Controller is employed to control output voltage by
controlling the input pulse width of active switch in
transient as well as steady stage of the converter.

II. PRINCLIRINCIPLE OF OPERATION AND OPEN

LOOP STEADY STATE ANALYSIS Fig. 3. Block diagram of Open loop Cascode converter
The proposed converter circuit in this paper is mainly
configured by one switch IGBT S, one input and two Mode I [t0 - t1]
reverse diodes D, D1 and D2, inductor L1 and L2, filter In the operation of mode 1 at the time t=t0 the switch is
capacitors C01 and C02 is shown in the Fig 2 and Fig 3 shows turned ON. Fig 4 shows the equivalent circuit diagram of
block diagram connection. Cascode converter is designed by mode 1. In this mode the diode D is forward bias and diodes
using two Buck-Boost Converter with an active switch S. D1 and D2 are reverse. During this mode the inductor L2 is
The Buck-Boost Converters are named as top semi stage magnetize from the DC supply through the diode D and
and bottom semi stage. The input to the bottom semi stage switch S and the inductor L1 is magnetize from the input DC
converter is given by means of the input DC supply and supply and filter output capacitor C02. So the inductor
input to top semi stage is given by means of DC supply and current iL1 and iL2 are linearly increasing. Outputs filter
output voltage of bottom semi stage converter. Thus overall capacitor C01 and C02 discharge through the load. At time
output voltage is given by sum of output voltage of t=t1 the switch S is turned OFF.
individual semi-stage converters by cascode. Hence, from In Mode the equations of voltage and current are :
this Cascode DC-DC Converter can achieve high output Vin = VL2 (1)
Voltage gain in a single stage with moderate duty ratio. Vin = VL1 - VC02 (2)
For the simplification of our understanding operating (Vin + VC 02 )
principle and dynamic analysis of the Cascode Converter iL1 (t ) = iL1 (t 0 ) + (t − t 0 ) (3)
few assumptions made that continuously repeat throughout L1
the operation of the converter which are as follows : V
1) The circuit is assumed that it operate in continuous iL 2 (t ) = iL 2 (t 0 ) + in (t − t0 ) (4)
conduction mode (CCM). L2
2) All the diodes D, D1 and D2 are assumed to be as ideal. Mode II [t1 – t2]
3) The large output capacitor C01 and C02. In the operation of mode 2 at the time t=t1 the switch is
4) Circuit is lossless. turned OFF. Fig 5 shows the equivalent circuit diagram of
5) The initially conditions of inductor and capacitor mode 1. The diode D is reverse biased and diodes D1 and D2
parameters are assumed as zero. are forward biased. Therefore the energy stored in the
inductor L1 and L2 are demagnetized to the output capacitor
C01 and C02 respectively and to load. At the end of time t2
 2017 International Conference on Innovations in Information, Embedded and Communication Systems (ICIIECS)

the switch is again turned on and the operation continues to V0 2k − k 2

the mode 1. The inductor voltage and current equation are as G= = (14)
follows: Vin (1 − k ) 2
VL1 = - VC01 (5) For a lossless circuit
VL2 = - VC02 (6)
( 2k − k 2 )
V Viniin = −V0 I 0 = Vin I 0 (15)
iL1 (t ) = iL1 (t1 ) − C 01 (t − t1 ) (7) (1 − k ) 2
L1
Inductor design
V From the above equation we get
iL 2 (t ) = iL 2 (t1 ) − C 02 (t − t1 ) (8)
L2 (1 − k ) R
L1 = (16)
( I L12 − I L11 ) f (2k − k 2 )
(1 − k ) 2 R
L2 = (17)
( I L 22 − I L 21 ) f (2 − k )
Capacitor design
From the above equation we get
k
C01 = (18)
(VC 012 − VC 011)(1 + k 2 − k ) fR
k
C02 = (19)
(VC 022 − VC 021 ) fR
Fig. 4. Mode 1
Some of the ideal wave forms are shown below in Fig 6.

Fig. 5. Mode 2
For the steady state analysis of the converter the turn-on
time is kTs and the turn-off time is (1-k) Ts. From the above
derived equations we get the equations as follows:
Vin + VC 02 V
kT = C 01 (1 − k )T (9)
L1 L1
Vin V
kT = C 02 (1 − k )T (10)
L2 L2
From the above equation we get
VC 01 k
= (11)
Vin (1 − k ) 2
VC 02 k
= (12)
Vin 1 − k
The voltage gain of the cascode converter is
obtained from the equation (11) and (12)
V0 = VC01 + VC02 (13) Fig 6. Typical key wave propose converter
 2017 International Conference on Innovations in Information, Embedded and Communication Systems (ICIIECS)

III. COMPARISON OF VOLTAGE GAIN OF IV. PI CONTROLLER

CASCODE CONVERTER In this paper PI controller is used to control the output
Cascode converter voltage gain is compared with voltage of the DC-DC Cascode converter. Open loop DC-
conventional converter like Boost Converter, Buck-Boost or DC Cascode converter is the plant and reference Voltage is
Cuk converters. Boost and Cuk Converter gives positive the set point to control the output voltage. Error signal is
voltage output for positive voltage input while as Buck- feed to PI Controller and output of the PI Controller is
Boost and Cascode gives negative voltage output for the compared with repeating sequence of 10 KHz to generate
positive input voltage. From the table and Voltage Gain v/s the input pulse to the active switch IGBT.
Duty ratio in fig 7 we can see that voltage gain of Cascode Controller generally tries to keep the required variable to
is greater than Boost if the duty ratio is greater than 0.39 and the set point or to the value of the reference point. The
when duty ratio of cascode converter is slightly increase feedback control system generally does this by looking the
than 0.5 gives the drastically increase in the voltage gain. error signal, which is the difference of the output and the
Converter reference. Based on generated error Controller tries to set
Boost Buck Cuk Cascod signal to actuator.
Duty 1 Boost k e Fig.8 shows the block diagram of PI Controller in this
Sl.no Ratio (1 − k ) k 1− k 2k − k 2 set point is the reference signal and process is the plant
(k) 1− k (1 − k ) 2 which needs to be control in this case the Cascode converter
is the plant.
The equation of the control signal u(t) for PI controller is
1 0.1 1.111 0.111 0.111 0.234 given by
2 0.2 1.25 0.25 0.25 0.562
3 0.2929 1.418 0.418 0.418 1
4 0.3 1.428 0.428 0.428 1.040
5 0.38 1.612 0.612 0.612 1.601
6 0.39 1.639 0.639 0.639 1.687
7 0.4 1.666 0.666 0.666 1.777
8 0.5 2 1 1 3
9 0.6 2.5 1.5 1.5 5.25
10 0.7 3.333 2.333 2.333 10.111
11 0.8 5 4 4 24
12 0.9 10 9 9 99
Fig. 8. Block diagram of PI Controller

Ziegler-Nichols tuning method is used to calculate the

values of Kp and Ki and the values found to be Kp=0.0016
and Ki=8.45.

V. SIMULATION RESULT
To validate the dynamic analysis of the proposed circuit,
the Cascode converter is simulated using
MATLAB/Simulink. The Cascode converter is simulated
for the following input and output values as follows:
Vin=50V, V0=200V, with R=200Ω the Pout = 200W and the
switching frequency f=10kHz. The inductor values are
L1=16mH and L2=3mH, whereas the values of the output
capacitors are C01=C02=100µF. The various simulated
waveform of Cascode converter are shown as in Fig 9(a),
Fig. 7. Voltage gain versus Duty ratio of Cascode converter
(b), (c), (d), (e), (f), (g), (h) and Fig 10 shows the
with Boost, Buck- Boost and Cuk converter. MATLAB/Simulink simulation of closed loop Cascode
Buck-Book Converter with feedback gain of 1/50 and
Cascode converter can be used as Buck if the duty ratio reference voltage of 4V with is equivalent to the reference
is less than 0.2929 and as Boost if the duty ratio is greater voltage of 200V. The values of Kp and Ki are calculate and
than 0.2929. We can say that by using two Buck-Boost the values are used in the MATLAB/Simulink simulation.
converter in Cascode converter the duty ratio of 0.5 in The values are Kp=0.0016 and Ki=8.45.
conventional Buck-Boost converter is shifted to duty ratio
of 0.2929 in Cascode converter.
2017 International Conference on Innovations in Information, Embedded and Communication Systems (ICIIECS)

(a) (e)

(b) (f)

-
(c) (g)

(d) (h)
Fig. 9. (a)Input Pulse, (b)Input Voltage, (c)Output Voltage, (d)Output Current, (e)Inductor L1 current,
(f)Inductor L2 current, (g) Capacitor C01 voltage, (h) Capacitor C02 voltage

Fig. 10. MATLAB/Simulink Simulation of Closed loop DC-DC Cascode converter

 2017 International Conference on Innovations in Information, Embedded and Communication Systems (ICIIECS)

VI. CONCLUSION
To proposed DC-DC Cascode converter is studies,
theoretical steady state analysis is done and to verify the result
MATLAB/Simulink simulation is done and a prototype 50W
Cascode Converter with medium duty ratio in the laboratory
with the circuit parameters as the inductor values are takes as
L1=16mH and L2=3mH, whereas the values of the output
capacitors are taken as C01=C02=100µF and the load resistance
of R=200 Ω. Reference voltage is set at 200V. PI controller is
used to control the voltage output with controller parameter is
taken as Kp=0.0016 and Ki=8.45.
Cascode converter can be used as a Buck if duty ratio is
less than 0.2929 and as Boost if the duty ratio is greater than
0.2929 and also it is noted that voltage gain proposed Cascode
Converter is greater than Boost Converter if duty ratio is
greater than 0.39.
Due to two inductor current sharing property and converter
high frequency operation the size of the converter reduces. So
Cascode converter can be used in the applications like hybrid
vehicle, batter power vehicle, solar power applications, wind
generator power applications, DC motor speed control
applications, etc.

VII. REFERENCES
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Cascode Converter with maximum power point tracking”, in
IEEE International Conference on Power, Instrumentation,
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[2] Z Johnson, N Mc Fowland, L Muller, K Petreson, J Jensby, “High
gain DC-DC conversion for parallel photovoltaic arrays”, In 28th
Annual IEEE Conference(APECE13), pp.2871-2875, 2013.
[3] Sharad W, Mohod, Abhijit V, Padgavhankar, “Closed Loop
Digital Controller of DC-DC Converter for Renewable Energy
Source(PV Cell)”, in International Conference on Renewable
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[4] N Sivasankar , S Gayathri , S Vishnupriya, “Design and
Simulation of Open and Closed Loop control for Transformerless
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[5] Chi Jen Huang, Ying-Chun Chuang, Yu Lung Ke, “Design of
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