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BLD203 FUOYE Module1

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16 views18 pages

BLD203 FUOYE Module1

Uploaded by

ds4853217
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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BLD203_FUOYE

Strength of Materials I

Olawuyi Babatunde James (PhD)


Course Content
Introduction
• Mechanics/Strength of Materials is a branch of applied mechanics that deals with the
behaviour of solid bodies subjected to various types of loading
• It is the study of behaviour of structural and machine members under the action of
external loads taking into account the internal forces created and the resulting
deformations
• This implies behaviour of physical bodies when subjected to forces or displacement and
the subsequent effect of the body on their environment
• We have:
• Rigid body mechanics is the basic requirement for study of the other two branches
✓ Deformable-body mechanics
✓ Fluid mechanics
• Rigid-body mechanics is further divided into: Statics and Dynamics
• Statics equilibrium of forces those either in state of rest or move with constant velocity
• Dynamics the accelerated motion of bodies
• Statics can be considered as special case of dynamics in which acceleration is zero
Introduction Contd.
• The main objective of strength of materials is
✓to determine the stresses, strains, and displacements in structures and
✓their components due to the loads acting on them
• If we can find these quantities for all values of the loads up to the loads that cause
failure, we will have a complete picture of the mechanical behavior of these
structures
• An understanding of mechanical behavior is essential for the safe design of all
types of structures (airplanes and antennas, buildings and bridges, machines and
motors, or ships and spacecraft)
• Mechanics of materials is therefore a basic subject in so many engineering fields.
• Statics and dynamics are also essential, but those subjects deal primarily with the
forces and motions associated with particles and rigid bodies
• In mechanics of materials we go one step further by examining the stresses and
strains inside real bodies (i.e. bodies of finite dimensions that deform under loads)
• To determine the stresses and strains, we use the physical properties of the
materials as well as numerous theoretical laws and concepts
Introduction Contd.
• Theoretical analyses and experimental results have equally important
roles in mechanics of materials
• We use theories to derive formulas and equations for predicting
mechanical behaviour
• but these expressions cannot be used in practical design unless the
physical properties of the materials are known
• Such properties are available only after careful experiments have been
carried out in the laboratory
• Furthermore, not all practical problems are amenable to theoretical
analysis alone, and in such cases physical testing is a necessity
Mechanics: Fundamental Concepts
• Length – used to locate the position of a point in space & thus describe the size of
a physical system
• Unit of length in multiples distances & geometric properties of a body

• Time – conceived as a succession of events. Although statics is time dependent,


the quantity is more relevant in the study of dynamics

• Mass – a measure of a quantity of matter, used to compare the action of one body
to that of another
• Manifest as a gravitational attraction between two bodies
• Provides measure of (inertial of body) - resistance of matter to change in velocity
• Does not change from one location to another

• All above are absolute concepts independent of each other


Fundamental Concepts (Contd.)
▪ Force – Push or Pull exerted by one body on another

▪ It occurs via direct contact between bodies e.g. a person pushing on a wall
▪ Newton’s law of motion that which changes or tend to change an object
uniform motion or state of rest
▪ Magnitude, direction of action and point of application a vector quantity
Fundamental Concepts (Contd.)
• Force is a derived concept,
• not independent of other fundamental concepts
• Force acting on a body is related to the mass of the body and the variation of its velocity
with time
• Force can also occur between bodies that are physically separated (e.g. gravitational,
electrical & magnetic forces)

• Weight gravitational attraction of earth on a body or quantity of mass


• Its magnitude depends on the elevation at which the mass is located

• Weight of a body is the gravitational force acting on it


Fundamental Concepts (Contd.)
• Particle has a mass but size can be neglected
• When a body is idealized as a particle, principle of mechanics reduced to a rather simplified
form geometry of the body will not be involved in analysis

• Rigid Body Combination of a large number of particles in which all the particles
remain at a fixed distance from one another (before & after load application)
• By this model approach, material properties of any body is assumed rigid & will not be
considered when studying the effects of forces acting on the body
• Actual deformations in structures, machines, mechanisms etc. are relatively small & rigid
body assumption is suitable for analysis

• Concentrated Force the effect of a loading, assumed to act on a point on a body


• When load is applied over a small area compared to overall size of the body e.g. Force of a wheel on
the ground
Newton’s Law of Motion
• The Newton’s laws of motion are the basis for rigid body mechanics
Characteristics of Forces
• Force Vector, having magnitude and direction
• Magnitude – Positive numerical value size or amount of the force
• Direction – Slope & sense of a line segment used to represent the force

• Force is
• Described by angles or direction
• A negative sign represents force in the opposite direction
• a physical quantity that has to be represented using
mathematical quantity
• Point of Application
• Point where force is applied
• Line of action straight line extending through point of
application in direction of the force
Classification of Forces
• Based on characteristics of interacting bodies
• Contacting &
• Non-contacting

• Contacting Force (Surface force)


• Pulling/Pushing Force
• Frictions

• Non-contacting (Body Force)


• Gravitational force
• Electromagnetic force
Classification of Forces
• Based on Effects on the body
• External effects
• Change in motion
• Resisting forces (reactions)

• Internal effects
• Tendency of the body to deform – develop strain & stresses
Classification of Forces
• Based on area (or volume) over which it acts
• Distributed (Uniformly or Non-uniformly) &
• Non-contacting

❑Distributed Force/Load
➢The application area is relatively large compared to the whole loaded body
➢It is further classified as uniform or non-uniform

❑Concentrated Force/Load
➢Application area is small compared to whole loaded body
The Force System
• A number of forces (in 2D or 3D system) that is treated as a group
• A concurrent force system
✓ All of the action lines intercept at a common point
✓ When the line of action does not intercept - Non-concurrent force system

• A coplanar force system


✓ All the forces lie in the plane

• A parallel force system


✓ All of the action lines are parallel

• A collinear force system


✓ All forces share a common line of action

• Resolution of forces = resolving forces into its components


• This can be concurrent or non-concurrent
The Force System Contd.
• Principles of Force System
• Two or more forces are equivalent when there application on a body produce same effect
• Transmissibility
The external effect of a force on a rigid body is the
same for all points of application along its line of action

• Reduction –
• A process that create a simpler equivalent system
• Reduce a number of forces by determining the resultant force
• Resolution –
• Opposite of reduction
• To find the components of a vector force breaking up a resultant force to its components
The Force System Contd.
• Resultant Force –
➢Single force which could replace for the given force system without altering the net effect
on the state of rest of the body upon which they act

• Component of Forces
➢separate forces which acting together will have the given force as their resultant
Moment
• Moment Rotational effect of a force
• Moment about a point of turning the force magnitude & perpendicular
M=FxD
• Fulcrum / Reference point – definite point to which turning tendency is measured
• Perpendicular distance – Moment Arm
• Magnitude of the Force applied – F

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