Detailed Explanation of Watchdog Timer in PIC16F887
The Watchdog Timer (WDT) in the PIC16F887 microcontroller is a critical component for
ensuring reliable and robust system performance. Here’s a comprehensive explanation of
its content, functionality, and how it operates:
1. Introduction to Watchdog Timer (WDT) in PIC16F887
The WDT is a built-in safety feature in microcontrollers, including the PIC16F887, that helps
the system recover from software malfunctions or endless loops. It works by automatically
resetting the microcontroller if the program does not reset (or 'clear') the WDT within a
specified period. This feature is essential in embedded systems where continuous operation
without human intervention is crucial.
2. Basic Working Principle of WDT
The WDT is essentially a timer that counts independently of the main program loop. It
operates even if the main code halts due to an unexpected error. When the WDT reaches its
pre-defined timeout, it initiates a reset signal, restarting the microcontroller. To prevent a
reset, the WDT must be periodically 'cleared' by the program, confirming to the system that
everything is running as expected.
3. WDT and System Safety
The WDT is highly beneficial in applications where system reliability is paramount, such as
automation, remote sensors, and other critical embedded systems. By ensuring that a
program is operating correctly, the WDT helps avoid situations where the system could
freeze indefinitely due to a software bug.
4. Operating Mechanism of the WDT in PIC16F887
The WDT in PIC16F887 starts automatically if enabled through the Configuration Word
setting. The timeout period is influenced by an optional prescaler, which can lengthen the
period before a reset is triggered. The program should regularly reset the WDT timer using
the 'CLRWDT' command to prevent a reset.
5. Configuration Options for the WDT
The WDT can be enabled or disabled via the Configuration Word setting. A prescaler can be
assigned to adjust the timeout period, allowing different intervals to fit various application
needs. For instance, prescaler values (1:1, 1:2, 1:4, etc.) influence the WDT timeout
duration.
6. Use Cases of the WDT in Embedded Systems
The WDT is commonly used in systems that require high reliability. Examples include home
automation controllers and unattended monitoring systems like data loggers, where a
system reset ensures ongoing operation.
7. WDT Reset Cycle
Once the WDT times out, it initiates a reset cycle. The microcontroller resumes operation
from the beginning of the program, helping the system to recover from any unforeseen
issues.
8. WDT and Power Consumption
The WDT operates independently of the main microcontroller clock, unaffected by power-
saving modes. This feature ensures that even during low-power modes, the system can
reset if a software hang occurs.
9. Setting the WDT Timeout for Application Needs
The timeout period should be chosen based on application requirements. Shorter timeouts
are suitable for high-speed applications, while longer timeouts fit slower or low-power
systems.
10. Benefits and Limitations of the WDT in PIC16F887
Benefits include system stability and automatic recovery, while limitations stem from its
inability to identify all software errors. Excessive reliance on the WDT might also mask
deeper software issues.
