INFORMATION SCIENCE and ENGINEERING

Module 2
Objects and Classes in Java
In this page, we will learn about Java objects and classes. In object-oriented programming
technique, we design a program using objects and classes.

An object in Java is the physical as well as a logical entity, whereas, a class in Java is a logical
entity only.

What is an object in Java

An entity that has state and behavior is known as an object e.g., chair, bike, marker, pen, table,
car, etc. It can be physical or logical (tangible and intangible). The example of an intangible
object is the banking system.

An object has three characteristics:

o State: represents the data (value) of an object.

o Behavior: represents the behavior (functionality) of an object such as deposit, withdraw, etc.

o Identity: An object identity is typically implemented via a unique ID. The value of the ID is not
visible to the external user. However, it is used internally by the JVM to identify each object
uniquely.
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For Example, Pen is an object. Its name is Reynolds; color is white, known as its state. It is used
to write, so writing is its behavior.

An object is an instance of a class. A class is a template or blueprint from which objects are
created. So, an object is the instance (result) of a class.

Object Definitions:

o An object is a real-world entity.

o An object is a runtime entity.

o The object is an entity which has state and behavior.

o The object is an instance of a class.

What is a class in Java

A class is a group of objects which have common properties. It is a template or blueprint from
which objects are created. It is a logical entity. It can't be physical.

A class in Java can contain:

o Fields

o Methods

o Constructors

o Blocks

o Nested class and interface

Syntax to declare a class:

class <class_name>{ field;

method;

}
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Instance variable in Java

A variable which is created inside the class but outside the method is known as an instance
variable. Instance variable doesn't get memory at compile time. It gets memory at runtime when
an object or instance is created. That is why it is known as an instance variable.

Method in Java
In Java, a method is like a function which is used to expose the behavior of an object.

Advantage of Method

o Code Reusability

o Code Optimization

new keyword in Java

The new keyword is used to allocate memory at runtime. All objects get memory in Heap
memory area.

Object and Class Example: main within the class

In this example, we have created a Student class which has two data members id and name. We
are creating the object of the Student class by new keyword and printing the object's value.

Here, we are creating a main() method inside the class.

File: Student.java

//Java Program to illustrate how to define a class and fields

//Defining a Student class.

class Student{

//defining fields

int id;//field or data member or instance variable String name;

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//creating main method inside the Student class

public static void main(String args[]){

//Creating an object or instance

Student s1=new Student();//creating an object of Student

//Printing values of the object

System.out.println(s1.id);//accessing member through reference variable System.out.println(s1.name);

Output:

Object and Class Example: main outside the class

In real time development, we create classes and use it from another class. It is a better approach
than previous one. Let's see a simple example, where we are having main() method in another
class.

We can have multiple classes in different Java files or single Java file. If you define multiple
classes in a single Java source file, it is a good idea to save the file name with the class name
which has main() method.

File: TestStudent1.java

//Java Program to demonstrate having the main method in

//another class

//Creating Student class.

class Student{

int id;

String name;

//Creating another class TestStudent1 which contains the main method

class TestStudent1{
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public static void main(String args[]){ Student

s1=new Student(); System.out.println(s1.id);

System.out.println(s1.name);

Output:

3 Ways to initialize object

There are 3 ways to initialize object in Java.

1. By reference variable

2. By method

3. By constructor

1) Object and Class Example: Initialization

through reference
Initializing an object means storing data into the object. Let's see a simple example where we are
going to initialize the object through a reference variable.

File: TestStudent2.java

class Student{

int id;

String name;

class TestStudent2{

public static void main(String args[]){ Student

s1=new Student();
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s1.id=101;

s1.name="Sonoo";

System.out.println(s1.id+" "+s1.name);//printing members with a white space

Output:

101 Sonoo

We can also create multiple objects and store information in it through reference variable.

File: TestStudent3.java

class Student{

int id;

String name;

class TestStudent3{

public static void main(String args[]){

//Creating objects

Student s1=new Student();

Student s2=new Student();

//Initializing objects

s1.id=101;

s1.name="Sonoo";

s2.id=102;

s2.name="Amit";

//Printing data System.out.println(s1.id+"

"+s1.name); System.out.println(s2.id+"

"+s2.name);

}
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Output:

Sonoo
Amit
2) Object and Class Example: Initialization
through method
In this example, we are creating the two objects of Student class and initializing the value to
these objects by invoking the insertRecord method. Here, we are displaying the state (data) of the
objects by invoking the displayInformation() method.

File: TestStudent4.java

class Student{ int

rollno; String name;

void insertRecord(int r, String n){ rollno=r;

name=n;

void displayInformation(){System.out.println(rollno+" "+name);}

class TestStudent4{

public static void main(String args[]){ Student

s1=new Student();

Student s2=new Student();

s1.insertRecord(111,"Karan");

s2.insertRecord(222,"Aryan");

s1.displayInformation(); s2.displayInformation();

}
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Output:

111 Karan

222 Aryan

As you can see in the above figure, object gets the memory in heap memory area. The reference variable refers to
3) Object and Class Example: Initialization
through a constructor
We will learn about constructors in Java later.

Object and Class Example: Employee

Let's see an example where we are maintaining records of employees.

File: TestEmployee.java

class Employee{

int id;

String name;

float salary;

void insert(int i, String n, float s) { id=i;

name=n;

salary=s;

void display(){System.out.println(id+" "+name+" "+salary);}

public class TestEmployee {

public static void main(String[] args) { Employee

e1=new Employee(); Employee e2=new

Employee();
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Employee e3=new Employee();

e1.insert(101,"ajeet",45000);

e2.insert(102,"irfan",25000);

e3.insert(103,"nakul",55000);

e1.display();

e2.display();

e3.display();

Output:

101 ajeet 45000.0

102 irfan 25000.0

Object and Class Example: Rectangle
There is given another example that maintains the records of Rectangle class.

File: TestRectangle1.java

class Rectangle{

int length;

int width;

void insert(int l, int w)

{ length=l;

width=w;

void calculateArea(){System.out.println(length*width);}

class TestRectangle1{

public static void main(String args[]){ Rectangle r1=new

Rectangle();
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Rectangle r2=new Rectangle(); r1.insert(11,5);

r2.insert(3,15);

r1.calculateArea();

r2.calculateArea();

Output:

55

What are the different ways to create an object in Java?

There are many ways to create an object in java. They are:

o By new keyword

o By newInstance() method

o By clone() method

o By deserialization

o By factory method etc.

We will learn these ways to create object later.

Anonymous object
Anonymous simply means nameless. An object which has no reference is known as an
anonymous object. It can be used at the time of object creation only.

If you have to use an object only once, an anonymous object is a good approach. For example:

new Calculation();//anonymous object

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Calling method through a reference:

Calculation c=new Calculation(); c.fact(5);

Calling method through an anonymous object

new Calculation().fact(5);

Let's see the full example of an anonymous object in Java.

class Calculation{

void fact(int n){ int

fact=1;

for(int i=1;i<=n;i++)

{ fact=fact*i;

System.out.println("factorial is "+fact);

public static void main(String args[]){

new Calculation().fact(5);//calling method with anonymous object

Output:

Factorial is 120

Creating multiple objects by one type only

We can create multiple objects by one type only as we do in case of primitives.

Initialization of primitive variables:

int a=10, b=20;

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Initialization of refernce variables:

Rectangle r1=new Rectangle(), r2=new Rectangle();//creating two objects

Let's see the example:

//Java Program to illustrate the use of Rectangle class which

//has length and width data members

class Rectangle{

int length;

int width;

void insert(int l,int w)

{ length=l;

width=w;

void calculateArea(){System.out.println(length*width);}

class TestRectangle2{

public static void main(String args[]){

Rectangle r1=new Rectangle(),r2=new Rectangle();//creating two objects r1.insert(11,5);

r2.insert(3,15);

r1.calculateArea();

r2.calculateArea();

Output:

55

Real World Example: Account

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File: TestAccount.java

//Java Program to demonstrate the working of a banking-system

//where we deposit and withdraw amount from our account.

//Creating an Account class which has deposit() and withdraw() methods

class Account{ int

acc_no; String

name; float amount;

//Method to initialize object

void insert(int a,String n,float amt){ acc_no=a;

name=n;

amount=amt;

//deposit method

void deposit(float amt){ amount=amount+amt;

System.out.println(amt+" deposited");

//withdraw method

void withdraw(float amt){ if(amount<amt)

{ System.out.println("Insufficient Balance");

}else{ amount=amount-

amt;

System.out.println(amt+" withdrawn");

//method to check the balance of the account

void checkBalance(){System.out.println("Balance is: "+amount);

//method to display the values of an object

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void display(){System.out.println(acc_no+" "+name+" "+amount);}

//Creating a test class to deposit and withdraw amount

class TestAccount{

public static void main(String[] args){ Account

a1=new Account();

a1.insert(832345,"Ankit",1000); a1.display();

a1.checkBalance();

a1.deposit(40000);

a1.checkBalance();

a1.withdraw(15000);

a1.checkBalance();

}}

Output:

832345 Ankit 1000.0

Balance is: 1000.0

40000.0 deposited