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Q-1 what is cloud computing ? Explain goal and challenges of cloud

computing.

Ans Cloud computing is a model that enables on-demand access to a shared

pool of configurable computing resources, such as servers, storage, networks,
applications, and services, via the internet. These resources can be rapidly
provisioned and released with minimal management effort or interaction from
the service provider.

Instead of owning and managing physical infrastructure, organizations or

individuals can rent cloud resources from cloud service providers like
Amazon Web Services (AWS), Microsoft Azure, and Google Cloud Platform
(GCP), scaling up or down as required

Goals of Cloud Computing

• Cost Efficiency: One of the primary goals is to reduce the cost of

computing by eliminating the need to invest in expensive hardware and
maintenance. Users pay only for the resources they use (pay-as-you-go
model).
• Scalability and Elasticity: Cloud systems can dynamically scale
resources based on user demands. This ensures that businesses can
handle varying workloads without over- or under-provisioning their
resources.
• Global Accessibility: Cloud services are accessible from any location
with an internet connection, allowing for seamless collaboration and
access to applications and data.
• High Availability and Reliability: Cloud services are often designed
with redundancies and can operate with little to no downtime, ensuring
continuous availability of resources and services.

Challenges of Cloud Computing

• Data Security and Privacy: One of the biggest challenges is ensuring

that sensitive data stored in the cloud is secure and compliant with
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regulations. Risks like data breaches, unauthorized access, and data loss
are ongoing concerns.
• Downtime and Service Reliability: While cloud providers aim to offer
high availability, outages can and do happen. Businesses dependent on
the cloud must plan for downtime and ensure backup strategies are in
place.
• Compliance and Legal Issues: Cloud customers must ensure that the
cloud provider complies with various industry-specific regulations and
data protection laws. Different countries may have different
regulations, making it difficult to ensure compliance across regions.
• Vendor Lock-in: Migrating data and applications between different
cloud providers can be challenging due to compatibility issues,
proprietary platforms, and high switching costs, leading to vendor lock-
in.

Q-2 Explain different types of Cloud Computing.

Ans Cloud computing is generally categorized into three main types based on
the deployment model, each offering different levels of control, flexibility,
and management. These types include:

• Public Cloud
• Private Cloud
• Hybrid Cloud
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1. Public Cloud

Public cloud refers to cloud services that are delivered over the internet and
shared across multiple users or organizations. These services are owned,
operated, and maintained by third-party cloud service providers, such as
Amazon Web Services (AWS), Microsoft Azure, and Google Cloud. Public
cloud services are available to anyone who wants to purchase or use them.

2. Private Cloud

Private cloud refers to cloud computing resources used exclusively by a

single organization. The infrastructure may be hosted on-premises (within the
company’s own data centers) or by a third-party provider, but it is solely
dedicated to that organization. Private clouds provide greater control,
security, and customization.

3. Hybrid Cloud

Hybrid cloud is a combination of public and private clouds, where data and
applications are shared between them. This setup allows organizations to take
advantage of the scalability and cost-efficiency of the public cloud while
maintaining the security and control of the private cloud.

Hybrid cloud environments use technology to orchestrate and integrate

services from both public and private clouds, ensuring seamless data transfer
and application interoperability.

Q- 3 Explain the architecture of cloud computing.

Ans
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Cloud Computing Architecture includes:

➢ Front-End Layer: Frontend of the cloud architecture refers to the client

side of cloud computing system. Means it contains all the user interfaces and
applications which are used by the client to access the cloud computing
services/resources. For example, use of a web browser to access the cloud
platform
➢ Back-End Layer: Backend refers to the cloud itself which is used by
the service provider. It contains the resources as well as manages
the resources and provides security mechanisms. Along with this, it
includes huge storage, virtual applications, virtual machines, traffic
control mechanisms, deployment models, etc.
➢ Components of Cloud Computing Architecture
➢ Client Infrastructure – Client Infrastructure is a part of the frontend
component. It contains the applications and user interfaces which
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are required to access the cloud platform. In other words, it provides
a GUI( Graphical User Interface ) to interact with the cloud.
➢ Application : Application is a part of backend component that refers
to a software or platform to which client accesses. Means it provides
the service in backend as per the client requirement.
➢ Service: Service in backend refers to the major three types of cloud
based services like SaaS, PaaS and IaaS. Also manages which type
of service the user accesses.
➢ Runtime Cloud: Runtime cloud in backend provides the execution
and Runtime platform/environment to the Virtual machine.
➢ Storage: Storage in backend provides flexible and scalable storage
service and management of stored data.
➢ Infrastructure: Cloud Infrastructure in backend refers to the
hardware and software components of cloud like it includes servers,
storage, network devices, virtualization software etc.
➢ Management: Management in backend refers to management of
backend components like application, service, runtime cloud,
storage, infrastructure, and other security mechanisms etc.
➢ Security: Security in backend refers to implementation of different
security mechanisms in the backend for secure cloud resources,
systems, files, and infrastructure to end-users.
➢ Internet: Internet connection acts as the medium or a bridge
between frontend and backend and establishes the interaction and
communication between frontend and backend.
➢ Database: Database in backend refers to provide database for
storing structured data, such as SQL and NOSQL databases.
Example of Databases services include Amazon RDS, Microsoft
Azure SQL database and Google CLoud SQL.
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➢ Networking: Networking in backend services that provide
networking infrastructure for application in the cloud, such as load
balancing, DNS and virtual private networks.
➢ Analytics: Analytics in backend service that provides analytics
capabilities for data in the cloud, such as warehousing, business
intelligence and machine learning.
Benefits of Cloud Computing Architecture
➢ Makes overall cloud computing system simpler.
➢ Improves data processing requirements.
➢ Helps in providing high security.
➢ Makes it more modularized.
➢ Results in better disaster recovery.
➢ Gives good user accessibility.
➢ Reduces IT operating costs.
➢ Provides high level reliability.
➢ Scalability.

Q- 4 List out the Cloud Service Providers. Explain any two service
providers in detail.
Ans There are 10 companies who provide a cloud service
1. Amazon web services
2. Microsoft Azure
3. Google cloud platform (GCP)
4. IBM cloud
5. Oracle cloud
6. Alibaba cloud
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7. VMware Cloud
8. Sales force
9. SAP cloud
10. Digital ocean

1. Amazon Web Services (AWS)

Amazon Web Services (AWS) is the largest and most popular cloud service
provider, offering a wide range of cloud computing services, including
computing power, storage, and networking.

Key Features:

➢ EC2 (Elastic Compute Cloud): Provides scalable virtual servers for

running applications.
➢ S3 (Simple Storage Service): Object storage service for storing and
retrieving large volumes of data.
➢ RDS (Relational Database Service): Managed database service that
supports various database engines like MySQL, PostgreSQL, and
Oracle.
➢ Lambda: Serverless computing service that allows users to run code in
response to events without provisioning servers.

2. Microsoft Azure

Microsoft Azure is a leading cloud service provider, known for its

comprehensive range of services and deep integration with Microsoft
products, making it highly suitable for enterprises.

Key Features:

➢ Azure Virtual Machines: Scalable virtual machines that can run

Windows, Linux, and other OSes.
➢ Azure App Services: Fully managed platform for building, deploying,
and scaling web apps.
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➢ Azure SQL Database: Managed relational database service with high
availability, scalability, and built-in security.
➢ Azure Active Directory: Cloud-based identity and access management
service.

Q-5 Discuss History of cloud computing

➢ Ans Before Computing was come into existence, client Server
Architecture was used where all the data and control of client
resides in Server side. If a single user want to access some data,
firstly user need to connect to the server and after that user will get
appropriate access. But it has many disadvantages. So, After Client
Server computing, Distributed Computing was come into existence,
in this type of computing all computers are networked together with
the help of this, user can share their resources when needed. It also
has certain limitations. So in order to remove limitations faced in
distributed system, cloud computing was emerged.

➢ During 1961, John MacCharty delivered his speech at MIT that

“Computing Can be sold as a Utility, like Water and Electricity.”
According to John MacCharty it was a brilliant idea. But people at that
time don’t want to adopt this technology. They thought the
technology they are using efficient enough for them. So, this concept
of computing was not appreciated much so and very less will research
on it. But as the time fleet the technology caught the idea after few
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years this idea is implemented. So, this is implemented by
Salesforce.com in 1999.

➢ This company started delivering an enterprise application over the

internet and this way the boom of Cloud Computing was started.

➢ In 2002, Amazon started Amazon Web Services (AWS), Amazon will

provide storage, computation over the internet. In 2006 Amazon will
launch Elastic Compute Cloud Commercial Service which is open for
Everybody to use.

➢ After that in 2009, Google Play also started providing Cloud

Computing Enterprise Application as other companies will see the
emergence of cloud Computing they also started providing their cloud
services. Thus, in 2009, Microsoft launch Microsoft Azure and after
that other companies like Alibaba, IBM, Oracle, HP also introduces
their Cloud Services. In today the Cloud Computing become very
popular and important skill.

Q-6 Define the term: Cloud Adoption.

Ans Cloud Adoption refers to the process of transitioning a company's or

individual's IT infrastructure, applications, and services from traditional on-
premise systems to cloud-based environments. It involves embracing cloud
computing technologies to leverage benefits such as scalability, cost-
efficiency, flexibility, and access to advanced services like artificial
intelligence, big data analytics, and disaster recovery. Cloud adoption may
involve using public, private, or hybrid cloud models, depending on the
organization's needs.It typically requires changes in IT strategy, security
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practices, and workforce skills to effectively use cloud platforms like AWS,
Azure, or Google Cloud.

Q-7 Give the characteristics of cloud computing.

Ans
• On-demand self-services: The Cloud computing services does not
require any human administrators, user themselves are able to
provision, monitor and manage computing resources as needed.
• Broad network access: The Computing services are generally
provided over standard networks and heterogeneous devices.
• While more traditional data processing systems might expect data
to enter the pipeline already labeled, formatted, and organized, big data
systems usually accept and store data closer to its raw state.
• Ideally, any transformations or changes to the raw data will happen in
memory at the time of processing.
• Variability
• This refers to the inconsistency which can be shown by the data at times,
thus hampering the process of being able to handle and manage the data
effectively.

• Resource pooling: The provider's computing resources are pooled to serve

multiple consumers using a multi-tenant model, with different physical and
Virtual resources dynamically assigned and re-assigned according to
consumer demand.
• There is a sense of location independence in that the customer generally
has no control or knowledge over the exact location of the provided
resources but may be able to specify location at a higher level of
abstraction (e.g., country, state or datacenter). Examples of resources
include storage, processing, memory and network bandwidth.
• Rapid elasticity: Capabilities can be elastically provisioned and released,
in some cases automatically, to scale rapidly outward and inward
matching with demand. To the consumer, the capabilities available for
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provision in often appear to be unlimited and can be appropriated in any
quantity at any time.
• Measured service: Cloud systems automatically control and optimize
resource use by leveraging a metering capability at some level of
abstraction appropriate to the type of service (e.g., storage, processing,
bandwidth and active user accounts). Resource usage can be monitored,
controlled and reported, providing transparency for the provider and
consumer.

Q-8 Explain different types of Cloud Service Models.

Ans there are three types of service modle

1. Laas (infrastructure as a service )

2. Paas(platform as a service )
3. Saas( software as a service )

Types of Cloud Service Models

Cloud computing provides various service models to meet different business needs.
The three primary cloud service models are:

1. Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)

• Description: IaaS provides virtualized computing resources over the

internet. It offers fundamental infrastructure services like virtual machines,
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storage, and networks on a pay-as-you-go basis. Users can build and manage
their applications and data without worrying about the underlying hardware.
• Examples: Amazon Web Services (AWS) EC2, Microsoft Azure Virtual
Machines, Google Cloud Compute Engine.
• Benefits:
• Scalability: Easily scale resources up or down based on demand.
• Cost-Effective: Pay only for the resources used, avoiding capital
expenses.
• Flexibility: Full control over the operating systems, applications, and
storage.
• Challenges:
• Management Overhead: Users are responsible for managing
operating systems, applications, and data.
• Security Risks: Need to secure the virtual infrastructure and data.

2. Platform as a Service (PaaS)

• Description: PaaS provides a platform allowing customers to develop, run,

and manage applications without dealing with the underlying infrastructure.
It includes everything from operating systems to development tools, which
facilitates streamlined development processes.
• Examples: Google App Engine, Microsoft Azure App Services, Heroku.
• Benefits:
• Development Speed: Accelerates application development with built-
in tools and services.
• Focus on Coding: Developers can focus on writing code rather than
managing hardware or software layers.
• Integration: Easier integration with databases, development
frameworks, and third-party services.
• Challenges:
• Limited Control: Less control over the underlying infrastructure.
• Vendor Lock-In: Potential difficulties in migrating applications to
different PaaS providers.
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3. Software as a Service (SaaS)

• Description: SaaS delivers software applications over the internet, on a

subscription basis. Users can access applications via a web browser without
worrying about installation, maintenance, or infrastructure.
• Examples: Google Workspace, Microsoft Office 365, Salesforce.
• Benefits:
• Ease of Use: Accessible from any device with an internet connection.
• Automatic Updates: Providers handle software updates and
maintenance.
• Cost Savings: Reduces costs related to software purchase,
maintenance, and infrastructure.
• Challenges:
• Data Security: Reliance on the provider for data security and
compliance.
• Customization Limitations: Limited ability to customize the
software compared to on-premises solutions.

Q-9 Explain advantages and disadvantages of SaaS

Ans

Advantages of Saas

• SaaS is easy to buy

SaaS pricing is based on a monthly fee or annual fee subscription, so it
allows organizations to access business functionality at a low cost, which is
less than licensed applications.
• One to Many
SaaS services are offered as a one-to-many model means a single instance of
the application is shared by multiple users.
• Less hardware required for Saas
The software is hosted remotely, so organizations do not need to invest in
additional hardware.
• Low maintenance required for Saas
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Software as service removes the need for installation, set-up and daily
maintenance for the organizations. The initial set-up cost for SaaS is
typically less than the enterprise software. SaaS vendors are pricing their
application based on some usage parameters, such as a number of users
using the application. So SaaS does easy to monitor and automatic updates.
• No special software or hardware versions required
All users will have the same version of the software and typically access it
through the web browser. SaaS reduces IT support costs by outsourcing
hardware and software maintenance and support to the Iaas provider.

• Multi device Support

Saas services can be accessed from any device such as desktops, laptops,
tablets, phones, and thin clients.
➢ Disadvantages of SaaS
• Security
Actually, data is stored in the cloud, so security may be an issue for some
users. However Cloud computing is not more secure than in – house
deployment.
• Latency issue
Since data and application are stored in the cloud at a variable distance
from the end-user, there is a possibility that there may be greater latency
when interacting with the application compared to local deployment.
Therefore the SaaS model is not suitable for application whose demand
response time is in milliseconds.
• Total Dependency on Internet
Without an internet connection ,most SaaS application are not usable
• Switching between SaaS vendors is difficult
Switching SaaS vendors involves the difficult and slow task of
transferring the very large data files over the internet and then converting
and importing them into another SaaS also.
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Q-10 Explain challenges of Saas.

Ans

Here are the key challenges of SaaS in a concise format:

11. Data Security and Privacy: Storing sensitive data externally can raise
concerns about breaches and regulatory compliance.
12. Downtime and Reliability: Service outages can disrupt business
operations, requiring robust infrastructure from providers.
13. Customization: SaaS solutions may lack flexibility for businesses with
specific needs, as customization is limited.
14. Integration: Integrating SaaS with existing systems can be complex and
costly.
15. Cost Management: While upfront costs are lower, subscription fees over
time may make SaaS more expensive long-term.

Q-11 Explain advantages and disadvantages of Iaas.

Ans
1) Simplified development :- Paas allows developers to focus on development
and innovation without worrying about infrastructure management.
2) Lower risk
No need for up-front investment in hardware and software. Developers only
need a PC and an internet connection to start building applications
3) Prebuilt business functionality
Some Paas vendors also provide already defined business functionality so
that users can avoid building everything from very scratch and hence can
directly start the projects only.
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• Disadvantages
1) Vendor lock-in
One has to write the application to the platform provided by the PaaS
vendor, So the migration of an application to another paas vendor
would be a problem
2) Data privacy
Corporate data whether it can be critical or not, will be private, so if it
is not located within the walls of the company risk in terms of privacy
of data .
3) Intergration with the rest of the systems applications
It may happen that some applications are local and some are inthe
cloud. So there will be chances of increased complexity when we
want to use data which in the cloud with the local data.

Q-12 What is Saas Integration Services? Explain in detail.

Ans

1. Connecting Multiple SaaS Applications: Modern businesses often use

numerous SaaS applications for various functions like Customer
Relationship Management (CRM), Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP),
Human Resources, Marketing, etc. SaaS integration ensures that these
diverse applications are able to share and synchronize data in real-time,
improving operational efficiency and eliminating manual data entry.
2. Data Synchronization and Flow: SaaS integration ensures that data
flows seamlessly between applications. For example, data entered in a
CRM application like Salesforce can be automatically shared with an
ERP system like NetSuite or a marketing platform like HubSpot. This
ensures consistency of data across multiple systems.
3. Automation of Workflows: One of the main advantages of SaaS
integration is the ability to automate workflows across different
platforms. For example, a new sales order entered in a CRM can trigger
automatic actions in other systems like billing, inventory updates, or
customer notifications.
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4. Middleware and Integration Platforms: Often, middleware or
Integration Platform as a Service (iPaaS) solutions are used to facilitate
SaaS integration. These platforms provide pre-built connectors and
templates to easily link different SaaS applications. Some popular iPaaS
solutions include MuleSoft, Dell Boomi, Zapier, and Workato.
5. API (Application Programming Interface) Usage: APIs play a critical
role in SaaS integration by allowing different software applications to
communicate with each other. They define how applications interact and
share data. SaaS integration services typically rely on APIs to create
bridges between applications.
6. Real-Time vs. Batch Integration:
• Real-time integration ensures data is immediately synchronized
between applications when an event happens (e.g., a new lead in CRM
is instantly added to the marketing platform).
• Batch integration involves syncing data at scheduled intervals (e.g.,
hourly, daily).

Common Scenarios for SaaS Integration:

7. CRM to Marketing Automation Integration: Data from a CRM like

Salesforce may be automatically shared with marketing platforms like
Marketo or HubSpot to create personalized campaigns based on customer
data.
8. E-commerce and ERP Integration: An e-commerce platform like
Shopify can be integrated with an ERP system like NetSuite to
automatically update inventory, process orders, and manage shipments.
9. HR to Payroll System Integration: Data from an HR management
system like Workday can be integrated with payroll systems like ADP to
ensure employees are paid accurately and on time.
10. Customer Support and CRM Integration: Integrating customer
support software like Zendesk with a CRM system ensures that customer
issues are handled promptly and that support data is visible to sales
teams.

Q-13 Define Virtual Machine. Discuss VM migration services.

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Ans A Virtual Machine (VM) is a software-based emulation of a physical
computer. It runs its own operating system and applications in an isolated
environment, using the resources of a physical host machine. VMs offer flexibility
by allowing multiple virtual environments to run on a single piece of hardware,
providing scalability, resource efficiency, and support for various OS
configurations.

VM Migration Services

VM migration involves moving a virtual machine from one physical host to

another, either for load balancing, hardware maintenance, or disaster recovery.

Key Types of VM Migration:

1. Live Migration: Transfers a running VM without downtime, ensuring

uninterrupted operations.

2. Cold Migration: Moves a powered-off VM to a new host.

3. Storage Migration: Migrates a VM’s storage without affecting its operation.

4. Cloud Migration: Shifts VMs between on-premises and cloud environments.

Popular VM Migration Services: VMware motion: Enables live migration

between VMware hosts.

Microsoft Hyper-V Live Migration: Allows seamless VM transfers across Hyper-V

hosts.

AWS Server Migration Service (SMS): Facilitates on-premise VM migration to

AWS.

Google Cloud Migrate: Eases migration to Google Compute Engine.

Azure Migrate: Streamlines VM migration to Microsoft Azure.

VM migration services optimize resource usage, minimize downtime, and ensure

high availability across environments
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Q-14 Write a short note on DBaaS.

Ans Database as a Service (DBaaS) is a cloud-based service that provides access

to a database without the need for the user to manage the underlying hardware,
software, or database administration tasks. With DBaaS, the cloud provider
handles infrastructure, backups, scaling, and security, allowing users to focus on
data management and application development.

Key Features of DBaaS:

• Automated Management: Automated backups, patching, and updates.

• Scalability: Easily scale storage and compute resources based on demand.
• High Availability: Built-in redundancy and disaster recovery options.
• Cost-Effective: Pay-as-you-go pricing, reducing the cost of owning and
maintaining database servers.

Popular DBaaS platforms include Amazon RDS, Google Cloud SQL, Microsoft
Azure SQL Database, and MongoDB Atlas. DBaaS simplifies database
management, offering efficiency, flexibility, and reliability for businesses.

Q-16 Discuss in detail SECaaS

Ans

When the IT department installs virus protection software, spam filtering

software, and other security tools on every computer, on the network, or on
the server in your geographic location, keeping the package up to date or
instructing them to use it, security solutions are no longer delivered
regionally with security as a service

The former method of doing things involved paying direct pricing for
hardware as well as ongoing fees for licenses to allow for the usage of that
security code, which made it much more expensive. Instead, security as a
service makes it simple and rational to use similar technologies.
Security can be availed by the following alliances:
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• Encryption: makes the data unreadable until it has been authentically
decoded, or encrypted.
• Network security: Network access management protocols are used to
secure and keep an eye on network services.
• Email security: Protects against email frauds, spam, phishing, malware
etc.
• Identification: Users can access with a valid log-in ID and legal
permission, else forbids if it is not authenticated.
• Data loss prevention: Tools are built to monitor and secure data to
protect from data loss.

Q-17 Define following terms:

(i)Cloud infrastructure

(ii)Virtual machine

(iii)Hypervisor

Ans

Here are the short definitions:

(i) Cloud Infrastructure:

The combination of hardware, software, storage, and networking that supports

cloud computing, providing resources like virtual machines and storage over the
internet.

(ii)Virtual Machine (VM):

A software-based emulation of a physical computer that runs its own operating

system and applications, isolated from other VMs on the same hardware.
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(iii) Hypervisor:

Software that creates and manages virtual machines by controlling resource

allocation between them. There are two types: Type 1 (runs directly on hardware)
and Type 2 (runs on an existing OS).

Q-18 Write a short note on Bare Metal Server.

Ans A Bare Metal Server a physical server dedicated to a single tenant, offering
direct access to the server's hardware without virtualization. Unlike cloud-based
virtual servers, which share resources among multiple users, bare metal servers
provide enhanced performance, control, and security. They are ideal for resource-
intensive applications, such as large databases or high-performance computing
tasks. Bare metal servers allow for full customization of the operating system,
hardware, and software configurations, making them suitable for workloads
requiring maximum efficiency and dedicated resources.

Q-19 Define virtualization. List out different types of virtual machine. Explain any
two in detail.
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Ans Virtualization is the technology that allows multiple operating systems or
applications to run on a single physical machine by creating virtual versions of
hardware resources. It enhances efficiency, scalability, and isolation by abstracting
the physical hardware.

Types of Virtual Machines (VMs):

1.System Virtual Machines

2.Process Virtual Machines

1. System Virtual Machines:

These virtualize an entire physical machine, enabling multiple operating systems to

run simultaneously on a single hardware platform.

• Example: Running Windows and Linux on the same server using

hypervisors like VMware or Hyper-V.
• Benefit: Maximizes resource utilization and offers strong isolation between
VMs.

2. Process Virtual Machines:

Designed to run a single application or process independent of the underlying

operating system.

• Example: Java Virtual Machine (JVM), which allows Java applications to

run on any OS.
• Benefit: Ensures cross-platform compatibility for applications.

Q-20 List out different types of virtual machine. Explain anyone in detail.

Ans Types of Virtual Machines (VMs):

1. System Virtual Machines

2. Process Virtual Machines
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System Virtual Machines (Detailed Explanation):

A System Virtual Machine provides a complete replication of a physical

machine, allowing multiple operating systems (OS) to run independently on the
same hardware.

• How it works: It uses a hypervisor (Type 1 or Type 2) to manage virtualized

resources like CPU, memory, and storage. Each virtual machine behaves as
if it has its own dedicated hardware.
• Example: A company can run Linux, Windows, and other OS on the same
server with VMware ESXi (Type 1 hypervisor).
• Benefits:
• Efficient use of hardware by running multiple OS.
• Strong isolation between environments.
• Flexibility in managing resources for each VM.

System VMs are widely used in data centers for server consolidation and cloud
computing.

Q-21 Discuss working of CDN.

Ans In the presence of a CDN however, the process is slightly different. When the
user-initiated DNS requests are received by his LDNS, it forwards the requests to
one of the CDN’s DNS servers. These servers are part of the Global Server Load
Balancer infrastructure (or “GSLB”). The GSLB helps with load balancing
functionality that literally measures the entire Internet, and keeps tracking
information about all available resources and their performance. With this
knowledge, the GSLB resolves the DNS request using the best performing edge
address (usually in proximity to the user). An “edge” is a set of servers that caches
and delivers the web content. After DNS resolution is completed, the user makes
the HTTPS request to the edge. When the edge receives the request, the GSLB
servers help the edge servers forward the requests following the optimal route to
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the origin. Then the edge servers fetch the requested data, delivers it to the end-
user who requested it, and stores that data locally. All subsequent user requests will
be served from the local dataset without having to query the origin server again.
Content stored on the edge can be delivered even if the origin becomes unavailable
for any reason.

Q- 22 Discuss Hybrid Multi-Cloud.

ANS

➢ Architecture
• Hybrid and multi-clouds have a fundamental difference – their architecture. A hybrid
cloud environment comprises a mixture of private and public cloud services, while a
multi-cloud model includes two or more public cloud services.
• The key difference is that hybrid cloud users own and manage a private cloud
resource as part of their cloud infrastructure. This is usually hosted in-house, in
on-premises data centers, or on dedicated servers in third-party data centers. The
private aspect then syncs with public cloud workloads to create an overall business
solution. Multi-cloud systems use only public cloud services.
➢ Pricing
• A company employing a hybrid cloud model can often incur higher costs. This is
especially true when the private cloud resource is hosted on-premises – the
company would purchase, manage and maintain that resource.
➢ Availability
Multi-cloud environments are designed for high availability. The service levels and
guarantees offered by large cloud vendors mean that public cloud resources give
companies business-critical uptime. If one resource goes down, it can simply
switch to another.
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➢ Data Storage
One of the biggest benefits of hybrid cloud computing is that the private cloud
resource lets companies operate their data storage. Often, it’s used to store
critical, regulated, sensitive data. This can then connect to public resources which
handle less-sensitive tasks.
➢ Security
One of the most apparent hybrid cloud benefits is that companies control who can
physically access their private cloud hardware. This can be desirable in highly
regulated industries. With multi-cloud solutions, companies do not control who can
access the physical infrastructure –although it is typically kept behind layers of
robust security.
➢ Flexibility
Flexibility is where multi-cloud solution shine. A business can choose exactly which
resources they need, selecting the provider with the ideal services. While hybrid
cloud users can choose their public cloud service provider, THey are more limited
with their private cloud resources

Q-23 Explain architecture of Cloud Native application

Ans

Cloud native architecture is a design methodology that utilizes cloud services such
as EC2, S3, Lambda from AWS, etc to allow dynamic and agile application
development techniques that take a modular approach to building, running, and
updating software through a suite of cloud-based microservices versus a
monolithic application infrastructure.

Microservices and containerization support the agility and dynamism of cloud

native applications by making it easier to transfer between cloud providers or to
deploy services independently and in different languages or frameworks without
conflict or downtime.

Integrating a microservices architecture into application development supports

collaboration, efficiency, and productivity as DevOps teams have the ability to
work independently on different components of an application at the same time or
to implement new features without sacrificing stability.

➢ Benefits
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The fluidity, resiliency, and scalability of a cloud-native architecture contribute to
its appeal for organizations that prioritize a DevOps philosophy. A cloud native
approach offers a host of benefits, including the following:

• Using loosely-coupled services instead of an enterprise tech stack offers

development teams the option to choose the framework, language, or system that
best meets the specific objectives of an organization or project.
• The portability of containerized microservices ensures that an organization isn't
overly reliant on any one cloud provider.
• The complexity of troubleshooting is reduced since an open source container
orchestration platform like Kubernetes makes it easier to identify the container
with a bug without dismantling the entire application.
• Since microservices operate independently, developers can optimize each based
on core functionality and ultimately enrich the end user experience.
• The use of microservices in software development facilitates continuous
integration and continuous delivery efforts, reducing the development lifecycle
and the opportunity for human error with automated processes.
• A container orchestrator can automatically schedule and allocate resources based
on demand to increase efficiency.
• Using microservices for application architecture allows developers to make
changes to one microservice or offer new functionality without affecting the
entire application and its availability.

Q-24 What is Dev ops in cloud computing?

Ans

DevOps in Cloud Computing is a culture and practice that combines development

(Dev) and IT operations (Ops) to streamline and automate the entire software
delivery process. In cloud environments, DevOps takes advantage of cloud
scalability, automation, and flexible resources, enabling teams to develop, test,
deploy, and monitor applications faster and more efficiently.

With cloud-native DevOps, teams can:

• Automate infrastructure with tools like Terraform and CloudFormation.

• Implement CI/CD pipelines for continuous delivery.
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• Monitor and scale apps in real time with cloud services like AWS, Azure,
and Google Cloud.

It's all about faster releases, higher reliability, and seamless collaboration!

Q-25 Explain microservices in cloud computing?

Ans

Microservices in Cloud Computing is an architectural style where applications

are broken down into small, independent services, each handling a specific
business function. These services can be developed, deployed, and scaled
independently, offering flexibility and faster innovation.

In the cloud, microservices thrive due to:

• Scalability: Each service scales independently based on demand.

• Fault isolation: If one service fails, others remain unaffected.
• Technology diversity: Teams can use different tech stacks for different
services.

This approach makes cloud applications more agile, resilient, and easier to
manage!
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Q-24 Discuss Application Modernization.

Ans

Application Modernization is the process of updating and transforming legacy

software systems to leverage modern technologies, frameworks, and practices.
This enhances the application’s performance, scalability, security, and
maintainability while aligning it with current business needs and technological
advancements. Application modernization often involves transitioning from
monolithic architectures to cloud-native and microservices-based models.

Key Approaches to Application Modernization:

1.Rehosting (Lift and Shift).

• Description: Moving an existing application to the cloud without
making significant changes to its architecture.
• Advantages: Faster migration, reduced costs, and minimal disruption.
2. Replat forming
• Description: Making small adjustments to the application to take
advantage of cloud features (e.g., using managed databases or
containerization).
• Advantages: Improved scalability and operational efficiency with
minimal code changes.
3.Refactoring (Rearchitecting)
• Description: Rewriting parts or the entire application to optimize it
for a modern environment, often involving a shift to microservices or
serverless architectures.
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• Advantages: Higher agility, better performance, and future-proofing
the application.
4.Containerization
• Description: Packaging applications into containers (e.g., Docker) for
consistent deployment across different environments.
• Advantages: Improved portability, scalability, and efficient resource
use.
5.Adopting Cloud-Native Architecture
• Description: Rebuilding applications to fully embrace cloud
capabilities like autoscaling, elasticity, and distributed systems using
microservices, serverless computing, and managed services.
• Advantages: Increased flexibility, faster time to market, and cost
efficiency.
6.API Enablement
• Description: Exposing functionalities of legacy applications through
APIs, enabling integration with modern platforms and services.
• Advantages: Enhances interoperability and extends the application’s
lifecycle.
7.Denial of Service (DoS) Attacks: Cloud services can be overwhelmed,
causing outages.

8. Mitigation: Encrypt data, use strong access controls (MFA), monitor

activity, and ensure proper configuration to minimize these risks
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