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Data Management - Lesson 2.2

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Data Management - Lesson 2.2

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20220680
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UNIT II: DATA

MANAGEMENT
Lesson 1: Basic Statistical Concepts
Lesson 2: Gathering and Presenting Data
Lesson 3: Measure of Central Tendency and Dispersion
Lesson 4: Measure of Relative Position
Lesson 5: Probability Distribution and Normal Distribution
LESSON 2: Gathering
and Presenting Data

Vicente B. Calolo Jr., LPT


Instructor
Have you heard of the
statement: "a picture is worth
a thousand words?"

It means that a single image


can communicate complex
ideas and concepts.
In business, managers need
accurate and comprehensive
information to make quick and
correct decisions amid intense
competition.

Complex business data can


be communicated through
graphical presentations.
Business Data
Presentation and Analysis
•
Business Data
Presentation and Analysis
•
Business Data
Presentation and Analysis
•

•
•
What is the purpose of
putting data into tables
and graphs?
Business Data
Presentation and Analysis
Take a look!
Charles is an employee of a buy-and-sell
company. For his performance evaluation, he
was asked to present his net sales for the first
quarter of the year. In January, his net sales
were ₱155,588. In February, his net sales were
₱143,240. In March, his net sales were ₱149,530.

Can Charles express this information using a


table/graph?
Take a look!
Textual Presentation
•

•
•
Textual Presentation

•
Tabular Presentation
•

•
Tabular Presentation

Gender Frequency Percent


Male 79 67.52%
Female 38 32.48%
Total 117 100%
Tabular Presentation

• •
• •
• •
Tabular Presentation
Age (in years) Gender Total
Male Female
21 – 30 18 8 26
31 – 40 34 20 54
41 – 50 32 16 48
51 – 60 28 4 32
In the year 2005, there are 160 employees of ABC123 Insurance company composed of 112 male employees and
48 female employees.

Source: ABC123 Insurance Company- HRMO File 2005


Graphical Presentation
•

•
Graphical Presentation

•
•

•
Graphical Presentation
Parts of a Graph

•
Parts of a Graph

•
Parts of a Graph

•
TYPES OF STATISTICAL
CHARTS & GRAPHS
• •
• •
LINE GRAPH
•
•

•
LINE GRAPH
•

2016 2017 2018 2019 2020


78 94 115 148 123
LINE GRAPH
Let’s Try!

Construct a graph showing the number of sales


generated by each salesperson in 2021. Refer to the
following table.

Table 2. Sales Generated Per Salesperson in 2021


Salesman 1st Quarter 2nd Quarter 3rd Quarter 4th Quarter
A 567 378 375 758
B 492 285 397 821
C 601 316 364 795
LINE GRAPH
BAR GRAPH
•

•
Let’s Try!
A juice company released juice boxes in different
flavors. They ran a pilot test and analyzed the sales to
determine which flavor did not yield enough sales
and must be laid off. Create a graph representing the
net sales of each product.

Table 3. Sales of Juice Boxes per Flavor


Orange Mango Guyabano Grapes
168 189 110 132
BAR GRAPH
PIE OR CIRCLE GRAPH
•
•
•
Let’s Try!
A company surveyed the election. The survey
included 1,000 individuals. Respondents were asked
their presidential bet. Present the data that can be
found in the following table.

Table 4. Presidential bet survey results


Politician A Politician B Politician C Politician D
302 298 195 205
PIE CHART
HISTOGRAM
•

•
Let’s Try!
Consider this problem!
Suppose a researcher wished to do a study on
the ages of the top 50 wealthiest people in the
world. The researcher first would have to get the
data on the ages of the people.

In this case, these ages are listed in Forbes


Magazine.

When the data are in original form, they are called


raw data and are listed next.
Consider this problem!
Consider this problem!
Consider this problem!
A frequency distribution consists of classes and
their corresponding frequencies.

Each raw data value is placed into a quantitative


or qualitative category called a class.

The frequency of a class then is the number of


data values contained in a specific class.
FREQUENCY
DISTRIBUTION
•

•
•
Categorical Frequency
Distribution
•

•
STEPS!
1. Make a table as shown below

2. Tally the data and place the results in column B


3. Count the tallies and place the results in column C.
4. Find the percentage of the values in each class by using
𝑓
the formula % = ∙ 100%, where 𝑓 frequency of the
𝑛
class and 𝑛 total number of values
5. Find the total for columns C (frequency) and D
(percent)
EXAMPLE
SOLUTION
Grouped Frequency
Distribution
•

•
STEPS!
EXAMPLE
SOLUTION
Rules to follow
1. There should be between 5 and 20 classes
2. It is preferable but not absolutely necessary
that the class width be an odd number
3. The classes must be mutually exclusive
4. The classes must be continuous
5. The classes must be exhaustive
6. The classes must be equal in width
Three most commonly
used graphs in research:
•
•
•
HISTOGRAM
•

•
Steps in constructing a histogram:

1. Draw and label the x and y axes. The x


axis is the horizontal axis, and the y axis
is the vertical axis.

2. Represent the frequency on the y axis


and the class boundaries on the x axis.

3. Using the frequencies as the heights,


draw vertical bars for each class.
EXAMPLE
Construct a histogram to represent the data shown
for the record high temperatures for each of the 50
states.
EXAMPLE
FREQUENCY POLYGON
•

•
Steps in making a frequency polygon:

STEP 1: Find the midpoints of each class.


Recall that midpoints are solved by adding
the upper and lower boundaries and
dividing by 2:

STEP 2: Draw the x and y axes. Label the x


axis with the midpoint of each class, and
then use a suitable scale on the y axis for the
frequencies.
Steps in making a frequency polygon:

STEP 3: Using the midpoints for the x values


and the frequencies as the y values, plot the
points.

STEP 4: Connect adjacent points with line


segments. Draw a line back to the x axis at
the beginning and end of the graph, at the
same distance that the previous and next
midpoints would be located.
EXAMPLE
EXAMPLE
STEP 1: Find the midpoints of each class. Recall that midpoints are
solved by adding the upper and lower boundaries and dividing by 2:
EXAMPLE
CUMULATIVE POLYGON
(OGIVE)
•

•
Steps in constructing ogive:

STEP 1: Find the cumulative frequency for


each class.

STEP 2: Draw the x and y axes. Label the x


axis with the class boundaries. Use an
appropriate scale for the y axis to represent
the cumulative frequencies.
Steps in constructing ogive:
STEP 3: Plot the cumulative frequency at
each upper class boundary. Upper
boundaries are used since the cumulative
frequencies represent the number of data
values accumulated up to the upper
boundary of each class.

STEP 4: Starting with the first upper class


boundary, connect adjacent points with line
segments. Then extend the graph to the first
lower class boundary on the x axis.
EXAMPLE
Construct an ogive for the frequency distribution below.
EXAMPLE
STEP 1: Find the cumulative frequency for each class.
EXAMPLE
Let’s Try!
The amount of protein (in grams) for a variety
of fast-food sandwiches is reported here.
Construct a frequency distribution using 6
classes. Draw a histogram, a frequency polygon,
an ogive for the data, using relative frequencies.
Describe the shape of the histogram.
23 30 20 27 44 26 35 20 29 29
25 15 18 27 19 22 12 26 34 15
27 35 26 43 35 14 24 12 23 31
40 35 38 57 22 42 24 21 27 33
Thank you for listening!

"In mathematics, the art of asking the right questions is


more valuable than solving problems."

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