Projection of Points - Review

Symbol

VP

OBSERVER

HP

HP

Symbol

OBSERVER
VP
Types of lines
 PROJECTIONS OF STRAIGHT LINES
It is the shortest distance between two points

INFORMATION REGARDING A LINE:

• LINE LENGTH,
A B • POSITION OF IT’S ENDS WITH HP & VP,
1D • IT’S INCLINATIONS WITH HP & VP WILL BE GIVEN

AIM:- 1. To Draw it’s Projections – It means obtain FV & TV

2. With FV and TV given – find TL & TI

POSITIONS OF THE LINE

1. LINE PARALLEL TO BOTH HP & VP.

2. LINE PERPENDICULAR TO HP & PARALLEL TO VP

LINE PERPENDICULAR TO VP & PARALLEL TO HP

3. LINE INCLINED TO HP & PARALLEL TO VP.

LINE INCLINED TO VP & PARALLEL TO HP.

4 LINE INCLINED TO BOTH HP & VP.

 LINE PARALLEL TO BOTH HP & VP
1. A line AB measures 30mm is parallel to both HP and VP. Line is 20mm in front of VP and
25mm above HP. End ‘A’ is 15mm from LPP. Obtain its projections

Top
(Pictorial Presentation) view Orthographic Projection
X1
X1 b’ a’ FV b’
b’’(a’’)
a’
B

25
25
Y
A VP
X Y
b’’(a’’) HP

20
15 30
b
X a TV b
a
Y1
Y1
 X1 Top
LINE PERPENDICULAR TO view X1
a’’
HP & PARALLEL TO VP a’ a’’ a’

30
A FV
2. A line AB measures

30
FV
30mm, has its end B b’ b’’

10
VP 25

30
10mm above HP. Line is b’ Y
Y b’’ X
HP
20mm in front of VP. Line

10

20
B
is perpendicular to HP & TV

10
Parallel to VP. Line is a (b) a (b)
X
Y1
TV
25mm from RPP. Obtain its Y1
projections

X1
LINE PERPENDICULAR TO
VP & PARALLEL TO HP
Y Any
3. A line EF measures distance
60mm, has its end E,
15mm in front of VP. Line
X
is 15mm above HP. Line is Y1
perpendicular to VP &
Parallel to HP. Obtain its
TV, FV and LV views
 X1
LINE INCLINED TO HP &
PARALLEL TO VP X1

b’ b’’
4. A Line AB measures b’
35mm is inclined to HP at B
300
15
a’’
300 and parallel to VP.  VP a’

20 10
Y
a’
End A is 10mm above HP. X
HP
Y

Line is 20mm in front of A b
VP. End B is at a distance X
Y1 a TV b
of 15mm from RPP. Draw a
Y1

the projections
θ True inclination with HP
X1
Φ True inclination with VP
LINE INCLINED TO VP &
PARALLEL TO HP X1 FV
b’’ a’’ a’ b’
b’
5. A Line AB inclined to 300 10

20
a’
to VP and parallel to HP. AB VP Y
y X
measures 30mm and 20mm

15
Ø
a
HP
A B
300
above HP. The end A is 15
TV
mm in front of VP and
Ø Y1
10mm from LPP. Draw the x a b
projections. b
Y1
 1.If a point, line, or surface moves according to a mathematically
Inclined to both defined path, then a curve known as a locus is formed.
HP and VP
2.If a curve is parallel to VP, in VP we can see the true shape of
the curve and in HP it appear as a line and vice-versa.

A Line AB measures 35mm A Line AB inclined to 300

is inclined to HP at 300 and to VP and parallel to HP.
parallel to VP. End A is AB measures 30mm and
10mm above HP. Line is 20mm above HP. The end
20mm in front of VP. Draw A is 15 mm in front of VP.
the projections Draw the projections.

a’ FV b’
b’

20
300 X VP Y

15
HP
VP a’ a
10

X 300
HP Y TV
20

a TV b b
6. A Line AB inclined to both HP and VP at 300 and 450
respectively. AB measures 40mm. End A is 10mm in front of
b’
VP and 15mm above HP. Obtain the projections and find the b1’
top and front view lengths and angle with HP and VP.

Data: Θ=300
AB = 40mm (TL) a’
b2’
Angle with HP, θ = 300 (Seen in VP)

15
(Pictorial presentation) Angle with VP, φ = 450 (Seen in HP)
End A 10mm from VP (Seen in HP) VP
X HP Y
For TV 15mm above HP (Seen in VP)

10
α Apparent inclination with HP (Seen in VP) b1
b’ a
β Apparent inclination with VP (Seen in HP)
φ=450
Measure a’b’ and ab 
B
450
 Y
a’ 300
b b2
A

X
a TV b
7. Line AB is 75 mm long and it is 300 & 400 Inclined to HP & VP respectively. End A is 12mm
above HP and 10 mm in front of VP. Show the left view of the line.
X1
b’ b’1 b’’

=300
a’ b’2 a’’
12

VP
X HP
Y
10

a b1
Ø=400

b b2
Y1
8. Line AB 75mm long makes 450 inclination with VP while it’s FV makes 550. End A is 10 mm
above HP and 15 mm in front of VP. If line is in 1st quadrant draw it’s projections and find it’s
inclination with HP.
b’ b’2 LOCUS OF b’

Data:
AB = 75mm (TL)
Angle with VP, φ = 450 (Seen in HP) α=550 ˅
α = 550 Apparent inclination with HP (Seen in VP) θ=?
End A 10mm above HP (Seen in VP) a’ b’1

10
VP Y
15mm from VP (Seen in HP) X HP ˅
β Apparent inclination with VP (Seen in HP)

15
θ=? a
b2 α>θ
β>φ
β
˅ a’b’ < TL
ab < TL

LOCUS OF b
b b1
9. Draw the projections of a line AB 100 mm long inclined at 450 to VP and 30 0 to
HP. One end of the line is 20 mm above HP and in VP. Determine apparent
lengths and inclinations.
DATA: b’ LOCUS OF B
b1 '
AB=100mm (TL)
θ = 30 0 (Seen in VP)
Φ = 45 0 (Seen in HP)
A = 20mm above HP (Seen in VP) α
= 0 mm from VP (Seen in HP) b2'
a'
α= ? (Seen in HP)

20
VP
β = ? (Seen in VP) X
b1
Y
HP a
a'b‘ = ? (FV)
ab = ? (TV) β

ANSWERS

α= 45.00°
β = 54.74°
a'b' = 70.71 mm
LOCUS OF B ab = 86.60 mm
b b2
1.Assignment:
A line AB 80 mm
long is inclined to
HP at 30 degrees &
inclined to VP by 45
degrees. One end is
in both HP & VP.
Draw the
projections of the
line and determine
apparent
inclinations
apparent lengths
10. FV of line AB is 500 inclined to XY b’ b’1 LOCUS OF b’

and measures 55 mm long while it’s TV

is 600 inclined to XY line. If end A is 10
mm above HP and 15 mm in front of
VP, draw it’s projections, find TL, true
inclinations of line with HP & VP. α = 500
 ˅
a’ b2’

10
VP
X HP
Y

15
DATA:
a
α= 500 (FV) β = 600 b1
a'b‘ = 55mm φ
β = 600? (TV)
A = 10mm above HP (Seen in VP)
= 15 mm from VP (Seen in HP)
TL, θ,Φ = ?

LOCUS OF b
b b2
11. Line AB is 75 mm long. It’s b’2
b’ LOCUS OF b’
FV and TV measure 50 mm &
60 mm long respectively. End
A is 10 mm above HP and 15
mm in front of VP. Draw 50
projections. Find angle with 
a’ b’1

10
HP and VP. VP
X HP
Y

15
a

DATA:
AB = TL = 75mm
a'b‘ = 50mm
Ab = 60mm
A = 10mm above HP (Seen in VP)
= 15 mm from VP (Seen in HP)
LOCUS OF b
TL, θ,Φ = ?
b b1
12. A straight line PQ, 65 mm long, is inclined at 450 to HP and 300 to VP. The point P is 70 mm
from both the reference planes and point Q is nearer to both the reference planes. Draw the
projections.
P’ q’2

α
DATA:
PQ = TL = 65mm

70
θ = 450 (With HP, Seen in VP) LOCUS OF Q

Φ = 300 (With VP, Seen in HP) q' q 1'

P = 70mm above HP (Seen in VP)

VP
= 70 mm from VP (Seen in HP) X Y
HP
Q = Nearer to both planes ANSWERS
α = 54.74°
β = 45.00°

70
q LOCUS OF Q
q2

p β
q1
2. Assignment: A line AB measuring 70 mm has its end ‘a’ 15 mm in front of VP & 20 mm above
HP. The other end ‘ b’ is 60 mm in front of VP & 50 mm above HP. Draw the three views of the
line, determine true inclinations of the line w.r.t VP & HP, apparent inclinations, apparent lengths
and also measure distance between end projectors.
13. A line AB has its end A 20 mm above HP and 30 mm infront of VP. The other end B is 60 mm
above HP and 45 mm infront of VP. The distance between end projectors is 70 mm. Draw its
projections. Determine the true length and true & apparent inclinations.
LOCUS OF B
b'
b 2'

60
a'
b1'

70
VP 20
X Y
HP
30

45
b2
a
β
ANSWERS
TL = 82.01 mm
b1
b LOCUS OF B
α = 29.74°
β=?
3.Assignment: A line PQ has its end ‘P’ 15 mm above HP& 10 mm in front of VP. The other end ‘Q’
is 55 mm above HP. The line is inclined at 30 degrees to HP. The distance between the end projectors
when measured parallel to XY line is 50 mm. Draw the projections of the line and determine true
length & inclination of the line w.r.t VP, apparent inclinations and apparent lengths
4. Assignment:
A top view of line
75 mm long
measures 50 mm.
The end ‘P’ is 30
mm in front of VP
and 15 mm above
HP & other end ‘Q’
is 15 mm in front
of VP & above HP.
Draw the
projections of the
line and Determine
True Inclinations
Apparent
Inclinations
14. Top view of a line AB measures 60mm and front view measures 70mm. The distance
between the projectors is 50mm. End A is nearer to VP than end B and 15mm in front of it
(VP). End B is nearer to HP than end A and 20mm above it (HP). Draw the projections and
determine the true length and inclinations of the line AB with HP and VP.
15. Draw the projections of a straight line AB 100 mm long, inclined at 450 to HP and 300 to
VP. The end A is in HP and the end B is in VP. Draw the projections.

θ=450 Seen in VP
φ=300 Seen in HP
A in HP (Seen in VP)
B in VP (Seen HP)
B above HP = ?
A in front of VP = ?

B y
φ=300 ?
?
θ=450 A
x
Assignment 5: The end projectors of a
straight line AB lie on a straight line and
appears as perpendicular to XY (distance
between end projectors is zero mm). Top
and front views measures 45 mm and 55
mm respectively. One end of the line is 10
mm above HP and the other end is 15 mm
in front of VP. Draw the projections of the
line. Find the true length and true
inclinations
Above
HP
16. The projections of a line measures 80 mm in the top view and 70mm in the front view.
The mid point of the line is 45mm in front of VP and 35mm above HP. One end is 10mm
in front of VP. The other end is nearer to HP. Draw the projections of the line and find the
true length and true inclinations.

p1’ p’

m’ q2’
p2’

35
q’ q1’
VP
X p2 p Y

10
HP

45
p1 m q1

q q2
17. A room is of size 6.5m length, 5m depth and 3.5m high. An electric bulb hangs 1m below
the centre of the ceiling. A switch is kept in one corner of the room, 1.5m above the flooring.
Draw the projections and determine the real distance between the bulb and the switch.

Scale 1cm = 1m
b’
6.5m

1m

a’b1’ = distance between

3.5m

bulb and switch

1.5m

6.5m
Assignment 6:
22. A room is 5 m X 3 m X
4 m high. An electric
lamp is suspended
vertically from the
centre of the ceiling and
at a distance of 0.8 m
from it. Find the distance
of the lamp from any
one of the ground
corners and the slope
angle of the connecting
line with the ground
Scale 1cm = 1m
Assignment 7.
18. Two mangos on a tree A and B are 1.5m and 3m above the ground and those are 1.2m
and 1.5m from a 0.3m thick wall but on opposite sides of it. If the distance measured
between them along the ground and parallel to wall is 2.6m. Find the real distance between
them.

Assume suitable scale

b’ b1’

a’

3
X 1.5 VP
Y
HP

b
1.2 0.3 1.5

a 2.6 b1
19. A straight road going uphill from a point A due East to an another point B, is 4 km long
and has a slope of 15°. Another straight road from B, due 30° East of North, to a point C is
also 4 km long but is on a level ground. Determine the length and slope of the straight road
joining the points A and C .

Scale 1cm = 1km

b’ c’ C ’
1
TL=a’c’1

VP a’ 150 θ
X Y
HP c
N

300

a W E
b c1

Problems solved: 19
S
Assignments : 07
Total no. of problems to be solved in the sketch book 26
Typical problems to practice
The three ends of the guy ropes are tied to a vertical flag post at a height of 24m above the ground. The other
ends of the ropes are pegged to the ground. In the front view the distance between the first peg and the post is
10m and is on its left side and the other two pegs are on the right side of the post and are 15m and 25m from the
first peg respectively. In the top view the ropes appear as S 450 W, N 300 E and S 400 E for the first, second and
third ropes respectively. Find the true lengths and true inclinations of the ropes with the ground.
O’

Drawing size 1cm N

Scale = =
Actual size 200cm
=1:200

24
1*24*100cm W
Vertical flag post height = E
200
=12cm θc
θa θb
a1’ a’ 10 p’ b’ b1’ c’ c1’ S
15
25
N b

O(p)
W a1 b1 c1 E

c
a S
A divider opened at 45° is so placed on the ground such that both the ends are equidistant from VP and the
hinged end is 50 mm above the ground and away from VP. If the distance between the ends is 80 mm, draw the
projections and determine the true lengths of the legs of the divider. Also determine the inclinations of each
leg with the reference planes.
b’ b’’
1800-450 =67.50 b’’
450
2
b’1
b’’1 b’’1

50
67.50 α 67.50
VP a’1 θ a’ c’
X b2’
HP a’’(c’’) Y a’’(c’’)
φ 80

a1 b1 b2
 (HP)
Assume suitable scale

θ
( ) ( )

θ
A line 75 mm long has one end at the lines of intersection of HP, VP and PP, and the other end
is equidistant from all the three planes of projection. Draw the projections of the line and
find the inclinations of the line with HP, VP and PP.
X1

43,3 43,3
b" b' b1'

43,3

L
m' m2'

gth
len
PP a'
a" m1' VP
X Y
m2 HP

45°
a
len
gth
L m m1

75 b b2

Y1
A chimney of a boiler is 10 m high and 2 m in diameter. This chimney is supported by guy wires which appear in
top view at 120° to each other. The ends of the wires are pegged to the ground at distances of 3 m, 4 m and 5
m from the Centre of the chimney. The other ends the wire are connected to the top of the chimney. Find the
length of the three guy wires.
a1' o' b1' (c ')
1

10.77
10.44M

M
M
11.18
X VP
a' c' b'
Y
HP
c
Scale
1:100 120
°

3M
120°
a o
5M
True lengths of wires 120°
a=11.18m
b=10.77m
c=10.44m
b
Three vertical poles AB, CD and EF are respectively 2 m, 4 m and 8 m long. Their ends B, D and F are on
the ground and form the corners of an equilateral triangle of 5 m long sides. Determine graphically
the distances between the top ends of the poles, viz., AC, CE AE, also the inclination of these with the
ground. Scale 1: 100
c'

64,
03

,1
78
e '
1

39°
e'

8M

50°

22°
a1' a' Scale

4M
53,85 1:100

2M
X VP
b' d' f'
Y
HP
a(b) e(f)

50
a1 e
c(d) 1
How not to draw the sketches
How to draw the sketches
SL. Title of the Date to be Date of No. of No. of
NO chapter submitted submission problems to problems
be solved solved
1 Introduction
2 Projection
of points
3 Projection
of lines