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Sub Areas of Physics

Physics: General Discussion • This course (Physics for Engineers):
– Motion (MECHANICS) (most of our time!)
• Goal of Physics (& all of science): To
– Fluids & Waves
quantitatively and qualitatively describe
the “world around us”. – Work power and energy
– Dynamics and kinematics
• Physics IS NOT merely a collection of facts
– Heat and electricity
and formulas!
– Magnetism
• Physics IS a creative activity! – Lenses and mirrors
• Physics  Observation  Explanation.
• Requires IMAGINATION!!

Physics & Measurement Try this

• What is MKS
• What is CGS
• Example of a unit of distance in metric
• Example of a unit of distance in English
• Example of a unit of an area
• Example of a unit of a volume
• Joule is a unit of power
• Centimeter is a unit in English
• Liter is a unit of volume
• Physics is not related to science and engineering

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Physics & Measurement

1. Physics is an experimental science  Measurements
System of measurements
 Units
2. Physics is a quantitative science  Mathematics • Metric system (length, capacity and wt)
 Algebra & Calculus • International system of units (SI)
3. International System (SI) of units: Length  m,
- based on the metric system
Time  s, Mass  kg
Objects have different sizes  Conversion of units • English system of measurements
4. Other properties of matter require the use of derived units: ft, lb, ac, gal
ρ = m/V  density unit: kg/m3

Larger & smaller units defined from SI

Units, Standards, SI System standards by powers of 10 & Greek prefixes
• All measured physical quantities have units.
• In this course (and in most of the modern
world) we will use (almost) exclusively the
SI system of units.
SI = “Systéme International” (French)
More commonly called the “MKS system”
(meter-kilogram-second) or more simply,
“the metric system”

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Measurements in physics
- SI Standards (fundamental units)
Other Systems of Units
• CGS (centimeter-gram-second) system
Fundamental units: distance – meter (m) time – second (s)
– Centimeter = 0.01 meter
mass - kilogram (kg) temperature - kelvin (K)
current – ampere (A)
– Gram = 0.001 kilogram
luminous Intensity - candela (cd) • British (foot-pound-second) system
Amount of substance – mole (mol) – 6.02 x 1023
– Our “everyday life” system of units
Derived units: combinations of fundamental units – Only used by USA and some third world countries.
speed (v) = distance/time units: m/s Rest of world (including Britain!) uses SI system. !
acceleration (a) = velocity / time units: m/s/s = m/s2 – Conversions exist between the British & SI
force (F) = mass x acceleration units: kgm/s2 = N (Newton) systems. We will use them in this course!
energy (E) = force x distance units: kgm2/s2 = Nm = J (Joule)
charge (Q) = current x time units: As = C (Coulomb)

In this class, we will do unit conversions!

Basic & Derived Quantities
• Basic Quantity  Must be defined in terms
of a standard (meter, kilogram, second).

• Derived Quantity  Defined in terms of

combinations of basic quantities

We will work different units!

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Units and Equations Changing Units

• In dealing with equations, remember that the • As in the example, units in the numerator & the
units must be the same on both sides of an denominator can cancel out (as in algebra)
equation (otherwise, it is not an equation)! • Illustration: Convert 80 km/hr to m/s
• Example: You go 90 km/hr for 40 minutes. Conversions: 1 km = 1000 m; 1hr = 3600 s
How far did you go?  80 km/hr =
– Equation from Ch. 2: x = vt, v = 90 km/hr, t = 40 (80 km/hr) (1000 m/km) (1hr/3600 s)
min. To use this equation, first convert t to hours: (Cancel units!)
t = (⅔)hr so, x = (90 km/hr)  [(⅔)hr] = 60 km
80 km/hr  22 m/s (22.222…m/s)
The hour unit (hr) has (literally) cancelled out in the
• Useful conversions:
numerator & denominator!
1 m/s  3.6 km/hr; 1 km/hr  (1/3.6) m/s

Conversion of units
Vector and Scalar quantities
• Convert 2 miles to centimeters
 Vectors  Scalars:
 Displacement  Distance
1.609 km 1000 m 100 cm
 Velocity (magnitude  Speed (magnitude of
2 mi x ----------- x ------------ x -------- and direction!) velocity)
1mi 1 km 1m  Acceleration  Temperature
 Force  Mass
 Momentum  Energy
= 2 x 1.609 x 1000 x 100 cm  Time
= 321800 cm

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NOTATIONS AND DIRECTIONS Properties of Vectors

 To describe vectors notations can be used such as • Equality of Two Vectors
 The font: Vector A, B etc – Two vectors are equal if they have the same magnitude
 Arrows point the direction and the same direction
 To describe the magnitude of a vector we will use • Movement of vectors in a diagram
absolute value sign: or just A, – Any vector can be moved parallel to itself without
 The magnitude of a vector is equal to the length being affected
of a vector. • Negative Vectors
– Two vectors are negative if they have the same
magnitude but are 180° apart (opposite directions)

Adding Vectors Geometrically Components of a Vector

• Draw the first vector A with the
appropriate length and in the
direction specified, with respect to
• A component is a part
a coordinate system • It is useful to use
• Draw the next vector B with the
appropriate length and in the rectangular
direction specified, with respect to
a coordinate system whose origin components These
is the end of vector A and are the projections
parallel to the coordinate system
used for A : “tip-to-tail”. of the vector along
• The resultant is drawn from the
origin of A to the end of the last the x- and y-axes
vector B

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Components of a Vector Components of a Vector

 The x-component of a
vector is the  Ax  A cos(q )
projection along the x- 
 Ay  A sin(q )
axis 
 A   A 2  A 2
 The y-component of a  x y

vector is the  Ay  Ay 
projection along the y- tanq   or q  tan 1  
 Ax  Ax 
axis q

APPLICATION ADDITION OF VECTORS

• There are four • Step 1 is to resolve each force
concurrent cable forces into its components
acting on the bracket. • Step 2 is to add all the x
components together and add
• How do you determine all the y components together.
the resultant force These two totals become the
acting on the bracket ? resultant vector.
• Step 3 is to find the magnitude
and angle of the resultant
vector

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Problem
Problem
Fx = { F1 sin 40° - F2 * (12/13) + F3 cos 30o} kN
• Find the magnitude and
angle of the resultant Fx = { 15 sin 40° - 26 * (12/13) + 36 cos 30o} kN
force. = 16.82 kN
Fy = { F1 Cos 40° + F2 * (5/13) – F3 sin 30o} kN

Fy = { 15 Cos 40° + 26 * (5/13) - 36 sin 30o} kN

= 3.49 kN
FR = ((16.82)2 + (3.49)2)1/2 = 17.2 kN
 = tan-1(3.49/16.82) = 11.7°