This question is about biofuels.

1.
Palmitic acid, CH3(CH2)14COOH, can be made by hydrolysis of the triester in palm oil under
acidic conditions.
Palmitic acid can be used as a biofuel.

(a) Complete the equation for the hydrolysis of the triester in palm oil under acidic conditions.

(2)

(b) Palmitic acid burns in air.

In a calorimetry experiment, combustion of 387 mg of palmitic acid increases the

temperature of 0.150 kg of water from 23.9 °C to 37.5 °C

Calculate a value, in kJ mol–1, for the enthalpy of combustion of palmitic acid in this
experiment.
Give your answer to the appropriate number of significant figures.

The specific heat capacity of water is 4.18 J K–1 g–1

Enthalpy of combustion ____________________ kJ mol–1

(5)

Heath Park Page 1 of 53

(c) State how the value calculated in part (b) is likely to differ from data book values.

Give one reason, other than heat loss, for this difference.

Difference __________________________________________________________

Reason ____________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(d) A sample of a different biofuel, made from sewage sludge, is found to contain 37.08%
carbon, 5.15% hydrogen and 24.72% oxygen by mass.
The rest of the sample is sulfur.

Calculate the empirical formula of this biofuel.

Empirical formula ____________________

(3)

(e) Complete combustion of the biofuel made from sewage sludge produces the greenhouse
gas carbon dioxide.

Suggest one other possible environmental problem with the complete combustion of this
biofuel.

State the formula of the pollutant responsible for this problem.

Environmental problem _______________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Formula ___________________________________________________________
(2)

Heath Park Page 2 of 53

(f) Ethanol is a biofuel that can be produced by the fermentation of glucose.

C6H12O6 → 2 C2H5OH + 2 CO2

Glucose has the structural formula shown.

Table 1 shows some mean bond enthalpy values.

Table 1

C–H C–C C–O C=O O–H

Mean bond enthalpy / kJ

412 348 360 805 463
mol–1

Use the equation and the data in Table 1 to calculate an approximate value of ΔH for the
fermentation of glucose. For this calculation you should assume that all the substances are
in the gaseous state.

ΔH ____________________ kJ mol–1
(3)

Heath Park Page 3 of 53

 (g) The carbon dioxide produced from fermentation can be reacted with steam to make more
ethanol.

The equation for this reaction is

2 CO2(g) + 3 H2O(g) → C2H5OH(g) + 3 O2(g)

Table 2 shows some standard enthalpies of formation.

Table 2

CO2(g) O2(g) C2H5OH(g) H2O(g)

∆fHϴ / kJ mol–1 –394 0 –235 –242

Use the data in Table 2 to calculate a standard enthalpy change value for this reaction.

Standard enthalpy change ____________________ kJ mol–1

(2)
(Total 19 marks)

Which reaction has a standard enthalpy change equal to the

2. standard enthalpy of formation for barium chloride?

A Ba(g) + Cl2(g) → BaCl2(s)

B Ba2+(g) + 2 Cl–(g) → BaCl2(s)

C Ba(s) + Cl2(g) → BaCl2(s)

D Ba2+(s) + 2 Cl–(g) → BaCl2(s)

(Total 1 mark)

A value for enthalpy of solution can be determined in two ways:

3.
• from a cycle, using lattice enthalpy and enthalpies of hydration
• from the results of a calorimetry experiment.

Heath Park Page 4 of 53

(a) Define the term enthalpy of lattice dissociation.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(b) The enthalpy of solution for ammonium nitrate is the enthalpy change for the reaction
shown.

NH4NO3(s) + aq → NH4+(aq) + NO3−(aq) ∆H = +26 kJ mol−1

Table 1

NH4+(g) NO3−(g)

Enthalpy of hydration ΔhydH / kJ mol–1 −307 −314

Draw a suitably labelled cycle and use it, with data from Table 1, to calculate the enthalpy
of lattice dissociation for ammonium nitrate.

Enthalpy of lattice dissociation _______________ kJ mol−1

(3)

Heath Park Page 5 of 53

(c) A student does an experiment to determine a value for the enthalpy of solution for
ammonium nitrate.

The student uses this method.

• Measure 25.0 cm3 of distilled water in a measuring cylinder.

• Pour the water into a beaker.
• Record the temperature of the water in the beaker.
• Add 4.00 g of solid NH4NO3 to the water in the beaker.
• Stir the solution and record the lowest temperature reached.

Table 2 shows the student’s results.

Table 2

Initial temperature / °C 20.2

Lowest temperature / °C 12.2

Calculate the enthalpy of solution, in kJ mol−1, for ammonium nitrate in this experiment.

Assume that the specific heat capacity of the solution, c = 4.18 J K−1 g−1

Assume that the density of the solution = 1.00 g cm−3

Enthalpy of solution _______________ kJ mol−1

(3)

Heath Park Page 6 of 53

(d) The uncertainty in each of the temperature readings from the thermometer used in this
experiment is ±0.1°C

Calculate the percentage uncertainty in the temperature change in this experiment.

Percentage uncertainty ____________________

(1)

(e) Suggest a change to the student’s method, using the same apparatus, that would reduce
the percentage uncertainty in the temperature change.

Give a reason for your answer.

Change ___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Reason ____________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(f) Another student obtained a value of +15 kJ mol−1 using the same method.

Suggest the main reason for the difference between this experimental value for the
enthalpy of solution and the correct value of +26 kJ mol−1

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

Heath Park Page 7 of 53

(g) Table 3 shows some entropy data at 298 K

Table 3

Entropy S / J K–1 mol–1

NH4NO3(s) 151

NH4+(aq) 113

NO3−(aq) 146

Calculate a value for the Gibbs free-energy change (∆G), at 298 K, for the reaction when
ammonium nitrate dissolves in water.

NH4NO3(s) + aq → NH4+(aq) + NO3−(aq) ∆H = +26 kJ mol−1

Use data from Table 3 and the value of ∆H from the equation.
Assume for the solvent, water, that the entropy change, ∆S = 0

Explain what the calculated value of ∆G indicates about the feasibility of this reaction at
298 K

∆G _______________ kJ mol−1

Explanation ________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(4)

Heath Park Page 8 of 53

 (h) Ammonium nitrate decomposes as shown.

NH4NO3(s) → N2(g) + O2(g) + 2 H2O(g) ∆H = +123 kJ mol−1

The entropy change (∆S) for this reaction is +144 J K–1 mol−1

Calculate the temperature at which this reaction becomes feasible.

Temperature _______________ K
(2)
(Total 18 marks)

This question is about enthalpy changes for calcium chloride and magnesium chloride.
4.
(a) State the meaning of the term enthalpy change.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

The figure below shows an incomplete Born–Haber cycle for the formation of calcium chloride.

Heath Park Page 9 of 53

(b) Complete the figure above by writing the formulas, including state symbols, of the
appropriate species on each of the three blank lines.
(3)

(c) Table 1 shows some enthalpy data.

Table 1

Enthalpy change /
kJ mol–1

Enthalpy of formation of calcium chloride –795

Enthalpy of atomisation of calcium +193

First ionisation energy of calcium +590

Second ionisation energy of calcium +1150

Enthalpy of atomisation of chlorine +121

Electron affinity of chlorine –364

Use the figure in part (a) and the data in Table 1 to calculate a value for the enthalpy of
lattice dissociation of calcium chloride.

Enthalpy of lattice dissociation _______________ kJ mol–1

(2)

(d) Magnesium chloride dissolves in water.

Give an equation, including state symbols, to represent the process that occurs when the
enthalpy of solution of magnesium chloride is measured.

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

Heath Park Page 10 of 53

(e) Table 2 shows some enthalpy data.

Table 2

Enthalpy change /
kJ mol–1

Enthalpy of lattice dissociation of MgCl2 +2493

Enthalpy of hydration of Mg2+(g) –1920

Enthalpy of hydration of Cl–(g) –364

Use your answer to part (d) and the data in Table 2 to calculate a value for the enthalpy of
solution of magnesium chloride.

Enthalpy of solution _______________ kJ mol–1

(2)

(f) The enthalpy of hydration of Ca2+(g) is –1650 kJ mol–1

Suggest why this value is less exothermic than that of Mg2+(g)

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 11 marks)

Heath Park Page 11 of 53

 A student does an experiment to determine a value for the enthalpy of combustion of heptane.
5.
The figure below shows some of the apparatus used.

(a) Design a table to record all the readings necessary to determine an experimental value for
the enthalpy of combustion for heptane in this experiment.

(2)

(b) The student considered using a glass beaker on a tripod and gauze instead of the clamped
copper calorimeter.

Suggest two disadvantages of using a glass beaker on a tripod and gauze.

Disadvantage 1 ______________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Disadvantage 2 ______________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

Heath Park Page 12 of 53

 (c) Suggest two reasons why the value of enthalpy of combustion from this experiment is less
exothermic than a data book value.

Reason 1 ___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Reason 2 ___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(d) Suggest one addition to this apparatus that would improve the accuracy of the enthalpy
value obtained.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 7 marks)

6. Kekulé suggested this structure for benzene.

Benzene is now represented by this structure.

Figure 1 shows the relative stability of compared to .

Figure 1

Heath Park Page 13 of 53

(a) Use Figure 1 and the data shown in the table below to calculate ΔH2

ΔH / kJ mol–1

Enthalpy of atomisation for carbon +715

Enthalpy of atomisation for hydrogen +218

Bond enthalpy (C–C) +348

Bond enthalpy (C=C) +612

Bond enthalpy (C–H) +412

ΔH2 _______________ kJ mol–1

(3)

(b) Explain, in terms of structure and bonding, why

is more thermodynamically stable than

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

Heath Park Page 14 of 53

(c) A mixture of concentrated nitric acid and concentrated sulfuric acid reacts with benzene.

Figure 2 shows the incomplete mechanism for this reaction.

Name the mechanism.

Complete the mechanism in Figure 2 by adding

• any lone pairs of electrons involved in each step
• two curly arrows in step 1
• a curly arrow in step 2
• a curly arrow in step 3
• a curly arrow in step 4.

Name of mechanism _________________________________________________

Figure 2

(5)
(Total 9 marks)

Heath Park Page 15 of 53

 Methanol is formed when carbon dioxide and hydrogen react.
7.

CO2(g) + 3 H2(g) ⇌ CH3OH(g) + H2O(g)

The table contains enthalpy of formation and entropy data for these substances.

CO2(g) H2(g) CH3OH(g) H2O(g)

Δ fH / kJ mol–1 –394 0 –201 –242

S / J K–1 mol–1 214 131 238 189

(a) Use the equation and the data in the table above to calculate the Gibbs free-energy change
(ΔG), in kJ mol–1, for this reaction at 890 K

ΔG _______________ kJ mol–1
(6)

Heath Park Page 16 of 53

The graph below shows how the Gibbs free-energy change varies with temperature in a different
gas phase reaction.

The straight line graph for this gas phase reaction has been extrapolated to zero Kelvin.

Heath Park Page 17 of 53

(b) Use the values of the intercept and gradient from the graph to calculate the enthalpy
change (ΔH), in kJ mol–1, and the entropy change (ΔS), in J K–1 mol–1, for this reaction.

ΔH _______________ kJ mol–1
ΔS _______________ J K–1 mol–1
(4)

(c) State what the graph above shows about the feasibility of the reaction.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 11 marks)

Heath Park Page 18 of 53

 A bomb calorimeter can be used for accurate determination of the heat change during
8. combustion of a fuel.

A bomb calorimeter is a container of fixed volume that withstands the change in pressure during
the reaction.

The fuel is mixed with pure oxygen in the calorimeter, ignited and the temperature change is
recorded.

The total heat capacity (Ccal) of the calorimeter is calculated using a fuel for which the heat
change is known.

In an experiment to calculate Ccal, 2.00 g of hexane (Mr = 86.0) is ignited. A temperature change
(∆T) of 12.4 °C is recorded.

Under the conditions of the experiment, 1.00 mol of hexane releases 4154 kJ of energy when
combusted.

(a) The heat energy released in the calorimeter, q = Ccal∆T

Calculate the heat capacity (Ccal) in kJ K−1

Ccal _______________ kJ K−1

(3)

Heath Park Page 19 of 53

(b) When the experiment is repeated with 2.00 g of octane (Mr = 114.0) the temperature
change recorded is 12.2 °C

Calculate the heat change, in kJ mol−1, for octane in this combustion reaction.

If you were unable to calculate a value for Ccal in part (a), use 6.52 kJ K−1 (this is not the
correct value).

Heat change _______________ kJ mol−1

(2)

(c) State why the heat change calculated from the bomb calorimeter experiment is not an
enthalpy change.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

Heath Park Page 20 of 53

 (d) The thermometer used to measure the temperature change of 12.2 °C in part (b) has an
uncertainty of ± 0.1 °C in each reading.

Calculate the percentage uncertainty in this use of the thermometer.

Suggest one change to this experiment that decreases the percentage uncertainty while
using the same thermometer.

Percentage uncertainty _______________

Change ____________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 8 marks)

Nitrogen dioxide is produced from ammonia and air as shown in these equations
9.
4 NH3(g) + 5 O2 (g) → 4 NO(g) + 6 H2O(g) ΔH = –909 kJ mol–1

2 NO(g) + O2 (g) → 2 NO2 (g) ΔH = –115 kJ mol–1

What is the enthalpy change (in kJ mol–1) for the following reaction?

4 NH3(g) + 7 O2 (g) → 4 NO2 (g) + 6 H2O(g)

A −679

B −794

C −1024

D −1139

(Total 1 mark)

Heath Park Page 21 of 53

 The oxidation of propan-1-ol can form propanal and propanoic acid.
10. The boiling points of these compounds are shown in the table.

Compound Boiling point / °C

propan-1-ol 97

propanal 49

propanoic acid 141

In a preparation of propanal, propan-1-ol is added dropwise to the oxidising agent and the
aldehyde is separated from the reaction mixture by distillation.

(a) Explain, with reference to intermolecular forces, why distillation allows propanal to be
separated from the other organic compounds in this reaction mixture.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

Heath Park Page 22 of 53

(b) Give two ways of maximising the yield of propanal obtained by distillation of the reaction
mixture.

1. _________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

2. _________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(c) Describe how you would carry out a simple test-tube reaction to confirm that the sample of
propanal obtained by distillation does not contain any propanoic acid.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

Heath Park Page 23 of 53

(d) A student carried out an experiment to determine the enthalpy of combustion of ethanol.
Combustion of 457 mg of ethanol increased the temperature of 150 g of water from 25.1 °C
to 40.2 °C

Calculate a value, in kJ mol–1, for the enthalpy of combustion of ethanol in this experiment.
Give your answer to the appropriate number of significant figures.

(The specific heat capacity of water is 4.18 J K–1 g–1)

Enthalpy of combustion ____________________ kJ mol–1

(3)

(e) A mixture of isomeric alkenes is produced when pentan-2-ol is dehydrated in the presence
of hot concentrated sulfuric acid. Pent-1-ene is one of the isomers produced.

Name and outline a mechanism for the reaction producing pent-1-ene.

Name of mechanism _________________________________________________

Mechanism

(4)

Heath Park Page 24 of 53

 (f) A pair of stereoisomers is also formed in the reaction in part (e).

Name the less polar stereoisomer formed.

Explain how this type of stereoisomerism arises.

Name _____________________________________________________________

Explanation _________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 16 marks)

A student carried out an experiment to find the temperature rise for a reaction between
11. hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide solution.

• The student used a measuring cylinder to place 50 cm 3 of 0.400 mol dm–3 hydrochloric acid
into a glass beaker.
• The student recorded the temperature at one-minute intervals for three minutes.
• At the fourth minute the student added 50 cm 3 of 0.400 mol dm–3 sodium hydroxide
solution and stirred to mix the solutions, but did not record the temperature.
• The student recorded the temperature at one-minute intervals for a further eight minutes.

The results are shown in the table.

Heath Park Page 25 of 53

(a) Plot a graph of temperature against time on the grid below.

Heath Park Page 26 of 53

 Use your graph to find the temperature rise, ∆T, at the fourth minute.
Show your working on the graph by drawing suitable lines of best fit.

∆T ____________________ °C
(5)

(b) The uncertainty in each of the temperature readings from the thermometer used in this
experiment was ±0.1° C

Calculate the percentage uncertainty in the value for the temperature rise.

Percentage uncertainty ____________________

(1)

(c) Suggest a change to the experiment that would minimise heat loss.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(d) Suggest and explain another change to the experiment that would decrease the
percentage uncertainty in the use of the same thermometer.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

Heath Park Page 27 of 53

(e) A second student completed an experiment to determine the enthalpy of neutralisation for
the reaction between ethanedioic acid solution (HOOCCOOH) and potassium hydroxide
solution.

The student added 25 cm3 of 0.80 mol dm–3 ethanedioic acid solution to 75 cm3 of 0.60 mol
dm–3 potassium hydroxide solution.
The temperature increased by 3.2 °C

Give an equation for the reaction between ethanedioic acid solution and potassium
hydroxide solution.
Calculate the enthalpy change (∆H) per mole of water formed in this reaction.
Assume that the specific heat capacity of the reaction mixture is 4.2 J K–1 g–1
Assume that the density of the reaction mixture is 1.00 g cm–3

Equation ___________________________________________________________

∆H ____________________ kJ mol–1
(5)

(f) In a similar experiment to that in part (e), the enthalpy of neutralisation for the reaction
between sulfuric acid and potassium hydroxide solution was found to be –57.0 kJ mol–1 per
mole of water formed.

Suggest an explanation for the difference between this value and your answer to part (e).

(If you were unable to obtain an answer to part (e) you should assume a value of –28.5 kJ
mol–1. This is not the correct answer.)

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 16 marks)

Heath Park Page 28 of 53

 Anhydrous magnesium chloride, MgCl2, can absorb water to form the hydrated salt MgCl2.4H2O
12.
MgCl2(s) + 4H2O(l) ⟶ MgCl2.4H2O(s)

(a) Suggest one reason why the enthalpy change for this reaction cannot be determined
directly by calorimetry.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(b) Some enthalpies of solution are shown in Table 1.

Table 1

Enthalpy of solution /
Salt
kJ mol−1

MgCl2(s) −155

MgCl2.4H2O(s) −39

Calculate the enthalpy change for the absorption of water by MgCl2(s) to form
MgCl2.4H2O(s).

Enthalpy change _________________________________________ kJ mol−1

(2)

Heath Park Page 29 of 53

(c) Describe how you would carry out an experiment to determine the enthalpy of solution of
anhydrous magnesium chloride.

You should use about 0.8 g of anhydrous magnesium chloride.

Explain how your results could be used to calculate the enthalpy of solution.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(6)

Heath Park Page 30 of 53

(d) Anhydrous magnesium chloride can be formed by direct reaction between its elements.

Mg(s) + Cl2(g) ⟶ MgCl2(s)

The free-energy change, ΔG, for this reaction varies with temperature as shown in
Table 2.

Table 2

T/K ΔG / kJ mol−1

298 −592.5

288 −594.2

273 −596.7

260 −598.8

240 −602.2

Use these data to plot a graph of free-energy change against temperature on the grid
below.

Calculate the gradient of the line on your graph and hence calculate the entropy change,
ΔS, in J K−1 mol−1, for the formation of anhydrous magnesium chloride from its elements.

Show your working.

Heath Park Page 31 of 53

ΔS _________________________________________ J K−1 mol−1
Heath Park Page 32 of 53
 (5)
(Total 14 marks)

Hydrogen can be manufactured by the reaction of methane with steam. An equilibrium is

13. established as shown by the equation.

CH4(g) + H2O(g) ⇌ CO(g) + 3H2(g)

(a) Use Le Chatelier’s principle to predict the effect on the equilibrium yield of hydrogen if the
overall pressure is increased.
Explain your answer.

Effect on yield _______________________________________________________

Explanation _________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

(b) Explain why the equilibrium yield of hydrogen is unchanged if a catalyst is used in the
reaction.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

Heath Park Page 33 of 53

(c) The table shows the standard enthalpy of formation and the standard entropy for each
substance in this equilibrium reaction.

CH4(g) H2O(g) CO(g) H2(g)

ΔfHθ / kJ mol−1 −75 −242 −111 0

Sθ / J K−1 mol−1 186 189 198 131

Use data from the table to calculate the standard enthalpy change for this equilibrium
reaction.

Standard enthalpy change _____________ kJ mol−1

(2)

Use your answer from part (c) and the entropy data from the table above to calculate the
minimum temperature, in °C, needed for this reaction to be feasible.
Give your answer to the appropriate number of significant figures.

(If you did not complete part (c) you should assume a value of 120 kJ mol−1 for the
standard enthalpy change. This is not the correct value).

Minimum temperature _________ °C

(5)
(Total 12 marks)

Heath Park Page 34 of 53

 Many chemical processes release waste products into the atmosphere. Scientists are developing
14. new solid catalysts to convert more efficiently these emissions into useful products, such as
fuels. One example is a catalyst to convert these emissions into methanol. The catalyst is
thought to work by breaking a H–H bond.

An equation for this formation of methanol is given below.

CO2(g) + 3H2(g) CH3OH(g) + H2O(g) ∆H = −49 kJ mol−1

Some mean bond enthalpies are shown in the following table.

Bond C=O C–H C–O O–H

Mean bond enthalpy / kJ mol−1 743 412 360 463

(a) Use the enthalpy change for the reaction and data from the table to calculate a value for
the H–H bond enthalpy.

H–H bond enthalpy = _______________ kJ mol−1

(3)

(b) A data book value for the H–H bond enthalpy is 436 kJ mol−1.

Suggest one reason why this value is different from your answer to part (a).

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(c) Suggest one environmental advantage of manufacturing methanol fuel by this reaction.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

Heath Park Page 35 of 53

(d) Use Le Chatelier's principle to justify why the reaction is carried out at a high pressure
rather than at atmospheric pressure.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

(e) Suggest why the catalyst used in this process may become less efficient if the carbon
dioxide and hydrogen contain impurities.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

Heath Park Page 36 of 53

 (f) In a laboratory experiment to investigate the reaction shown in the equation below, 1.0 mol
of carbon dioxide and 3.0 mol of hydrogen were sealed into a container. After the mixture
had reached equilibrium, at a pressure of 500 kPa, the yield of methanol was 0.86 mol.

CO2(g) + 3H2(g) CH3OH(g) + H2O(g)

Calculate a value for Kp

Give your answer to the appropriate number of significant figures.
Give units with your answer.

Kp = _______________ Units = _______________

(7)
(Total 16 marks)

A 5.00 g sample of potassium chloride was added to 50.0 g of water initially at 20.0 °C. The
15. mixture was stirred and as the potassium chloride dissolved, the temperature of the solution
decreased.

Heath Park Page 37 of 53

(a) Describe the steps you would take to determine an accurate minimum temperature that is
not influenced by heat from the surroundings.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(4)

(b) The temperature of the water decreased to 14.6 °C.

Calculate a value, in kJ mol−1, for the enthalpy of solution of potassium chloride.

You should assume that only the 50.0 g of water changes in temperature and that the
specific heat capacity of water is 4.18 J K−1 g−1.
Give your answer to the appropriate number of significant figures.

Enthalpy of solution = _______________ kJ mol−1

(4)

Heath Park Page 38 of 53

(c) The enthalpy of solution of calcium chloride is −82.9 kJ mol−1.
The enthalpies of hydration for calcium ions and chloride ions are −1650 and
−364 kJ mol−1, respectively.

Use these values to calculate a value for the lattice enthalpy of dissociation of calcium
chloride.

Lattice enthalpy of dissociation = _______________ kJ mol−1

(2)

(d) Explain why your answer to part (c) is different from the lattice enthalpy of dissociation for
magnesium chloride.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 12 marks)

Heath Park Page 39 of 53

 The enthalpy of hydration for the chloride ion is −364 kJ mol−1 and that for the bromide ion is
16.
−335 kJ mol−1.

(a) By describing the nature of the attractive forces involved, explain why the value for the
enthalpy of hydration for the chloride ion is more negative than that for the bromide ion.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

(b) The enthalpy of hydration for the potassium ion is −322 kJ mol−1. The lattice enthalpy of
dissociation for potassium bromide is +670 kJ mol−1.

Calculate the enthalpy of solution for potassium bromide.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

Heath Park Page 40 of 53

(c) The enthalpy of solution for potassium chloride is +17.2 kJ mol−1.

(i) Explain why the free-energy change for the dissolving of potassium chloride in water
is negative, even though the enthalpy change is positive.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(3)

(ii) A solution is formed when 5.00 g of potassium chloride are dissolved in 20.0 g of
water. The initial temperature of the water is 298 K.

Calculate the final temperature of the solution.

In your calculation, assume that only the 20.0 g of water changes in temperature and
that the specific heat capacity of water is 4.18 J K−1 g−1.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(5)
(Total 13 marks)

Heath Park Page 41 of 53

 Ammonia can be manufactured by the Haber Process.
17.
The equation for the reaction that occurs is shown below.

N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g)

(a) The table below contains some bond enthalpy data.

N N H–H N–H

Mean bond enthalpy / kJ mol–1 944 436 388

(i) Use data from the table to calculate a value for the enthalpy of formation for one mole
of ammonia.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(3)

(ii) A more accurate value for the enthalpy of formation of ammonia is

–46 kJ mol–1.
Suggest why your answer to part (a) (i) is different from this value.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

Heath Park Page 42 of 53

(b) The table below contains some entropy data.

H2(g) N2(g) NH3(g)

Sο / J K–1 mol–1 131 192 193

Use these data to calculate a value for the entropy change, with units, for the formation of
one mole of ammonia from its elements.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

(c) The synthesis of ammonia is usually carried out at about 800 K.

(i) Use the ΔH value of –46 kJ mol–1 and your answer from part (b) to calculate a value
for ΔG, with units, for the synthesis at this temperature.
(If you have been unable to obtain an answer to part (b), you may assume that the
entropy change is –112 J K–1 mol –1. This is not the correct answer.)

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(3)

(ii) Use the value of ΔG that you have obtained to comment on the feasibility of the
reaction at 800 K.

______________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 11 marks)

Heath Park Page 43 of 53

 Comparison of lattice enthalpies from Born-Haber cycles with lattice enthalpies from calculations
18. based on a perfect ionic model are used to provide information about bonding in crystals.

(a) Define the terms enthalpy of atomisation and lattice dissociation enthalpy.

Enthalpy of atomisation ________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Lattice dissociation enthalpy ____________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(4)

(b) Use the following data to calculate a value for the lattice dissociation enthalpy of sodium
chloride.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

Heath Park Page 44 of 53

(c) Consider the following lattice dissociation enthalpy (ΔHLο) data.

NaBr AgBr

ΔHLο(experimental)/kJ mol–1 +733 +890

ΔHLο(theoretical)/kJ mol–1 +732 +758

The values of ΔHLο (experimental) have been determined from Born–Haber cycles.

The values of ΔHLο (theoretical) have been determined by calculation using a perfect ionic
model.

(i) Explain the meaning of the term perfect ionic model.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

(ii) State what you can deduce about the bonding in NaBr from the data in the table.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(iii) State what you can deduce about the bonding in AgBr from the data in the table.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 11 marks)

Heath Park Page 45 of 53

 The sketch graph below shows how the entropy of a sample of water varies with temperature.
19.

(a) Suggest why the entropy of water is zero at 0 K.

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(b) What change of state occurs at temperature T1?

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(c) Explain why the entropy change, ∆S, at temperature T2 is much larger than that at
temperature T1.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(d) It requires 3.49 kJ of heat energy to convert 1.53 g of liquid water into steam at 373 K and
100 kPa.

(i) Use these data to calculate the enthalpy change, ∆H, when 1.00 mol of
liquid water forms 1.00 mol of steam at 373 K and 100 kPa.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

Heath Park Page 46 of 53

(ii) Write an expression showing the relationship between free-energy change,
∆G, enthalpy change, ∆H, and entropy change, ∆S.

______________________________________________________________

(iii) For the conversion of liquid water into steam at 373 K and 100 kPa,
∆G = 0 kJ mol–1

Calculate the value of ∆S for the conversion of one mole of water into steam under
these conditions. State the units.

(If you have been unable to complete part (d)(i) you should assume
that ∆H = 45.0 kJ mol–1. This is not the correct answer.)

Calculation _____________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

Units _________________________________________________________
(6)
(Total 10 marks)

Heath Park Page 47 of 53

 (a) A Born–Haber cycle for the formation of magnesium(II) chloride is shown below.
20.

Taking care to note the direction of the indicated enthalpy change and the number of moles
of species involved, give each of the enthalpy changes (i) to (v) above.

Enthalpy change (i) ___________________________________________________

Enthalpy change (ii) __________________________________________________

Enthalpy change (iii) __________________________________________________

Enthalpy change (iv) __________________________________________________

Enthalpy change (v) __________________________________________________

(5)

Heath Park Page 48 of 53

(b) Write an equation for the decomposition of MgCl(s) into MgCl2(s) and Mg(s) and use the
following data to calculate a value for the enthalpy change of this reaction.

∆Hf MgCl(s) = –113 kJ mol–1

∆Hf MgCl2(s) = –653 kJ mol–1

Equation ___________________________________________________________

Calculation _________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(4)

(c) Use the data below to calculate a value for the molar enthalpy of a solution of MgCl2(s).

Lattice formation enthalpy of MgCl2(s) = –2502 kJ mol–1

of Mg2+(g) = –1920 kJ mol–1

of Cl–(g) = –364 kJ mol–1

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 12 marks)

Heath Park Page 49 of 53

 (a) The gaseous reactants W and X were sealed in a flask and the mixture left until the
21. following equilibrium had been established.

2W(g) + X(g) 3Y(g) + 2Z(g) ΔH = –200 kJ mol–1

Write an expression for the equilibrium constant, Kp, for this reaction.
State one change in the conditions which would both increase the rate of reaction and
decrease the value of Kp. Explain your answers.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(7)

Heath Park Page 50 of 53

(b) Ethyl ethanoate can be prepared by the reactions shown below.

Reaction 1
CH3COOC2H5(l) + H2O(l) ∆H
CH3COOH(l) + C2H5OH(l) –1
= –2.0 kJ mol

Reaction 2
CH3COCl(l) + C2H5OH(l) → CH3COOC2H5(l) + HCl(g) ∆H = –21.6 kJ mol
–1

(i) Give one advantage and one disadvantage of preparing ethyl ethanoate by
Reaction 1 rather than by Reaction 2.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

(ii) Use the information given above and the data below to calculate values for the
standard entropy change, ∆S , and the standard free-energy change, ∆G , for
Reaction 2 at 298 K.

CH3COCl(l) C2H5OH(l) CH3COOC2H5(l) HCl(g)

S /JK1mol1 201 161 259 187

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(6)
(Total 15 marks)

Heath Park Page 51 of 53

 Chlorine is formed in a reversible reaction as shown by the equation
22.
4HCl(g) + O2(g) 2Cl2(g) + 2H2O(g)

(a) Use the data below to calculate the standard enthalpy change, ΔH , and the standard
entropy change, ΔS , for this reaction.

Substance HCl(g) O2(g) Cl2(g) H2O(g)

ΔHf /kJ mol–1 –92 0 0 –242

S / J K–1 mol–1 187 205 223 189

Standard enthalpy change, ΔH ________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Standard entropy change, ΔS _________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(6)

(b) The data below apply to a different gas phase reversible reaction.

Standard enthalpy change, ΔH = +208 kJ mol–1

Standard entropy change, ΔS = +253 J K–1 mol–1

(i) Deduce the effect of an increase in temperature on the position of the equilibrium in
this reaction. Use Le Chatelier’s principle to explain your answer.

Effect _________________________________________________________

Explanation ____________________________________________________

Heath Park Page 52 of 53

(ii) Calculate the minimum temperature at which this reaction is feasible.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(7)
(Total 13 marks)

Heath Park Page 53 of 53