Fossil Fuels
Fossil Fuels
Fossil Fuels
1
2
19.1 World Consumption
Most of the total
consumption is fossil fuels
Include wind, 38
solar and
biomass
26
23
Total = 87%
Canada is #1
ranked when
comparing
hydroelectric Solar, wind
and biomass
Berg 4
19.1 World Consumption
Per capita
450
350
Berg
Why larger than the US? – colder and longer distances
Consumption/p in developed countries is
higher but total is reaching a plateau
5
Calculate energy fraction for:
Fossil fuel industry = 0.42 * 0.14 = 0.06 = 6%
6
19.2 Fossil Fuels
~300M years ago: deposition of plants and
animals into mud so decay process stopped
over time, O depleted → hydrocarbons
- natural gas
- oil
- coal
the process takes millions of years and we are
not making new oil as fast as we’re using it
therefore fossil fuels are a _non-renewable_
resource
7
The energy in fossil fuels comes from plants
and animals that lived approximately 300
million years ago. Therefore the ultimate
energy source of fossil fuels is _the sun_.
8
19.2.1 Climate Change
Berg 9
19.2.1 Climate Change
10
11
Visible light – 400 to 700 um
12
19.2.1 Climate Change
CO2, H2O
absorb IR
radiation
13
19.2.1 Climate Change
If it were not for greenhouse effect, the
average temperature on Earth would be
-18˚C and there would be no water-based
life on earth (Box 4.2 Mihelcic)
E in = E out
- Boltzmann constant
5.67 x 10-8 W /m2/K4
T = 255K
= - 18 oC
14
Energy flux absorbed by the Earth = Radiation emitted by the Earth
T = 255 K
15
19.2.1 Climate Change
Energy
balance on
the clouds
does not
work
154 160
W/m2 W/m2
Klingenberg, H. (1996) Automobile Emission Testing: Measurement of Regulated and Unregulated Exhaust
Gas Components, Exhaust Emission Testing. Heidleburg, Germany: Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidleburg. 16
4.1 Climate Change
Measure the
quantity of
CO2 trapped
in the ice to
establish
trend
Berg17
• abscissa : 0 to 600,000 years
before present
2.5 Carbon Cycle
• ordinate: 0 to 600 ppm CO2
• blue line: CO2 in ice core
bubbles
• grey line: temperature at time
bubble trapped
CO2
Temperature
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19.2.1 Climate Change
SO2 is emitted – what is the effect?
Berg22
19.2.1 Climate Change
IPCC WGI AR5 (2013) Working Group I Contribution to the IPCC Fifth
Assessment Report, Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis,
Summary for Policymakers. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change,
UNEP. 23
24
Albedo
The proportion of the incident light or radiation that is reflected by a surface,
typically that of a planet.
What is radiative forcing? The influence of a factor that can cause climate
change, such as a greenhouse gas, is often evaluated in terms of its radiative
forcing.
25
19.2.1 Climate Change
Possible effects:
◦ Rising sea levels
◦ Change in weather patterns
droughts, floods, severe storms, hurricanes
◦ Invasive species in temperate areas
pests, vectors
◦ Changes in range and survival of native
species
◦ Acidification of oceans
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19.2.1 Climate Change
Adaptation (must do, regardless of cause)
◦ Design infrastructure for greater variation in
weather
◦ Develop agriculture for drought, heat, pest
resistance
◦ Protect coastal areas
27
19.2.1 Climate Change
Mitigation
◦ Reduce burning fossil fuels
(other benefits, regardless of effect on climate)
reduce local pollution
alternatives may be more healthy
less dependence on importing energy
cost savings to consumer
◦ Increase carbon sinks
forests (again, other benefits regardless of GHGs)
CO2 capture
28
19.2.2 Coal
mainly used to
produce electricity,
steel
limited use for
cooking, heating
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19.2.2 Coal
resource spread
among many
countries, mainly in
Northern
Hemisphere
reserves enough to
last 200 years at
present rate of
consumption
Berg
30
19.2.2 Coal
use began in mid-1700s, soon replaced
wood
various grades
Raven, 6th ed.
32
33
19.2.2 Coal
Removed from
ground by:
◦ sub-surface
mining (40%)
◦ surface mining
(60%)
When deposit is
less than 30 m
deep
Berg 34
Two basic ways to mine coal include surface and
subsurface mining.
38
Berg
Which country has the largest
electricity production from
renewable energy sources?
1. Canada
2. USA
3. China
4. Brazil
39
Which country has the largest
electricity production from
renewable energy sources?
1. Canada
2. USA
3. China
4. Brazil
40
Which country has the largest
electricity production from
renewable energy sources?
1. Canada
2. USA
3. China
4. Brazil
National Geographic,
June 2011, p 120. 41
National Geographic,
June 2011, p 120. 42
National
Geographic,
June 2011,
p 126.
43
19.2.3 Oil
crude oil refined into
products
burns cleaner than coal
easier to transport than
coal
Crude can be ‘sour’ – high S content
Berg 44
19.2.3 Oil
Berg
46
19.2.3 Oil
Berg 47
19.2.3 Oil
Berg
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19.2.3 Oil
Supplies:
oil “production” in US peaked in 1970s
80% of oil comes from fields discovered
before 1973
Peak Oil – oil withdrawn at highest rate
◦ some say we have already reached it
◦ optimists predict it will occur in 2035
US will import 100% of its oil by 2015
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19.2.3 Oil
Supplies:
synthetic fuels (synfuels) are made from
sources other than crude oil
◦ tar sands contain viscous bitumen which must
be heated to extract and hydrogenated to get
gasoline
◦ large reserve (1.7 Tbbl), but energy intensive
to extract
◦ 1.2 Mbbl/d extracted
50
19.2.3 Oil
EROI
= Energy Return on Investment
= (useful energy of product)
(energy used to find, extract and refine
product)
54
19.2.4 Natural Gas
Environmental Effects:
disruption of habitat by exploration,
drilling, pipelines
burning natural gas adds CO2, CO, NO to
atmosphere
fracking, extracting methane hydrates
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19.2.4 Natural Gas
Does natural gas produce less CO2?
Calculate the energy/kg CO2 for natural
gas, gasoline and anthracite.
Fuel model as LHV (kJ/kg) HHV (kJ/kg)
56
The heating value (or energy value or calorific value) of a substance,
usually a fuel or food (see food energy), is the amount of heat released
during the combustion of a specified amount of it
Lower heating value (LHV) of a fuel portion is defined as the amount of heat
evolved when a unit weight (or volume in the case of gaseous fuels) of the
fuel is completely burnt and water vapor leaves with the combustion products
without being condensed.
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Proportion of
Concentration total effect
Greenhouse Anthropogenic
change, 1800s - 100-yr GWP* apart from
gas sources
2010 water vapour
(approximate)
fossil fuel
carbon dioxide 280 - 390 ppm burning, 1 60%
deforestation
0.75 - 1.75 agriculture, fuel
methane 25 20%
ppm leakage
halocarbons 0 - 0.7 ppb refrigerants 1100-11,000 14%
agriculture,
nitrous oxide 275 - 310 ppb 298 6%
combustion
15? - 20-30
ozone urban pollution
ppb
•IPCC Third Assessment Report 2001, CO2 Information Analysis Center,
ORNL, 2013.
GWP = Global warming potential
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is a scientific
intergovernmental body under the auspices of the United Nations, set up at
the request of member governments.
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Figure. (a) Global annual emissions of anthropogenic GHGs from 1970 to 2004
(b) Share of different anthropogenic GHGs in total emissions in 2004 in terms of
CO2-eq. (c) Share of different sectors in total anthropogenic GHG emissions in
2004 in terms of CO2-eq. (Forestry includes deforestation.)
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A prime energy objective in the context of sustainable
development is to avoid irreversible changes.
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Which of the following fuels does not
produce CO2 when burned?
1. oil
2. hydrogen
3. coal
4. natural gas
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19.5 Application
Ex.1 A tankless natural gas water heater
heats 5 GPM of 5°C water to 60°C
with 90% efficiency. What is the natural
gas flow rate required to accomplish this?
The HHV of natural gas is 38 MJ/m3.
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