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Lesson 1 Introduction To Engineering Data Analysis

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55 views

Lesson 1 Introduction To Engineering Data Analysis

Uploaded by

Gil
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Introduction to Data Analysis

Prepared by: Engr. Charles G. Lim


Introduction to Data Analysis

Prepared by: Engr. Charles G. Lim


Introduction to Data Analysis

Prepared by: Engr. Charles G. Lim


• Raw facts or figures that have not been processed or organized in a
Introduction to Data Analysis
meaningful way.

• Can be in the form of numbers, words, symbols, or other formats


without context or interpretation.

• Represents the building blocks that need to be processed or


transformed to derive meaningful insights.
Prepared by: Engr. Charles G. Lim
•Number of food vendors selling different
street foods.

•Prices of various street food items.


Introduction to Data Analysis
•Ingredients used in cooking different street
foods.

•Time of day when street food sales are


highest.

Prepared by: Engr. Charles G. Lim


•Data that has been processed, organized, or structured to convey
Introduction to Data Analysis
meaning and relevance.

•Presented in a coherent and understandable manner, providing


insights or answers to specific questions.

•Contextualizes data, providing relevance and usefulness for decision-


making or understanding.

Prepared by: Engr. Charles G. Lim


•Analysis of popular street foods in different
regions of the Philippines, highlighting trends and
preferences.

•Comparison of price variations of street food


items across different vendors and locations.
Introduction to Data Analysis
•Nutritional analysis of common street food
ingredients, identifying health benefits or
concerns.

•Time-series data showing peak hours for street


food consumption, aiding vendors in planning and
Prepared by: Engr. Charles G.optimizing
Lim their business operations.
•Quantitative Data
•Numerical data that can be measured and
expressed using numerical values or counts.

•Objective and measurable, focusing on


quantities or amounts.

Example:
• The inflation rate in the Philippines increased
by 2.5% in January 2023 compared to January
2022.
•Qualitative Data
•Descriptive data that provides characteristics or
qualities, often expressed through words,
observations, or descriptions.

•Subjective and interpretive, focusing on qualities or


attributes.

Example: Descriptive factors influencing inflation, such


as changes in consumer behavior, government policies,
or external economic factors. For instance, observations
on how changes in transportation costs due to fuel price
hikes impact the prices of goods and services in local
markets.
Data Analysis
Data analysis involves extracting insights from raw data to aid
decision-making and problem-solving. It includes tasks such as data
cleaning, exploratory analysis to understand patterns, statistical
analysis, machine learning for predictions, and data visualization for
effective communication. Analysts interpret findings to inform
decisions, often iterating the process based on new insights.
Think of Data Analysis as something similar to the
popular Philippine Folk Dance “Tinikling”.

Tinikling's rhythmic movements and


coordination mirror the precision and
synchronization needed in analyzing
data. Like the dancers avoiding getting
caught between bamboo poles, data
analysts must navigate through complex
datasets with careful timing and
adaptability, choosing the right
analytical tools to uncover valuable
insights without overlooking details.
For students to fully understand the
technicalities of data analysis, the
concepts of probability and statistics
must be acquired.
Set – a well-defined collection of
objects.

Example: A = {1, 2, 3}, where 1, 2,


and 3 are elements (∈) of set A.

As such, 𝟏 ∈ 𝑨, 𝟐 ∈ 𝑨, 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝟑 ∈ 𝑨
Other ways to write a set:

𝐵 = 1,2,3, … , 10
𝐶 = 2,4,6,8,10, …
𝐷 = 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠
𝐸 = 𝑥| 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑏𝑦 6
Subset – A set that contains only the
elements of a larger set, but may not
contain all the elements of the whole
set.

Symbol: ⊆

Example:
𝐀 = {𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑, 𝟒, 𝟓}
𝑩 = {𝟐, 𝟒, 𝟓}
B⊆A

Note: A set is a subset of itself. As


such, 𝐀 ⊆ 𝑨
Proper Subset – a subset that is not
identical to the original set. It contains
fewer elements. A set cannot be a
proper subset of itself.

Symbol: ⊂

Example:
𝐀 = {𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑, 𝟒, 𝟓}
𝑩 = {𝟐, 𝟒, 𝟓}
B⊂A

Note: A set is not a proper subset of


itself. As such, 𝐀 ⊄ 𝑨
Cardinality of a set – the number of
elements in the set.

Symbol: k, | |

Example: A = {7, 8, 9, 10}

k(A) = 4 or |A| = 4
Power Set– the number possible
subsets.
Power set = 𝟐𝒌

Symbol: P(), |⊆ |

Example: A = {11, 12, 13, 14}

P(A) = 2𝟒 = 𝟏𝟔 or |⊆ 𝑨|= 2𝟒 =16


Number of possible proper subsets
Power set = 𝟐𝒌 − 𝟏

Symbol: |⊂ |

Example: A = {11, 12, 13, 14}

|⊂ 𝐀 |= 2𝟒 − 𝟏 = 𝟏𝟓
The complement of a set - is the set
that includes all the elements of the
universal set that are not present in
the given set.

Symbol: ’

Example:
Universal Set: {spaghetti, shanghai,
menudo, pancit, cake}

A = {pancit, spaghetti}

A’ = {shanghai, menudo, cake}


Union of Sets

The union of two sets, A and B, denoted by “𝐀 ∪ 𝑩”, is a set


containing all the elements that are either in set A or Set B
Intersection of Sets

The intersection of two sets A and B, denoted by 𝐀 ∩ 𝑩, is a set


containing all elements that are common to both set A and set B.
Venn Diagram
A Venn diagram is a graphical
representation of sets,
depicting their relationships
and overlaps. It consists of
overlapping circles or other
shapes, with each circle
representing a set and the
overlap representing the
intersection of those sets.

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