 We need to give credit to the owner of the idea/information.

 It shows that you have read and understand what experts have had to say
about your topic. The list of sources used increases your credibility as the
author of the work.
 It helps people find the sources that you used in case they want to read
more about the topic. Citation to sources helps readers expand their
knowledge on topic.
 It provides evidence for your arguments. In many cases, another researcher’s
arguments can act as the primary context from which you can emphasize
the significance of your study and to provide supporting evidence about how
you addressed the “So What?” question.
 It is professional and standard practice for students and scholars. In
academe and professional world, failure to cite other people’s intellectual
property ruins careers and reputations can result in legal action. Citing
sources as a student will help you get in the habit of acknowledging and
properly citing the work of others.

Two Basic Approaches to Citation

The two basic approaches to citation are in-text and end-of-paper citation.
Any time you directly quote, paraphrase or summarize the essential elements of
someone else’s idea in your work, an in-text citation should follow. An in-text
citation is a brief notation within the text of your paper or presentation which refers
the reader to a fuller notation, or end-of-paper citation which provides all
necessary details about that source of information.
Direct quotations should be surrounded by quotations marks and are
generally used when the idea you want to capture is best expressed by the source.
Paraphrasing and summarizing involve rewording an essential idea from
someone else’s work, usually to either condense the point or to make it better fit
your writing style.
You do not have to cite your own ideas, unless they have been published.
And you do not have to cite common knowledge (e.g., George Washington was the
first president of the United States), or information that most people in your
audience would know without having to look it up.
In-Text Citations
In-text citations alert the reader to an idea from an outside source.

Parenthetical Notes
- In MLA and APA styles, in-text citations usually appear as parenthetical
notes (sometimes called parenthetical documentation). They are called
parenthetical notes because brief information about the source, usually
the author’s name, year of publication, and page number, is enclosed in
parentheses.
- They are inserted into the text of paper at the end of a sentence or
paragraph.
- In MLA and APA styles, in-text citations are associated with end-of-paper
citations that provide full details about an information source.

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 Note Numbers
- In Chicago style, in-text citations usually appear as superscript
numerals, or note numbers
- These note numbers are associated with full citations that can appear as
footnotes (bottom of page), endnotes (end of chapter or paper), or lists of
cited references at the end of the paper.

End-of-Paper Citations

End-of-paper citations, as well as footnotes and endnotes, include full

details about a source of information. Citations contain different pieces of
identifying information about your source depending on what type of source it is.
There are many other types of sources you might use, including books, book
chapters, films, song lyrics, musical scores, interviews, e-mails, blog entries, art
works, lectures, websites and more. In academic research, your resources will most
commonly be articles from scholarly journals, and the citation for an article
typically includes:

 Author(s)
 Article title
 Publication information (journal title, date, volume, issue, pages, etc.)
 And, for online sources:
- DOI (digital object identifier)
- URL of the information source itself
- URL of the journal that published the article

At the end of your research paper, full citations should be listed in order
according to the citation style you are using:

 In MLA style, this list is called a Works Cited page

 In APA style, it is called a References page
 And in Chicago style, there may be both a Notes page and a
Bibliography page

Three Different Citation Styles

The way that citations appear (format) depends on the citation style, which
is a set of established rules and conventions for documenting sources. The citation
style that you use depends on the discipline in which you are writing, and where,
or by whom, your work will be published or read.

When in doubt, ask your teacher if there is a particular style that he/she
would like to use.
MLA, APA, and Chicago are three common citation styles. These are ways of
giving credit to sources from which we use ideas, words, and images. Each citation
system has its own distinctive style for citing sources both in-text or at the end
(works cited or reference page).

The features of each style are based on the values of the fields that use them.
Learning the reasons for these features demonstrates a lot about particular
disciplines and the advantages to having different systems.

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 1. MLA (Modern Language Association)
- It is a style of formatting academic papers that is used mostly in the arts
and humanities.
- Commonly used in Humanities fields such as English and Philosophy
- Places emphasis on exact words of other writers; quotes are often
important
- Page numbers used in in-text citations to help readers quickly find
quotes and ideas
- Author names written out completely in Works Cited List
- No cover page or abstract required
In-Text End-of-Paper

(Smith 263)

In-text citations: Author-page style

MLA format follows the author-page method of in-text citation. This means
that the author's last name and the page number(s) from which the quotation or
paraphrase is taken must appear in the text, and a complete reference should
appear on your Works Cited page. The author's name may appear either in the
sentence itself or in parentheses following the quotation or paraphrase, but the
page number(s) should always appear in the parentheses, not in the text of your
sentence. For example:

Wordsworth stated that Romantic poetry was marked by a

"spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings" (263).
Romantic poetry is characterized by the "spontaneous overflow of
powerful feelings" (Wordsworth 263).
Wordsworth extensively explored the role of emotion in the creative
process (263).

Both citations in the examples above, (263) and (Wordsworth 263), tell
readers that the information in the sentence can be located on page 263 of a work
by an author named Wordsworth. If readers want more information about this
source, they can turn to the Works Cited page, where, under the name of
Wordsworth, they would find the following information:

Wordsworth, William. Lyrical Ballads. Oxford UP, 1967.

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In-text citations for print sources with known author
For print sources like books, magazines, scholarly journal articles, and
newspapers, provide a signal word or phrase (usually the author’s last name) and a
page number. If you provide the signal word/phrase in the sentence, you do not
need to include it in the parenthetical citation.

Human beings have been described by Kenneth Burke as "symbol-

using animals" (3).

Human beings have been described as "symbol-using animals" (Burke

3).

These examples must correspond to an entry that begins with Burke, which
will be the first thing that appears on the left-hand margin of an entry on the
Works Cited page:

Burke, Kenneth. Language as Symbolic Action: Essays on Life,

Literature, and Method. University of California Press, 1966.

In-text citations for print sources with no known author

When a source has no known author, use a shortened title of the work
instead of an author name. Place the title in quotation marks if it's a short work
(such as an article) or italicize it if it's a longer work (e.g. plays, books, television
shows, entire Web sites) and provide a page number if it is available.

We see so many global warming hotspots in North America likely

because this region has "more readily accessible climatic data and more
comprehensive programs to monitor and study environmental change . . ."
("Impact of Global Warming").

In this example, since the reader does not know the author of the article, an
abbreviated title appears in the parenthetical citation, and the full title of the article
appears first at the left-hand margin of its respective entry on the Works Cited
page. Thus, the writer includes the title in quotation marks as the signal phrase in
the parenthetical citation in order to lead the reader directly to the source on the
Works Cited page. The Works Cited entry appears as follows:

"The Impact of Global Warming in North America." Global Warming:

Early Signs. 1999. www.climatehotmap.org/. Accessed 23 Mar. 2009.

Parenthetical citations and Works Cited pages, used in conjunction, allow

readers to know which sources you consulted in writing your essay, so that they
can either verify your interpretation of the sources or use them in their own
scholarly work.
Author-page citation for classic and literary works with
multiple editions
Page numbers are always required, but additional citation information can
help literary scholars, who may have a different edition of a classic work, like Marx
and Engels's The Communist Manifesto. In such cases, give the page number of

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your edition (making sure the edition is listed in your Works Cited page, of course)
followed by a semicolon, and then the appropriate abbreviations for volume (vol.),
book (bk.), part (pt.), chapter (ch.), section (sec.), or paragraph (par.). For example:

Marx and Engels described human history as marked by class

struggles (79; ch. 1).

Citing authors with same last names

Sometimes more information is necessary to identify the source from which
a quotation is taken. For instance, if two or more authors have the same last name,
provide both authors' first initials (or even the authors' full name if different
authors share initials) in your citation. For example:

Although some medical ethicists claim that cloning will lead to

designer children (R. Miller 12), others note that the advantages for medical
research outweigh this consideration (A. Miller 46).

Citing a work by multiple authors

For a source with two authors, list the authors’ last names in the text or in
the parenthetical citation:

Best and Marcus argue that one should read a text for what it says on
its surface, rather than looking for some hidden meaning (9).
The authors claim that surface reading looks at what is “evident,
perceptible, apprehensible in texts” (Best and Marcus 9).
Corresponding Works Cited entry:

Best, David, and Sharon Marcus. “Surface Reading: An

Introduction.” Representations, vol. 108, no. 1, Fall 2009, pp. 1-21. JSTOR,
doi:10.1525/rep.2009.108.1.1
For a source with three or more authors, list only the first author’s last
name, and replace the additional names with et al.

According to Franck et al., “Current agricultural policies in the U.S.

are contributing to the poor health of Americans” (327).
The authors claim that one cause of obesity in the United States is
government-funded farm subsidies (Franck et al. 327).
Corresponding Works Cited entry:

Franck, Caroline, et al. “Agricultural Subsidies and the American

Obesity Epidemic.” American Journal of Preventative Medicine, vol. 45, no. 3,
Sept. 2013, pp. 327-333.

Citing multiple works by the same author

If you cite more than one work by an author, include a shortened title for the
particular work from which you are quoting to distinguish it from the others. Put
short titles of books in italics and short titles of articles in quotation marks.

8
Citing two articles by the same author:
Lightenor has argued that computers are not useful tools for small
children ("Too Soon" 38), though he has acknowledged elsewhere that early
exposure to computer games does lead to better small motor skill
development in a child's second and third year ("Hand-Eye Development"
17).
Citing two books by the same author:
Murray states that writing is "a process" that "varies with our thinking
style" (Write to Learn 6). Additionally, Murray argues that the purpose of
writing is to "carry ideas and information from the mind of one person into
the mind of another" (A Writer Teaches Writing 3).
Additionally, if the author's name is not mentioned in the sentence, format
your citation with the author's name followed by a comma, followed by a shortened
title of the work, and, when appropriate, the page number(s):
Visual studies, because it is such a new discipline, may be "too easy"
(Elkins, "Visual Studies" 63).

Citing indirect sources

Sometimes you may have to use an indirect source. An indirect source is a
source cited within another source. For such indirect quotations, use "qtd. in" to
indicate the source you actually consulted. For example:
Ravitch argues that high schools are pressured to act as "social service
centers, and they don't do that well" (qtd. in Weisman 259).
Note that, in most cases, a responsible researcher will attempt to find the
original source, rather than citing an indirect source.

Citing non-print or sources from the Internet

With more and more scholarly work published on the Internet, you may have
to cite sources you found in digital environments. While many sources on the
Internet should not be used for scholarly work, some Web sources are perfectly
acceptable for research. When creating in-text citations for electronic, film, or
internet sources, remember that your citation must reference the source on your
Works Cited page.
Sometimes writers are confused with how to craft parenthetical citations for
electronic sources because of the absence of page numbers. However, these sorts of
entries often do not require a page number in the parenthetical citation. For
electronic and Internet sources, follow the following guidelines:

 Include in the text the first item that appears in the Work Cited entry that
corresponds to the citation (e.g., author name, article name, website name,
film name).
 Do not provide paragraph numbers or page numbers based on your Web
browser’s print preview function.
 Unless you must list the Web site name in the signal phrase in order to get
the reader to the appropriate entry, do not include URLs in-text. Only
provide partial URLs such as when the name of the site includes, for
example, a domain name, like CNN.com or Forbes.com, as opposed to writing
out http://www.cnn.com or http://www.forbes.com.

9
Electronic sources
Electronic sources may include web pages and online news or magazine
articles:
One online film critic stated that Fitzcarraldo "has become notorious
for its near-failure and many obstacles" (Taylor, “Fitzcarraldo”).

The Purdue OWL is accessed by millions of users every year. Its "MLA
Formatting and Style Guide" is one of the most popular resources.
In the first example (an online magazine article), the writer has chosen not to
include the author name in-text; however, two entries from the same author appear
in the Works Cited. Thus, the writer includes both the author’s last name and the
article title in the parenthetical citation in order to lead the reader to the
appropriate entry on the Works Cited page (see below).
In the second example (a web page), a parenthetical citation is not necessary
because the page does not list an author, and the title of the article, “MLA
Formatting and Style Guide,” is used as a signal phrase within the sentence. If the
title of the article was not named in the sentence, an abbreviated version would
appear in a parenthetical citation at the end of the sentence. Both corresponding
Works Cited entries are as follows:

Taylor, Rumsey. "Fitzcarraldo." Slant, 13 Jun. 2003,

www.slantmagazine.com/film/review/fitzcarraldo/. Accessed 29 Sep. 2009.

"MLA Formatting and Style Guide." The Purdue OWL, 2 Aug. 2016,
owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/747/01/. Accessed 2 April 2018.

Multiple citations
To cite multiple sources in the same parenthetical reference, separate the
citations by a semi-colon:

. . . as has been discussed elsewhere (Burke 3; Dewey 21).

2. APA (American Psychological Association)

- Is the professional guild who first developed the guidelines of the style.
APA style is a style of formatting academc papers that is used mostly in
the social sciences.
- Used mainly in Social Sciences such as Psychology, Sociology, Education,
and Criminal Justice
- Formal structure often used, including specific subheadings
- Cover page and abstract often required
- General ideas usually more important that exact exact words, avoid too
many quotations, paraphrase (link) ideas
- Dates important in in-text citations and Reference list; places importance
on most current research
- Author’s first names not written out, ideas and research more important
than researchers

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 In-Text End-of-Paper

(Smith, 2013, p. 263)

APA citation basics

When using APA format, follow the author-date method of in-text citation.
This means that the author's last name and the year of publication for the source
should appear in the text, for example, (Jones, 1998), and a complete reference
should appear in the reference list at the end of the paper.
If you are referring to an idea from another work but NOT directly quoting
the material, or making reference to an entire book, article or other work, you only
have to make reference to the author and year of publication and not the page
number in your in-text reference. All sources that are cited in the text must appear
in the reference list at the end of the paper.

In-text citation capitalization, quotes, and

italics/underlining
 Always capitalize proper nouns, including author names and initials: D.
Jones.
 If you refer to the title of a source within your paper, capitalize all words that
are four letters long or greater within the title of a source: Permanence and
Change. Exceptions apply to short words that are verbs, nouns, pronouns,
adjectives, and adverbs: Writing New Media, There Is Nothing Left to Lose.

(Note: in your References list, only the first word of a title will be
capitalized: Writing new media.)

 When capitalizing titles, capitalize both words in a hyphenated compound

word: Natural-Born Cyborgs.
 Capitalize the first word after a dash or colon: "Defining Film Rhetoric: The
Case of Hitchcock's Vertigo."
 Italicize the titles of longer works such as books, edited collections, movies,
television series, documentaries, or albums: The Closing of the American
Mind; The Wizard of Oz; Friends.
 Put quotation marks around the titles of shorter works such as journal
articles, articles from edited collections, television series episodes, and song
titles: "Multimedia Narration: Constructing Possible Worlds;" "The One
Where Chandler Can't Cry."

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Short quotations
If you are directly quoting from a work, you will need to include the author,
year of publication, and page number for the reference (preceded by "p."). Introduce
the quotation with a signal phrase that includes the author's last name followed by
the date of publication in parentheses.

According to Jones (1998), "Students often had difficulty using APA

style, especially when it was their first time" (p. 199).

Jones (1998) found "students often had difficulty using APA style" (p.
199); what implications does this have for teachers?

If the author is not named in a signal phrase, place the author's last name,
the year of publication, and the page number in parentheses after the quotation.
She stated, "Students often had difficulty using APA style" (Jones, 1998, p. 199),
but she did not offer an explanation as to why.

Long quotations
Place direct quotations that are 40 words or longer in a free-standing block
of typewritten lines and omit quotation marks. Start the quotation on a new line,
indented 1/2 inch from the left margin, i.e., in the same place you would begin a
new paragraph. Type the entire quotation on the new margin, and indent the first
line of any subsequent paragraph within the quotation 1/2 inch from the new
margin. Maintain double-spacing throughout. The parenthetical citation should
come after the closing punctuation mark.

Jones's (1998) study found the following:

Students often had difficulty using APA style, especially when it

was their first time citing sources. This difficulty could be attributed

to the fact that many students failed to purchase a style manual or to

ask their teacher for help. (p. 199)

Summary or paraphrase
If you are paraphrasing an idea from another work, you only have to make
reference to the author and year of publication in your in-text reference, but APA
guidelines encourage you to also provide the page number (although it is not
required).

According to Jones (1998), APA style is a difficult citation format for

first-time learners.

APA style is a difficult citation format for first-time learners (Jones,

1998, p. 199).

3. CMS (Chicago Manual of Style)

- It is a style of formatting written works that is most widely used in
publishing.

12
- Commonly used in History and other Humanities fields
- There are two types: Author and Date and Notes and Bibliography
- Notes and Bibliography uses footnotes and/or endnotes to elaborate on
source material
- Title page may be used in either format but usually not required;
subheadings not required.

In-Text End-of-Paper

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