COLEGIO DE MUNTINLUPA

Department of Electronics Engineering

Name of Student:

Group No.: 1 Date Performed:

Course Code: ECEN3151 Date Submitted:

Course Title: Electronics 3: Electronic Year:

Systems and Design

Instructor: Engr. Jefferson Remudaro Grade:

LABORATORY EXPERIMENT NO. 1

OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER (OP-AMP)

I. OBJECTIVE:

To introduce the student to the LM741 or any op-amp and used it in different
circuit configurations.
1. An inverting amplifier
2. A non-inverting amplifier
3. A buffer

II. INTRODUCTION:

Operational amplifier is a differential input, direct coupled and a high-gain

amplifiers, usually packaged in the form of an integrated circuit. The term "operational"
dates back to the early days of analog computers when these devices were employed in
circuits that performed mathematical operations such as addition, subtraction, integration,
and the solution of differential equations. Today's op amps are used in a much wider
variety of circuits and operate at considerably lower voltages and powers; however, the
name remains.
Op-amp is used for many amplifier varieties such as Inverting, Non-inverting,
differential, voltage follower and summing amplifier. In addition to amplifiers, op amps
are used as switches and even in some digital applications as comparators or A/D
converters. Op-amps make use of what is called open loop gain. This open loop gain is
used to for the purposes of negative feedback. Negative feedback is when the output
signal is feed back to the input terminals and the gain of the op amp can be controlled.
This is done because the properties of the op amp become more predictable. Negative
feedback also creates a more customizable frequency response for the desired amplifier.
In turn there is also and increase in the input impedance of the amplifier is negative
feedback is used. There is also what is called positive feedback, and the main use for this
is to create an oscillator. The way this idea works is that instead of cancelling the input to
reduce gain, the output is combined in phase with the input to create oscillations.

Non-inverting Amplifiers

The first op amp circuit that will be analysed is that non-inverting amplifier. The
non-inverting amplifier is called this because the input signal is connected to the non-
inverting terminal. Also the output is in phase with the input. A special case of the non-
inverting amplifier is that of the Voltage Follower. The voltage follower has the output
signal connected to the inverting input terminal of the op amp as shown in Figure 1. The
analysis of this device shows that Vout = Vin . The common use for a voltage follower is
to create a buffer in a digital circuit. The follower isolates the output signal from the
signal source with the very large input impedance. This is where the term ‘buffer’ came
from. Notice that in the picture of the Voltage Follower the pin numbers of the device are
listed. This is important for when the device is connected on a breadboard that the device
pins are connected to the correct locations. The pin assignments for any device can be
found on the data sheets that are available online or in paper form. This information will
be provided one way or another.

Fig. 1 Voltage Follower

The voltage follower does not hold much interest right now, so the next amplifier
that will be looked at is a non-inverting amplifier with a gain. This amplifier is shown in
Figure 2. By doing the analysis of this device using KCL and KVL, the transfer function,
or gain, can be found.
Rf

R1

VO
Vi

Fig. 2 Non-inverting amplifier

 The current rule will be force the current to the inverting terminal to be zero. And
also remember that the voltage at the inverting terminal needs to match the voltage at the
non-inverting terminal. This gives the node equations to be

V ¿ V O−V ¿
=
R1 Rf

Solving this equation, the transfer function can be found to be

VO Rf
A v= =1+
Vi R1

Therefore the gain of a non-inverting amplifier has an automatic gain of 1 in the

system. This is because to the voltage follower just discussed. If the gain resistor is set to
zero then the circuit becomes a voltage follower and V O −V ¿ and the gain is 1.

Inverting Amplifiers

The inverting amplifier is so called because the input is connected to the inverting
terminal of the op amp. The name also gives away the form of the output. The output of
an inverting amplifier is 180° out of phase of the input, thus the output in inverted. The
common inverting amplifier is shown in Figure 3. The analysis of this amplifier follows
the same logic as the non-inverting amplifier. The input terminals need to have zero
difference between them, so there has to be zero volts at the inverting terminal (-) due to
the fact that the non-inverting terminal (+) is grounded. This leads to the node equation of

V ¿ −V O
=
R1 Rf

Notice that the negative sign appears in this equation and not in the non-inverting
case. Solving this equation, the transfer function comes out

V O −R f
A v= =
Vi R1

Rf

Vi R1

VO
 Fig. 3 Inverting amplifier

III. Procedure

A. Inverting amplifier

1. Construct the circuit in figure 3 with R f =20 kΩ and R1=10 kΩ. Make sure that
the op-amp is powered with (+15V) and (-15V) or (+12V) and (-12V).
2. Use the function generator to apply an input voltage of 5Vp to the amplifier
with frequency of 10Hz.
3. Measure the following parameters: input voltage and output voltage. Draw the
waveform of input and output voltage @ 1 kHz below.

4. Measure the input and output voltage for frequencies as you vary the
frequency the function generator up to 1 MHz as indicated in table 1.
Calculate the gain in dB. With the measurement in dB draw the graph of the
gain vs. frequency.
5. Change the R f =200 kΩ and R1=10 kΩ and repeat steps 2 - 4.

Table 1.

Frequency Vi VO Av A v(dB)
10 Hz
50 Hz
100 Hz
500 Hz
1 kHz
2 kHz
3 kHz
4 kHz
5 kHz
10 kHz
20 kHz
30 kHz
40 kHz
50 kHz
100 kHz
 200 kHz
300 kHz
400 kHz
500 kHz
800 kHz
1 MHz

Table 2.

Frequency Vi VO Av A v(dB)
10 Hz
50 Hz
100 Hz
500 Hz
1 kHz
2 kHz
3 kHz
4 kHz
5 kHz
10 kHz
20 kHz
30 kHz
40 kHz
50 kHz
100 kHz
200 kHz
300 kHz
400 kHz
500 kHz
800 kHz
1 MHz

Graph
 B. Non-inverting amplifier
1. For non-inverting amplifier repeat the procedure above from 2 – 4 from the
given circuit in figure 2.

Table 3.

Frequency Vi VO Av A v(dB)
10 Hz
50 Hz
100 Hz
500 Hz
1 kHz
2 kHz
3 kHz
4 kHz
5 kHz
10 kHz
20 kHz
30 kHz
40 kHz
50 kHz
100 kHz
200 kHz
300 kHz
400 kHz
500 kHz
800 kHz
1 MHz

Table 4.

Frequency Vi VO Av A v(dB)
10 Hz
50 Hz
100 Hz
500 Hz
1 kHz
2 kHz
3 kHz
4 kHz
5 kHz
10 kHz
20 kHz
30 kHz
40 kHz
 50 kHz
100 kHz
200 kHz
300 kHz
400 kHz
500 kHz
800 kHz
1 MHz

Graph

Lab Exercises 2

1. Explain the operation of the Inverting amplifier circuit, and draw input-output signal
of the circuit.
2. What are the characteristics of Inverting amplifier?
3. Explain the operation of the Non-inverting circuit, and draw input-output signal of the
circuit.
4. What are the characteristics of Non-inverting amplifier?
5. Using any analysis technique desired, calculate the transfer function of the Inverting
amplifier shown in Figure 3.
6. Using any analysis technique desired, calculate the transfer function of the Non-
inverting amplifier shown in Figure 2.
ANALYSIS OF DATA:

For Inverting; Rf = 20k

For Inverting; Rf=220k
For Non-Inverting; Rf= 20k
For Non-Inverting; Rf= 220k
CONCLUSION: