COLEGIO DE MUNTINLUPA

Department of Electronics Engineering

Name of Student:

Group No.: 1 Date Performed:

Course Code: ECEN3151 Date Submitted:

Course Title: Electronics 3: Electronic Year:

Systems and Design

Instructor: Engr. Jefferson Remudaro Grade:

LABORATORY EXPERIMENT NO. 1

OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER (OP-AMP)

I. OBJECTIVE:

To introduce the student to the LM741 or any op-amp and used it in different
circuit configurations.
1. An inverting amplifier
2. A non-inverting amplifier
3. A buffer

II. INTRODUCTION:

Operational amplifier is a differential input, direct coupled and a high-gain

amplifiers, usually packaged in the form of an integrated circuit. The term "operational"
dates back to the early days of analog computers when these devices were employed in
circuits that performed mathematical operations such as addition, subtraction, integration,
and the solution of differential equations. Today's op amps are used in a much wider
variety of circuits and operate at considerably lower voltages and powers; however, the
name remains.
Op-amp is used for many amplifier varieties such as Inverting, Non-inverting,
differential, voltage follower and summing amplifier. In addition to amplifiers, op amps
are used as switches and even in some digital applications as comparators or A/D
converters. Op-amps make use of what is called open loop gain. This open loop gain is
used to for the purposes of negative feedback. Negative feedback is when the output
signal is feed back to the input terminals and the gain of the op amp can be controlled.
This is done because the properties of the op amp become more predictable. Negative
feedback also creates a more customizable frequency response for the desired amplifier.
In turn there is also and increase in the input impedance of the amplifier is negative
feedback is used. There is also what is called positive feedback, and the main use for this
is to create an oscillator. The way this idea works is that instead of cancelling the input to
reduce gain, the output is combined in phase with the input to create oscillations.

Non-inverting Amplifiers

The first op amp circuit that will be analysed is that non-inverting amplifier. The
non-inverting amplifier is called this because the input signal is connected to the non-
inverting terminal. Also the output is in phase with the input. A special case of the non-
inverting amplifier is that of the Voltage Follower. The voltage follower has the output
signal connected to the inverting input terminal of the op amp as shown in Figure 1. The
analysis of this device shows that Vout = Vin . The common use for a voltage follower is
to create a buffer in a digital circuit. The follower isolates the output signal from the
signal source with the very large input impedance. This is where the term ‘buffer’ came
from. Notice that in the picture of the Voltage Follower the pin numbers of the device are
listed. This is important for when the device is connected on a breadboard that the device
pins are connected to the correct locations. The pin assignments for any device can be
found on the data sheets that are available online or in paper form. This information will
be provided one way or another.

Fig. 1 Voltage Follower

The voltage follower does not hold much interest right now, so the next amplifier
that will be looked at is a non-inverting amplifier with a gain. This amplifier is shown in
Figure 2. By doing the analysis of this device using KCL and KVL, the transfer function,
or gain, can be found.
Rf

R1

VO
Vi

Fig. 2 Non-inverting amplifier

 The current rule will be force the current to the inverting terminal to be zero. And
also remember that the voltage at the inverting terminal needs to match the voltage at the
non-inverting terminal. This gives the node equations to be

V ¿ V O−V ¿
=
R1 Rf

Solving this equation, the transfer function can be found to be

VO Rf
A v= =1+
Vi R1

Therefore, the gain of a non-inverting amplifier has an automatic gain of 1 in the

system. This is because to the voltage follower just discussed. If the gain resistor is set to
zero then the circuit becomes a voltage follower and V O −V ¿ and the gain is 1.

Inverting Amplifiers

The inverting amplifier is so called because the input is connected to the inverting
terminal of the op amp. The name also gives away the form of the output. The output of
an inverting amplifier is 180° out of phase of the input, thus the output in inverted. The
common inverting amplifier is shown in Figure 3. The analysis of this amplifier follows
the same logic as the non-inverting amplifier. The input terminals need to have zero
difference between them, so there has to be zero volts at the inverting terminal (-) due to
the fact that the non-inverting terminal (+) is grounded. This leads to the node equation of

V ¿ −V O
=
R1 Rf

Notice that the negative sign appears in this equation and not in the non-inverting
case. Solving this equation, the transfer function comes out

V O −R f
A v= =
Vi R1

Rf

Vi R1

VO
 Fig. 3 Inverting amplifier

III. Procedure

A. Inverting amplifier

1. Construct the circuit in figure 3 with R f =20 kΩ and R1=10 kΩ. Make sure that
the op-amp is powered with (+15V) and (-15V) or (+12V) and (-12V).
2. Use the function generator to apply an input voltage of 5Vp to the amplifier
with frequency of 10Hz.
3. Measure the following parameters: input voltage and output voltage. Draw the
waveform of input and output voltage @ 1 kHz below.
4. Measure the input and output voltage for frequencies as you vary the
frequency the function generator up to 1 MHz as indicated in table 1.
Calculate the gain in dB. With the measurement in dB draw the graph of the
gain vs. frequency.
5. Change the R f =200 kΩ and R1=10 kΩ and repeat steps 2 - 4.

Table 1.

Frequency Vi VO Av A v(dB)
10 Hz 3.5 -0.977653631 -0.196299646
3.58
50 Hz 3.47 3.51 -1.011527378 0.099552833

100 Hz 3.46 3.43 -0.99132948 -0.075639575

500 Hz 3.44 3.42 -0.994186047 -0.05064673

1 kHz 3.45 3.41 -0.988405797 -0.101294322

2 kHz 3.48 3.41 -0.979885057 -0.176497299

3 kHz 3.55 3.44 -0.969014085 -0.27339821

4 kHz 3.67 3.39 -0.923705722 -0.689327321

5 kHz 3.32 3.46 -1.042168675 0.358760302

10 kHz 5.08 4.08 -0.803149606 -1.904070984

20 kHz 9.57 4.51 -0.471264368 -6.534707918

30 kHz 2.49 0.1 -0.040160643 -27.92398694

40 kHz 0.37 0.05 -0.135135135 -17.38463439

50 kHz 0.11 0.04 -0.363636364 -8.786653877

 100 kHz 0.00009 1.03 -11444.44444 81.17189431

200 kHz 0.0049 0.041 -8.367346939 18.45175553

300 kHz 0.0003 0.00002 -0.066666667 -23.52182518

400 kHz 0.0003 0.00004 -0.133333333 -17.50122527

500 kHz 0.0003 0.04 -133.3333333 42.49877473

800 kHz 0.003 0.04 -13.33333333 22.49877473

1 MHz 0.0021 0.04 -19.04761905 25.59681393

Table 2.

Frequency Vi VO Av A v(dB)
10 Hz 2.85 -0.785123967 -2.101235301
3.63
50 Hz 3.47 2.75 -0.792507205 -2.019935619

100 Hz 3.46 2.74 -0.791907514 -2.026510719

500 Hz 3.44 2.66 -0.773255814 -2.233536119

1 kHz 3.44 2.52 -0.73255814 -2.703158036

2 kHz 3.4 2.15 -0.632352941 -3.980809143

3 kHz 3.55 1.79 -0.504225352 -5.947506442

4 kHz 3.67 1.52 -0.414168937 -7.656449526

5 kHz 3.32 1.29 -0.388554217 -8.210967468

10 kHz 5.1 0.73 -0.143137255 -16.88494632

20 kHz 9.83 0.06 -0.006103764 -44.28804535

30 kHz 2.49 0.06 -0.024096386 -32.36096193

40 kHz 1.48 0.06 -0.040540541 -27.8422093

50 kHz 0.11 0.05 -0.454545455 -6.848453616

100 kHz 0.000001 0.036 -36000 91.12605002

200 kHz 0.003 0.036 -12 21.58362492

 300 kHz 0.001 0.088 -88 38.88965344

400 kHz 0.0015 0.038 -25.33333333 28.07384675

500 kHz 0.0095 0.03 -3.157894737 9.987952989

800 kHz 0.014 0.07 -5 13.97940009

1 MHz 0.01 0.074 -7.4 17.38463439

Graph
 B. Non-inverting amplifier
1. For non-inverting amplifier repeat the procedure above from 2 – 4 from the
given circuit in figure 2.

Table 3.

Frequency Vi VO Av A v(dB)
10 Hz 1.63 1.449035813 -6.954380413
3.63
50 Hz 3.46 1.54 1.445086705 -7.031107559

100 Hz 3.46 1.56 1.450867052 -6.919030009

500 Hz 3.44 1.54 1.447674419 -6.980754435

1 kHz 3.44 1.55 1.450581395 -6.924534888

2 kHz 3.48 1.53 1.439655172 -7.137756263

3 kHz 3.56 1.6 1.449438202 -6.946600306

4 kHz 3.6 1.64 1.455555556 -6.829173054

5 kHz 3.82 1.61 1.421465969 -7.504749738

10 kHz 5.09 0.02 1.003929273 -48.11375573

20 kHz 9.31 0.02 1.002148228 -53.35839371

 30 kHz 2.47 0.01 1.004048583 -47.85393907

40 kHz 0.33 0.01 1.03030303 -30.3702788

50 kHz 0.11 0.016 1.145454545 -16.74545405

100 kHz 0.01 0.007 1.7 -3.0980392

200 kHz 0.002 0.015 8.5 17.50122527

300 kHz 0.0006 0.01 17.66666667 24.43697499

400 kHz 0.003 0.017 6.666666667 15.06655333

500 kHz 0.002 0.016 9 18.06179974

800 kHz 0.002 0.015 8.5 17.50122527

1 MHz 0.002 0.016 9 18.06179974

Table 4.

Frequency Vi VO Av A v(dB)
10 Hz 0.1 1.027548209 -31.1981325
3.63
50 Hz 3.47 0.1 1.028818444 -30.8065895

100 Hz 3.46 0.08 1.023121387 -32.71972224

500 Hz 3.45 0.07 1.020289855 -33.8544211

1 kHz 3.44 0.1 1.029069767 -30.73116885

2 kHz 3.48 0.1 1.028735632 -30.83158488

3 kHz 3.55 0.07 1.01971831 -34.10260626

4 kHz 3.67 0.07 1.019073569 -34.39136048

5 kHz 3.32 0.06 1.018072289 -34.85973667

10 kHz 5.09 0.07 1.013752456 -37.23239485

20 kHz 9.31 0.08 1.008592911 -41.31719388

30 kHz 2.48 0.07 1.028225806 -30.98707282

40 kHz 0.38 0.06 1.157894737 -16.03264692

 50 kHz 0.11 0.05 1.454545455 -6.848453616

100 kHz 0.01 0.06 7 15.56302501

200 kHz 0.004 0.06 16 23.52182518

300 kHz 0.004 0.05 13.5 21.93820026

400 kHz 0.004 0.06 16 23.52182518

500 kHz 0.005 0.05 11 20

800 kHz 0.006 0.06 11 20

1 MHz 0.005 0.05 11 20

Graph
Lab Exercises 2

1. Explain the operation of the Inverting amplifier circuit, and draw input-output signal
of the circuit.

An inverting amplifier operates using negative feedback: the input voltage is applied
to the inverting input of the operational amplifier, which then produces a voltage that is
proportional, but inverted, to the input at its output. This amplified output voltage is 'fed back'
to the inverting input.

2. What are the characteristics of Inverting amplifier?

 The most distinctive feature of an inverting op-amp is its input configuration, It has
input and output signals 180 degrees out of phase. In the inverting operational
amplifier circuit, the signal is applied at the inverting input the non-inverting input is
connected to the ground. The voltage at inverting input is zero because the non-
inverting input is grounded, this zero voltage at inverting terminal is called “Virtual
Ground”.

3. Explain the operation of the Non-inverting circuit, and draw input-output signal of the
circuit.

Non-inverting operation is achieved by connecting the input signal to the op-

amp’s non-inverting input terminal. The gain is determined almost completely by the
two resistors, which form a feedback network connected between the op-amp’s output
and its negative input terminal.

4. What are the characteristics of Non-inverting amplifier?

A non-inverting amplifier provides positive gain, with the output in-phase

with the input. Its gain is features high input impedance, low output impedance, no
phase shift, and uses negative feedback for stable operation. It is ideal for signal
amplification and buffering.

5. Using any analysis technique desired, calculate the transfer function of the Inverting
amplifier shown in Figure 3.

Step 1: Apply Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL) at the inverting node.

Vi−Vx Vx−Vo
=
R1 Rf

Since Vx is at virtual ground (the potential at the inverting terminal is approximately

0V due to the high gain of the op-amp and the feedback loop), we simplify the
equation:
Vi−Vx 0−Vo
=
R1 Rf
Vi −Vo
=
R 1 Rf
 Vo
Step 2: Solve for the transfer function .
Vi

−Rf
Vo= Vi
R1
Thus, the transfer function for the inverting amplifier is:
Vo −Rf
=
Vi R 1
−Rf
This indicates the output is the input multiplied by the gain and inverted in phase.
R1

6. Using any analysis technique desired, calculate the transfer function of the Non-
inverting amplifier shown in Figure 2.

Step 1: Determine the voltage at the inverting terminal.

Using the voltage divider rule, the voltage at the inverting terminal, Vx, is:
R1
Vx= Vo
R 1+ Rf
Step 2: Apply the concept of virtual short.
For an ideal op-amp, the voltage at the non-inverting and inverting terminals is the same.
Thus, Vx is equal to Vi:
R1
Vi= Vo
R 1+ Rf
vo
Step 3: Solve for the transfer function .
Vi

Rearranging the equation:

R 1+ Rf
Vo=Vi( )
R1
 Rf
Vo=Vi(1+ )
R1
Thus, the transfer function for the non-inverting amplifier is:
Vo Rf
=1+
Vi R1
Rf
This indicates the output is the input multiplied by the gain 1+ , and the output is in
R1
phase with the input.

ANALYSIS OF DATA:

For Inverting; Rf = 20k

As upon observing, the output voltage of the inverting amplifier is lower compared to
the input voltage of the circuit.
For Inverting; Rf=220k
Based on the output waveforms, it can be seen that the output is the same as the 20k-
ohm feedback resistor.
For Non-Inverting; Rf= 20k
Upon observation, it can be observed that as the input frequency increases, the output
waveform becomes distorted, thus the attenuation is greater compared to the inverting
configuration.
For Non-Inverting; Rf= 220k
Based on the results of the output waveforms, the distortion of the output waveform is
more evident compared to the 20k-ohm feedback resistor. Therefore, it can be concluded that
there is only a certain frequency and feedback value that the operational amplifier could
handle.
CONCLUSION:

The experiment explored the behavior of inverting and non-inverting operational

amplifiers. By constructing the circuits and varying resistor configurations, key principles
such as phase inversion in inverting amplifiers and phase retention in non-inverting
amplifiers were observed. Gain values were measured at different frequencies, confirming the
expected relationship between input and output signals. The experimental data aligned well
with the theoretical transfer functions, demonstrating the amplifiers' expected performance.
Additionally, the effect of frequency on gain was noted, particularly at higher frequencies.
Overall, the experiment confirmed the practical applications of operational amplifiers in
amplification and signal processing.