MODULE 1 d) Aesthetic

– branch of philosophy that delves into art

– The study includes what art is and the purpose behind it .
The philosopher is concerned with the analysis of aesthetic
Where did Philosophy experience and the idea of what is beautiful

orginate? – It attempts to answer questions like “is art subjective?”

— traces its roots in Ancient Greece in the 6th Century BCE How is holistic different
— Traditions had it that the word Philosophy was first coined
by Pythagoras , a Greek Mathematician from partial thinking?
— He used this term to classify three classes of people who – The interrelationship among things was first conceived
attended the ancient Olympic Games: by Aristotle
1) lovers of gain – It can be best summarized by the line, “The whole is more
2) lovers of honor than the sum of its parts.”
3) lovers of knowledge or wisdom – This means that all parts are all related to each other
– Adhering to the doctrine of Holism, holistic thinking
— he then called these people as Philosophers
advocates looking at the “big picture” when analyzing s
– among the ancient Greeks, philosophers became pioneers in situation or problem.
history, biology, medicine, mathematics, astronomy, and even
physics.
Why does philosophy
What is Philosophy? value questioning?
– In philosophy, almost all questions are valid since they aim
Here are some popular definition of philosophy:
at understanding the world better.
a.) Etymological definition – For Plato, “Philosophy begins in wonder”
– This means that one begins to embark on his philosophical
– The word philosophy is derived from philosophia which is a
journey through a life of questioning and searching the truth.
combination of the Greek terms philos (love) and Sophia
Thus, philosophy starts with a feeling of curiosity and
(wisdom).
puzzlement. And it is man’s role to be in search of answers.
– Thus, philosophy means love of wisdom.” – This means that one begins to embark on his philosophical
– Philosophers, therefore, are the people who are “lovers of journey through a life of questioning and searching the truth.
wisdom” Thus, philosophy starts with a feeling of curiosity and
b.) Technical definition puzzlement. And it is man’s role to be in search of answers.
– Philosophy can be best defined as the science of the first
causes Why we Need
– It seeks to know and clarify the very source of which all the
chain of causes ultimately all go back to it. Philosophy?
1. Philosophy enables a person to engage in critical analysis
and interpretation of concepts definitions, arguments, and
Branches of Philosophy problems.
2. Philosophy also improves problem-solving and decision
making.
3. A philosopher is a wise communicator who can clear and
adequately present his or her ideas.
4. Wisdom is one intended product of philosophizing, and this
refers to a person’s ability to apply knowledge to daily life,
particularly in making sound choices and judgment.
a) Metaphysics
5. Finally, knowledge of philosophy can contribute to self-
– branch of philosophy that deals with the examination of
development
existence
– It answers queries like “What is the meaning of life? What is
the purpose of life? Does God exist?”

b) Epistemology
– studies the process of attaining knowledge
– It answers the question, ‘How do we know?”

c) Ethnics
– branch of philosophy dealing with correct judgment. It is
the study of right or wrong in human actions
– It answers the question, “What I ought to do?”
 MODULE 2

The Meaning of Philosophy 1.) Principle of Identity. In simple terms

– came from two Greek words philo and sophia – this principle means “everything is what it
which means “to love” and “wisdom” is”. What is not is not and what is is.
– For example, a seed is a seed and will no
– Philosophy means the love of reasoning
longer be seed when it appears like not a seed.
making wisdom as its primary goal

a) Philosophy is a science 2) Principle of Non-Contradiction

– It is called as such because it is systematic – this principle states that it is an impossibility

and follows certain steps or procedures. In for a particular thing to be and not to be at
short, it is an organized body of knowledge the same time at the same respect.
same as any other sciences. – For example, a seedling is different from a
seed. If we say that a seedling is a seed, then
that seedling is a seed. They can never be
b) It employs Natural Light of Reason both.
–This means that philosophical investigation
does not use any laboratory instrument, 3) Principle of Excluded Middle
investigative tools nor supernatural
approach. Philosophers use their natural – this principle explains that everything must
thinking capacity or use the so-called unaided be “either be or not be” or “either is or is not”.
reason. There is no middle ground thus the term
“excluded middle”.
– For example, anger is different from
c) Philosophy has an inclination to Study All
happiness. There is no such thing as mixture
Things
of anger and happiness.
– Other sciences concern themselves with a
particular object of investigation such as:
4) Principle of Sufficient Reason
anthropology which deals with human beings
in relation with the society. Philosophy may – This principle states that there is sufficient
deal with human beings, society and plants reason for the being and existence of
among others. everything. Conversely, nothing exists
– It is this character that Philosophy is without any reason at all.
considered multidimensional or holistic. – For example, to say that something is
unexplainable already gives a reason for it
being unexplainable.
d) Philosophy employs First Cause or
Highest Principle
– Note that principle means a reason (or an
explanation) from which something proceeds
in any manner whatsoever.
– The fourth characteristic (D) of Philosophy
mentioned above is composed of the
following:
 MODULE 3
ARISTOTLE
DISTIGUISH FACT FROM – Opinion applies to what, being true or false
false,
OPINION may be other than it is: in fact, opinion is the
apprehension of an immediate and
unnecessary premise.
FACTS
– something concrete that can be proven LEIBNIZ
– you can find facts in legal records, scientific – Opinion, founded in the probable,
probable perhaps
findings, encyclopedias, atlases, etc. In other also the name of knowledge
words, facts are the truth and are accepted
as such. KANT
– statements that are observed to be real or – Opinion is a belief that is conscious of being
truthful insufficient both subjectively and objectively

HOBBES
OPINION – An opinion gives for truth something that
– is less concrete
has been said, although sometimes they are
– It's a view formed in the mind of a person
absurd words
words, which mean nothing, impossible
about a particular issue. In other words it is
to understand.
what someone believes or thinks, and is not
necessarily the truth FREUND
– are often influenced by bias – Public opinion is the convergence of the
Examples of Opinion opinions of the greatest number of people in a
Ann can have the opinion that Italian food community, so that they form a common and
tastes best, while Joe has the opinion that dominant feeling, exerting diffuse pressure
French food is ideal.
Sue can have the opinion that reading
boring, while Mike can have the opinion Examples of Fallacies
that reading is fun.
AD HOMINEN
Penny can have the opinion that cold
weather is better, while Tim can prefer – attacking the person presenting the
hot weather. argument instead of the argument itself
examples:
You're wrong about climate change
CLAIM because you're just a high school dropout.
– are statements that require further
Your argument about the environment is
examination to determine their truthfulness.
invalid because you're not smart enough
to understand science.
Opinion based on
Philosopers APPEAL TO FORCE
– using the threat or force or an undesirable
PLATO event to advance an argument
examples:
– Opinion is something intermediary between
If you don’t support my decision, you'll
knowledge and ignorance
ignorance. While Public
lose your job.
opinion is the intermediate faculty which
If you don’t agree with my plan, I’ll make
seizes the things that float between the two
sure you’re left out of the project.
extremes
 APPEAL TO EMOTION FALLACY OF DIVION
– using emotion such as pity or empathy – assuming that what is true for the whole, is
examples: true for its part
You should donate to the charity, or else examples:
all those poor children will continue to The team is unbeatable, so every player
suffer without food must be an exceptional athlete.
Think of the children who will suffer if we Since the company is very successful,
don’t take action now! every employee must be highly skilled.

APPEAL TO TRADITION Example of Biases

– the idea is acceptable because it has been
true for a long time
CORRESPONDENCE
examples:
We’ve always celebrated this holiday this BIS/ATTRIBUTION EFFECT
way, so it’s the right way to do it. – tendency to judge a person's
We’ve always done it this way, so it must personality by his or her actions, without
be the right approach. regard for the external factors or
influence.
BEGGING THE QUESTION example:
– assuming the thing or idea to be proven is When a driver cuts you off in traffic,
true; also know as circular argument you might think, "They're a reckless
examples: person" (dispositional), but when you
Reading is important because it helps you cut someone off, you think, "I'm in a
gain knowledge. hurry because of an emergency"
Freedom of speech is essential because (situational).
people should be able to express their
opinions freely. CONFIRMATION BIAS
– tendency to look for and readily accept
CAUSE AND EFFECT information which fits one's own beliefs
– assuming “cause and effect” relationship or views and to reject ideas or views that
between unrelated events go against it.
examples:
example:
If we don't increase funding for the arts,
cultural programs will decline. A student who usually does well on
Since you didn’t study for the test, you exams might fail one and blame the
failed it. failure on external factors like noise in
the exam room or lack of sleep, rather
than their own preparation, attributing it
FALLACY OF COMPOSITION to the situation rather than their ability.
– assuming that what is true for its part, is
true for the whole
examples:
Each player on the team is a great athlete,
so the team must be the best in the
league.
Each ingredient in the recipe is delicious,
so the final dish must be amazing.
 FRAMING MODULE 4
– focusing on a certain aspect of a problem
while ignoring other aspects. EVALUATE TRUTH FROM OPINIONS
examples: IN DIFFERENT SITUATIONS USING
Two doctors describe the same surgery: THE METHODS OF PHILOSOPHIZING
one says it has a 90% survival rate, while
the other says it has a 10% mortality rate.
SCIENTIFIC METHOD
Though the statistics are identical, people
are more likely to feel confident about the — called empirical method
surgery when it's framed with the survival – is a process of determining truth or
rate rather than the mortality rate. knowledge through experimentation, inductive
and deductive reasoning, and hypothesis or
theory testing
HINDSIGHT
– the tendency to see past events as
LOGIC
predictable, or to ascribe a pattern to
– truth based on reasoning and critical thinking
historical events.
– Includes analysis and construction of
examples: arguments. It serves as path to freedom from
After failing an important job interview, half-truths and deception.
someone might say, "I knew I was going to
mess up," even though they were actually Type of reasoning
uncertain beforehand. This is an example of
hindsight bias, where the outcome seems
obvious after it has already happened.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST
– a person or group is connected to or has a
vested interest in the issue being discussed.
examples:
A financial advisor who receives a
DEDUCTIVE REASONING
commission for selling certain investment – General idea comes first before the specific
products might recommend those products or particular idea
to clients, even if they are not the best examples:
option for the client's needs, due to the Premise 1: All humans are mortal.
conflict of interest between personal Premise 2: Socrates is a human.
financial gain and the client’s best interests. Conclusion: Therefore, Socrates is mortal.

INDUCTIVE REASONING
CULTURAL BIAS
– analyzing an event or issue based on one's – The vice versa of the deductive reasoning
cultural standards. because particular idea comes first before the
examples: general idea.
A teacher who normally considers a examples:
student's poor performance as a sign of Observation 1: The sun has risen in the east
lack of effort might attribute a student's every day for as long as records exist.
sudden drop in grades to personal issues at Observation 2: The sun rose in the east
home or external stress, rather than today.
assuming it’s due to the student's lack of Conclusion: Therefore, the sun will likely
ability. rise in the east tomorrow.
 MODULE 5 SELF-DETERMINATION
– refers to the capability of persons to make choices and bl
decisions based on their own preferences, monitor and
THE HUMAN PERSON AS AN regulate their actions, and be goal-oriental and self-
directed.
EMBODIED SPIRIT
CONSEQUENCE
– the result or effect of an action or condition.
Human Composition of a Man
EXTERNALITY
– refers to the capability of a person to reach out and
MAN interact with others and the world.
– The English term “man” is derived from a Proto-Indo
European root *man - (see Sanskrit/Avestan Manu-, Slavic
mǫž "man, male").
DIGNITY
– refers to the innate right to be valued and respected
– general term commonly used to refer to the entire human
race
LIMITATIONS OF THE HUMAN
HUMAN PERSON
– refers to man as species – Human persons are naturally deficient beings. This means
– HOMO SAPIENS or MODERN HUMAN BEINGS that we are not prepared with the best physical aspects
– The term human being is also used to differentiate man among all the beings
from other animal.
Human persons do not have the natural ability to fly.
Human persons cannot breathe underwater without the
PERSON aid of breathing device.
– The personality of a human being so called “SELF”
– Refers to a human being granted recognition of certain
rights, protection, responsibilities and dignity above all. LIMITATIONS CAN LEAD TO
– Philosopher refers to the human person as the totality of
an individual, possessing awareness, self-determination and POSSIBILITIES
capacity to interact with others and with himself/herself.
> Parenthood – refers to the state of being a person.
TRANSCENDE
– is the ability to change, be dynamic, and continually
HUMAN NATURE redefining one’s self which works with our facticity to create
– define as the nature of humans especially the fundamental change.
characters and traits of humans.
– refers to the characteristics that distinguish humans from
all other creatures
FACTICITY
– refers to the things in our life that are already given.
– These traits are expected to arise independent of the
influence of culture and society. EXAMPLES: THINKING,
FEELING AND ACTING. SPATIAL-TEMPORAL BEING
– as temporal beings, our most obvious limitation is our
finitude - our finite quality or state.
What is the Human Person? – As spatial beings, we are limited by our bodies to be present
in two or more places at the same time.
– We are limited by space (spatial) and the time (temporal).
Our spatial-temporal situation sets our preconditions of
understanding.

The Body as Intermediary

INTERMEDIARY
SELF-AWARENESS – means acting as a mediator (Merriam-Webster). Having a
body may prevent us from revealing what we really want to
– refers to the person having a clear perception of oneself, express.
including his thoughts, emotions, identity and actions.