Notes of Ch 8 Motion

• Rest: A body is said to be in a state of rest when its position does not
change with respect to a reference point.

• Motion: A body is said to be in a state of motion when its position

changes continuously with reference to a point.

→ Motion can be of different types depending upon the type

of path by which the object is going through.

(i) Circulatory motion/Circular motion – In a circular path.

(ii) Linear motion – In a straight line path.
(iii) Oscillatory/Vibratory motion – To and fro path with respect to
origin.

• Scalar quantity: It is the physical quantity having its own magnitude

but no direction. Example: distance, speed.

• Vector quantity: It is the physical quantity that requires both

magnitude and direction.
Example: displacement, velocity.
Distance and Displacement

→ The actual path or length traveled by an object during

its journey from its initial position to its final position
is called the distance.
→ Distance is a scalar quantity which requires only
magnitude but no direction to explain it.
Example: Ramesh traveled 65 km. (Distance is measured by odometer in
vehicles.)
→ Displacement is a vector quantity requiring both
magnitude and direction for its explanation.
Example: Ramesh traveled 65 km south-west from Clock Tower.
→ Displacement can be zero (when initial point and final
point of motion are same)
Example: circular motion.

Difference between Distance and Displacement

Distance Displacement

Length of actual path Shortest length between initial

traveled by an object. point and far point of an object.

It is a scalar quantity. It is a vector quantity.

It remains positive, can’t be It can be positive (+ve), negative

‘0’ or negative. (-ve) or zero.

Distance can be equal to Displacement can be equal to

displacement (in linear path). distance or its lesser than
 distance.

Example 1: A body travels in a semicircular path of radius 10 m starting

its motion from point ‘A’ to point ‘B’. Calculate the distance and
displacement.
Solution
Total distance traveled by body, S = ?

Given, π = 3.14, R = 10 m
S = πR
= 3.14 × 10 m
= 31.4 m

Total displacement of body, D = ?

Given, R = 10 m
D = 2×R = 2×10 m = 20 m

Example 2: A body travels 4 km towards North then he turns to his right

and travels another 4 km before coming to rest. Calculate (i) total
distance traveled, (ii) total displacement.
Solution
Total distance traveled = OA + AB
= 4 km + 4 km = 8 km

Total displacement = OB
Uniform and Non-uniform Motions

Uniform Motion

→ When a body travels an equal distance in an equal

interval of time, then the motion is said to be uniform
motion.

Non-uniform Motion

→ In this type of motion, the body will travel unequal

distances in equal intervals of time.
Two types of non-uniform-motion

(i) Accelerated Motion: When motion of a body increases with time.

(ii) De-accelerated Motion: When motion of a body decreases with

time.

Speed

→ The measurement of distance traveled by a body per unit

time is called speed.
• Speed (v) = Distance Traveled/Time Taken = s/t
• SI unit = m/s (meter/second)
→ If a body is executing uniform motion, then there will be
a constant speed or uniform motion.
→ If a body is traveling with non-uniform motion, then the
speed will not remain uniform but have different values
throughout the motion of such a body.
→ For non-uniform motion, average speed will describe one
single value of speed throughout the motion of the body.
• Average speed = Total distance traveled/Total time taken

Conversion Factor

• Change from km/hr to m/s = 1000m/(60×60)s = 5/18 m/s

Example: What will be the speed of the body in m/s and km/hr if it
travels 40 kms in 5 hrs ?
Solution
Distance (s) = 40 km
Time (t) = 5 hrs.
Speed (in km/hr) = Total distance/Total time = 40/5 = 8 km/hr

40 km = 40 × 1000 m = 40,000 m
5 hrs = 5 × 60 × 60 sec.
Speed (in m/s) = (40 × 1000)/(5×60 ×60) = 80/36 = 2.22 m/s

Velocity

→ It is the speed of a body in a given direction.

• Velocity = Displacement/Time
→ Velocity is a vector quantity. Its value changes when
either its magnitude or direction changes.
→ For non-uniform motion in a given line, average velocity
will be calculated in the same way as done in average
speed.
• Average velocity = Total displacement/Total time
• For uniformly changing velocity, the average velocity can be
calculated as follows :
Avg. Velocity (vavg) = (Initial velocity + Final velocity)/2 = (u+v)/2
where, u = initial velocity, v = final velocity
• SI unit of velocity = ms-1
• Velocity = Displacement/Time
→ It can be positive (+ve), negative (-ve) or zero.

Example 1: During the first half of a journey by a body it travels with a

speed of 40 km/hr and in the next half it travels with a speed of 20
km/hr. Calculate the average speed of the whole journey.
Solution
Speed during first half (v1) = 40 km/hr
Speed during second half (v 2 ) = 20 km/hr
Average speed = (v1+v2)/2 = (40+60)/2 = 60/2 = 30
Average speed by an object (body) = 30 km/hr.

Example 2: A car travels 20 km in the first hour, 40 km in second hour

and 30 km in third hour. Calculate the average speed of the train.
Solution
Speed in Ist hour = 20 km/hr
Distance traveled during 1st hr = 1×20= 20 km
Speed in 2nd hour = 40 km/hr
Distance traveled during 2nd hr = 1×40= 40 km
Speed in 3rd hour = 30 km/hr
Distance traveled during 3rd hr = 1×30= 30 km
Average speed = Total distance traveled/Total time taken
= (20+40+30)/3 = 90/3 = 30 km/hr
Acceleration

→ Acceleration is seen in non-uniform motion and it can be

defined as the rate of change of velocity with time.
• Acceleration (a) = Change in velocity/Time = (v-u)/t
where, v = final velocity, u = initial velocity
→ If v > u, then ‘a’ will be positive (+ve).

Retardation/Deceleration

→ Deceleration is seen in non-uniform motion during

decrease in velocity with time. It has the same definition
as acceleration.
• Deceleration (a') = Change in velocity/Time = (v-u)/t
Here, v < u, ‘a’ = negative (-ve).
Example 1: A car speed increases from 40 km/hr to 60 km/hr in 5 sec.
Calculate the acceleration of the car.
Solution
u = 40 km/hr = (40×5)/18 = 100/9 = 11.11 m/s
v = 60 km/hr = (60×5)/18 = 150/9 = 16.66 m/s
t = 5 sec
a = (v-u)/t = (16.66 - 11.11)/5
= 5.55/5 = 1.11 ms-2

Example 2: A car traveling with a speed of 20 km/hr comes into rest in

0.5 hrs. What will be the value of its retardation?
Solution
v = 0 km/hr
u = 20 km/hr
t = 0.5 hrs
Retardation, a’ = (v-u)/t = (0-20)/0.5
= -200/5 = -40 km hr-2

Graphical Representation of Equation

Distance-Time Graph (s/t graph)

(i) s/t graph for uniform motion:

(ii) s/t graph for non-uniform motion:

(iii) s/t graph for a body at rest:

v = (s2 - s1)/(t2 - t1)

But, s2 - s1
∴ v = 0/(t2 - t1) or v=0

Velocity-Time Graph (v/t graph)

(i) v/t graph for uniform motion:

a = (v2 - v1)/(t2 - t1)

But, v2 - v1
∴ a = 0/(t2 - t1) or a = 0

(ii) v/t graph for uniformly accelerated motion:

In uniformly accelerated motion, there will be an equal increase in
velocity in an equal interval of time throughout the motion of the body.

(iii) v/t graph for non-uniformly accelerated motion:

a2 ≠ a 1

(iv) v/t graph for uniformly decelerated motion:

or, a1' = a2'

(v) v/t graph for non-uniformly decelerated motion:

a 1 ' ≠ a 2'

Note: The area enclosed between any two time intervals is ‘t2 - t1’ in v/t
the graph will represent the total displacement by that body.

Total distance traveled by body between t2 and t1, time intervals

= Area of ∆ABC + Area of rectangle ACDB
= ½ × (v2 – v1)×(t2 - t1) + v1× (t2 - t1)

Example: From the information given in s/t graph, which of the

following bodies ‘A’ or ‘B’ will be faster?

Solution
vA > vB
Equation of Motion (For Uniformly Accelerated Motion)

First Equation: v = u + at

Final velocity = Initial velocity + Acceleration × Time

Graphical Derivation

Suppose a body has initial velocity ‘u’ (i.e., velocity at time t = 0 sec.) at
point ‘A’ and this velocity changes to ‘v’ at point ‘B’ in ‘t’ secs. i.e., final
velocity will be ‘v’.

For such a body there will be an acceleration.

a = Change in velocity/Change in Time
⇒ a = (OB - OA)/(OC-0) = (v-u)/(t-0)
⇒ a = (v-u)/t
⇒ v = u + at

Second Equation: s = ut + ½ at2

Distance traveled by object = Area of OABC (trapezium)

= Area of OADC (rectangle) + Area of ∆ABD
= OA × AD + ½ × AD × BD
= u × t + ½ × t × (v – u)
= ut + ½ × t × at
⇒ s = ut + ½ at2 (∵a = (v-u)/t)
Third Equation: v2 = u2 + 2as

s = Area of trapezium OABC

Example 1: A car starting from rest moves with uniform acceleration of

0.1 ms-2 for 4 mins. Find the speed and distance traveled.
Solution
u = 0 ms-1 (∵ car is at rest)
a = 0.1 ms-2
t = 4 × 60 = 240 sec.
v=?
From, v = u + at
v = 0 + (0.1 × 240)
⇒ v = 24 ms-1

Example 2: The brakes applied to a car produces deceleration of 6 ms -

2 in opposite direction to the motion. If a car requires 2 sec. to stop
after application of brakes, calculate distance traveled by the car during
this time.
Solution
Deceleration, a = − 6 ms-2
Time, t = 2 sec.
Distance, s = ?
Final velocity, v = 0 ms-1 (∵ car comes to rest)
Now, v = u + at
Or u = v – at
Or u = 0 – (-6×2) = 12 ms-1
And, s = ut + ½at2
= 12 × 2 + ½ (-6 × 22)
= 24 – 12 = 12 m

Uniform Circular Motion

→ If a body is moving in a circular path with uniform

speed, then it is said to be executing uniform circular
motion.

→ In such a motion the speed may be the same throughout the

motion but its velocity (which is tangential) is different
at each and every point of its motion. Thus, uniform
circular motion is an accelerated motion.